111 年 國立清華大學動力機械工程學系碩士班戊組《科技英文》

A microscope makes a small thing appear much larger than ______.
(A) really are
(B) are really
(C) they really are
(D) are they really
(E) that they really

Fruits and vegetables are a good source ______ vitamins and minerals.
(A) in
(B) of
(C) have
(D) that
(E) what

A research institute offers staffs ______ which include a pension plan.
(A) benefits
(B) benefitting
(C) benefitted
(D) beneficial
(E) beneficially

She could not sit in an aisle seat during her bus trip because there were ______.
(A) some
(B) any
(C) mainly
(D) none
(E) more

Transport officials were unsure of ______ caused the airplane crash in this night.
(A) why
(B) what
(C) where
(D) those
(E) each

The guide told visitors that the machine ______.
(A) design
(B) designs
(C) designing
(D) designed
(E) was designed

They ______ to fill in the forms for agreements.
(A) remind
(B) have reminded
(C) reminding
(D) are reminding
(E) are reminded

Researchers looking for good papers will find a ______ selection in the special issues.
(A) greater
(B) greatest
(C) greatly
(D) more greatly
(E) greaten

______ students had to attend the class for the training without exception.
(A) All
(B) Every
(C) A lot
(D) One
(E) No

He had to work ______ to get the report finished by the deadline.
(A) intense
(B) intensity
(C) intensities
(D) intensive
(E) intensely

The open of a restaurant was successful ______, but the owner wished the event had attracted more attention from media.
(A) only
(B) enough
(C) yet
(D) soon
(E) rather

He paused ______, during his presentation to change the slide projected on the screen.
(A) a moment
(B) moments
(C) momentous
(D) momentarily
(E) momentary

Arrangement of an appointment to see Prof. Lin two weeks in advance is ______, due to his busy schedule.
(A) precise
(B) strange
(C) grateful
(D) necessary
(E) conclusive

The department celebrated the ______ of its 50th anniversary by hosting a party.
(A) gratitude
(B) birth
(C) integration
(D) impression
(E) occasion

Under the president leadership, corporations recovered from losses and began making substantial ______.
(A) regulations
(B) estimations
(C) earnings
(D) losses
(E) regulations

Government grants for college tuition will make education ______ to more people from around the world.
(A) plentiful
(B) painful
(C) confidential
(D) exclusive
(E) accessible

Job failure means being fired from a job, being asked to resign, or leaving ______, to protect yourself.
(A) abruptly
(B) voluntarily
(C) knowingly
(D) understandably
(E) increasingly

The theory that as people become more independent of one another, they begin to feel so isolated and lonely that freedom becomes a ______ condition was accepted.
(A) common
(B) permanent
(C) political
(D) positive
(E) negative

The cuckoo would be one of nature's more ______ creatures, blithely laying the eggs in the nests of other birds and leaving the incubating and nurturing to them.
(A) feckless
(B) lackluster
(C) industrious
(D) domestic
(E) mettlesome

Now that the company has hired additional workers, it can ______ with the construction of the new buildings.
(A) concern
(B) proceed
(C) step
(D) replace
(E) enhance

The Professor's ______ of the discussion is considered unique and daring.
(A) calculation
(B) subtraction
(C) interpretation
(D) reason
(E) obligation

The chief executive officer made an official apology ______, the company for mistakes.
(A) on behalf of
(B) called as
(C) as soon as
(D) according to
(E) in spite of

Members can ______ papers in open access journals even their institution does not subscribe.
(A) access
(B) come
(C) proof
(D) intend
(E) work

One microampere is ______ ampere.
(A) $10^{-3}$
(B) $10^{-6}$
(C) $10^{-9}$
(D) $10^{-12}$
(E) $10^{-15}$

One cubic micrometer is ______ liter.
(A) $10^{-3}$
(B) $10^{-6}$
(C) $10^{-9}$
(D) $10^{-12}$
(E) $10^{-15}$

Multiplying the area by the height gives the ______.
(A) length
(B) area
(C) volume
(D) power
(E) force

The unit of rpm is widely used to show the rotations per ______.
(A) mind
(B) matrix
(C) minute
(D) matching
(E) mass

Wind turbines convert the ______ energy in the wind into mechanical power.
(A) kinetic
(B) electric
(C) thermal
(D) optical
(E) chemical

Megapascal (MPa) is unit for ______.
(A) force
(B) resistance
(C) voltage
(D) power
(E) pressure

Linear flow velocity in the tube which cross-sectional area is 100 mm² and volume flow rate is 1 mL/s is ______.
(A) 0.01 mm/s
(B) 0.1 mm/s
(C) 1 mm/s
(D) 10 mm/s
(E) 100 mm/s

Try to help complete the description of microfluidics by filling the answers in.

Miniaturized analytical systems 31 ______ as microfluidics, micro-total analysis systems (μ-TAS), and lab-on-a-chip have attracted attention over the last 30 years. In this concept, microfluidic channels 32 ______ on a substrate and various types of chemical and biochemical processes are integrated into the channels. When compared with bulk processes, there are many advantages with such miniaturized analytical systems, such as ease of analysis, high-speed reaction, low reagent consumption, and small sample volumes. First 33 ______, all, considering their typical diffusion time, molecules diffuse over micrometer regions within the order of seconds. Therefore, molecular transport in liquids, even at liquid/liquid interfaces, gas/liquid interfaces, and solid/liquid interfaces, can be completed within a very short time. 34 ______ addition, considering the small heat capacity of liquids inside a microfluidic channel, the temperature can be instantaneously changed. Such characteristics are essential for the control of chemical reactions, and 35 ______ observed in bulk-scale chemical reactions; therefore, microfluidic devices have received much attention as chemical reaction tools.
31. (A) know
(B) knew
(C) are known
(D) known
(E) knowing

Miniaturized analytical systems 31 ______ as microfluidics, micro-total analysis systems (μ-TAS), and lab-on-a-chip have attracted attention over the last 30 years. In this concept, microfluidic channels 32 ______ on a substrate and various types of chemical and biochemical processes are integrated into the channels. When compared with bulk processes, there are many advantages with such miniaturized analytical systems, such as ease of analysis, high-speed reaction, low reagent consumption, and small sample volumes. First 33 ______, all, considering their typical diffusion time, molecules diffuse over micrometer regions within the order of seconds. Therefore, molecular transport in liquids, even at liquid/liquid interfaces, gas/liquid interfaces, and solid/liquid interfaces, can be completed within a very short time. 34 ______ addition, considering the small heat capacity of liquids inside a microfluidic channel, the temperature can be instantaneously changed. Such characteristics are essential for the control of chemical reactions, and 35 ______ observed in bulk-scale chemical reactions; therefore, microfluidic devices have received much attention as chemical reaction tools.
32. (A) fabricate
(B) fabricated
(C) are fabricated
(D) fabricating
(E) fabrication

Miniaturized analytical systems 31 ______ as microfluidics, micro-total analysis systems (μ-TAS), and lab-on-a-chip have attracted attention over the last 30 years. In this concept, microfluidic channels 32 ______ on a substrate and various types of chemical and biochemical processes are integrated into the channels. When compared with bulk processes, there are many advantages with such miniaturized analytical systems, such as ease of analysis, high-speed reaction, low reagent consumption, and small sample volumes. First 33 ______, all, considering their typical diffusion time, molecules diffuse over micrometer regions within the order of seconds. Therefore, molecular transport in liquids, even at liquid/liquid interfaces, gas/liquid interfaces, and solid/liquid interfaces, can be completed within a very short time. 34 ______ addition, considering the small heat capacity of liquids inside a microfluidic channel, the temperature can be instantaneously changed. Such characteristics are essential for the control of chemical reactions, and 35 ______ observed in bulk-scale chemical reactions; therefore, microfluidic devices have received much attention as chemical reaction tools.
33. (A) of
(B) from
(C) to
(D) at
(E) in

Miniaturized analytical systems 31 ______ as microfluidics, micro-total analysis systems (μ-TAS), and lab-on-a-chip have attracted attention over the last 30 years. In this concept, microfluidic channels 32 ______ on a substrate and various types of chemical and biochemical processes are integrated into the channels. When compared with bulk processes, there are many advantages with such miniaturized analytical systems, such as ease of analysis, high-speed reaction, low reagent consumption, and small sample volumes. First 33 ______, all, considering their typical diffusion time, molecules diffuse over micrometer regions within the order of seconds. Therefore, molecular transport in liquids, even at liquid/liquid interfaces, gas/liquid interfaces, and solid/liquid interfaces, can be completed within a very short time. 34 ______ addition, considering the small heat capacity of liquids inside a microfluidic channel, the temperature can be instantaneously changed. Such characteristics are essential for the control of chemical reactions, and 35 ______ observed in bulk-scale chemical reactions; therefore, microfluidic devices have received much attention as chemical reaction tools.
34. (A) Of
(B) From
(C) To
(D) At
(E) In

Miniaturized analytical systems 31 ______ as microfluidics, micro-total analysis systems (μ-TAS), and lab-on-a-chip have attracted attention over the last 30 years. In this concept, microfluidic channels 32 ______ on a substrate and various types of chemical and biochemical processes are integrated into the channels. When compared with bulk processes, there are many advantages with such miniaturized analytical systems, such as ease of analysis, high-speed reaction, low reagent consumption, and small sample volumes. First 33 ______, all, considering their typical diffusion time, molecules diffuse over micrometer regions within the order of seconds. Therefore, molecular transport in liquids, even at liquid/liquid interfaces, gas/liquid interfaces, and solid/liquid interfaces, can be completed within a very short time. 34 ______ addition, considering the small heat capacity of liquids inside a microfluidic channel, the temperature can be instantaneously changed. Such characteristics are essential for the control of chemical reactions, and 35 ______ observed in bulk-scale chemical reactions; therefore, microfluidic devices have received much attention as chemical reaction tools.
35. (A) did not
(B) does not
(C) doing not
(D) are not
(E) being not

Below is the information from published Journal papers, please try to answer the following questions.
Article
Metal-Free Fabrication of Fused Silica Extended Nanofluidic Channel to Remove Artifacts in Chemical Analysis
Kyojiro Morikawa 1*, Ryoichi Ohta 1, Kazuma Mawatari 2* and Takehiko Kitamori 1,3
1 Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMID), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
2 Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
3 Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems (INEMS), Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
Correspondence: [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (K.M.)
*
Received: 29 June 2021, Accepted: 30 July 2021, Published: date: 31 July 2021
Abstract: In microfluidics, especially in nanofluidics, nanochannels with functionalized surfaces have recently attracted attention for use as a new tool for the investigation of chemical reaction fields. Molecules handled in the reaction field can reach the single-molecule level due to the small size of the nanochannel. In such surroundings, contamination of the channel surface should be removed at the single-molecule level. In this study, it was assumed that metal materials could contaminate the nanochannels during the fabrication processes; therefore, we aimed to develop metal-free fabrication processes. Fused silica channels 1000 nm-deep were conventionally fabricated using a chromium mask. Instead of chromium, electron beam resists more than 1000 nm thick were used and the lithography conditions were optimized. From the results of optimization, channels with 1000 nm scale width and depth were fabricated on fused silica substrates without the use of a chromium mask. In nanofluidic experiments, an oxidation reaction was observed in a device fabricated by conventional fabrication processes using a chromium mask. It was found that Cr6+ remained on the channel surfaces and reacted with chemicals in the liquid phase in the extended nanochannels; this effect occurred at least to the micromolar level. In contrast, the device fabricated with metal-free processes was free of artifacts induced by the presence of chromium. The developed fabrication processes and results of this study will be a significant contribution to the fundamental technologies employed in the fields of microfluidics and nanofluidics.
Keywords: microfluidics; nanofluidics; extended nanochannel; nanofabrication; fused silica; metal-
free
36. How many corresponding author(s) is/are shown in this article?
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) 3
(E) 4

37. When the authors submitted the manuscript to the journal?
    (A) 29 June 2021
    (B) 30 July 2021
    (C) 31 July 2021
    (D) Approximately 1 month
    (E) not shown

38. What does not allow us to use nanochannels for chemical reaction fields?
    (A) single-molecule
    (B) contamination of the channel surface
    (C) 1000 nm-deep nanochannel
    (D) 1000 nm-thick resist
    (E) fused silica substrate

39. What is "metal-free fabrication process" mentioned in this article?
    (A) to fabricate 1000 nm-deep nanochannel
    (B) to fabricate nanochannel with chromium mask
    (C) to fabricate nanochannel without chromium mask
    (D) to observe oxidation reaction
    (E) to keep chromium on the channel surface

40. To what extent did remained chromium on the nanochannel surface induce artifact?
    (A) single molecule level
    (B) 1000 nm-deep level
    (C) 1000 nm-thick level
    (D) micromolar level
    (E) not observed

41. What was achieved by metal-free fabrication process?
    (A) contamination of the nanochannel surface
    (B) fabrication of 1000 nm-deep nanochannel
    (C) Optimization for channels with 1000 nm scale width and depth
    (D) to induce oxidation reaction
    (E) observation without artifact

Figure 1: Signals for TMB (3,3',5,5-tetramethylbenzidine) solutions with various incubation times. Signals were obtained, that indicated the oxidation of TMB, and the progress of the reaction is indicated by the increase in the signal intensity with increasing incubation time.
42. What is the value of maximum signal intensity in the condition of "1 min incubation"?
(A) 6 s
(B) 12 s
(C) 1 µV
(D) 3 µV
(E) 8 µV

43. What is mainly discussed by the authors using this Figure?
    (A) background signal
    (B) signal starting to increase at 10 s
    (C) appeared signal peak around 13 s
    (D) progress of reaction with increasing incubation time
    (E) fast reaction within 20 s

Figure 2: SEM images of nanochannels fabricated using exposure times of (A) 0.4, (B) 0.5, (C) 0.6, (D) 0.7 and (E) 0.8 µs/dot. In this process, the electron beam resist was spin-coated onto a fused silica substrate at 5000 rpm. Electron beam lithography was subsequently performed while varying the exposure time. After electron beam exposure, the resist was developed with o-xylene for a time span of 1.5 min, following which the nanochannels were dry etched with gaseous of SF6 and CHF3. The nanochannels in (A) had a triangular shape because the exposure time was not optimized, and some resist was retained in the nanochannel region after development. In contrast, the nanochannels in (B)-(E) exhibit approximately rectangular shapes. With increases in the exposure time, the nanochannels also became wider, and the optimal exposure time was determined to be 0.5 µs/dot. Using this exposure, nanochannels with dimensions of 48 ± 3 nm (width) and 49 ± 1 nm (depth) with approximately square shapes were obtained.
44. Choose incorrect answer about the fabrication process in Figure 2.
(A) Electron beam resist was spin-coated
(B) Lithography was performed by electron beam
(C) The fused silica was etched by o-xylene
(D) Gaseous of SF6 and CHF3 were used for dry etching
(E) None

45. Choose correct answer about discussion in this Figure 2.
    (A) Rectangular nanochannels were fabricated in all condition
    (B) Exposure time was not critical parameter
    (C) With decreases in the exposure time, nanochannel became narrower
    (D) Nanochannels with dimensions less than 50 nm were difficult to fabricate
    (E) None