108 年 國立清華大學外國語文學系碩士班甲組《美國文學史》
第 1 題
Part One Identifications 40%
Please identify the author of each of the following quotations from the pool of names below.
Mark Twain Henry James Henry Adams T.S. Eliot
Ezra Pound Tennessee Williams Edgar Allan Poe
Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Nathaniel Hawthorne
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Thomas Jefferson
Washing Irving Zora Neale Hurston Harriet Beecher Stowe
Herman Melville Langston Hughes William Faulkner
Ralph Ellison William Cullen Bryant Jonathan Edwards
- Seated calmly in this laboratory, the pale philosopher had investigated the secrets of the highest cloud-region and of the profoundest mines; he had satisfied himself of the causes that kindled and kept alive the fires of the volcano; and had explained the mystery of fountains, and how it is that they gush forth, some so bright and pure, and others with such rich medicinal virtues, from eh dark bosom of the earth.
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這題是典型的美國文學史「引文辨識」題型,旨在測試考生對重要作家及其代表性作品的熟悉度。題目要求從提供的作者名單中,找出第 1 句引文的作者。
引文描述一位「蒼白的哲學家」在實驗室中探究自然現象,如火山、礦藏、噴泉等,並解釋其成因與奧秘。這種對科學探索、自然現象的觀察與解釋,帶有啟蒙時代和早期美國知識分子的色彩。
作者名單中,Jonathan Edwards (強納生·愛德華茲) 是 18 世紀美國最傑出的神學家、哲學家和佈道家之一,屬於新英格蘭清教徒的傳統,但同時也展現出對科學與理性探索的興趣。他的著作中常探討上帝的榮耀、人類的罪性,以及對自然界的觀察。
其他選項:
- Mark Twain: 以幽默、諷刺的風格描寫美國生活,但引文風格與其不符。
- Henry James: 以心理小說著稱,風格較為細膩,不似此處的科學哲學探討。
- Henry Adams: 歷史學家、小說家,作品涉及科學與歷史,但此引文的風格與其代表作《愛德格·愛倫·坡傳》或《亨利·亞當斯的教育》的敘述方式略有差異。
- T.S. Eliot: 20 世紀詩人,風格現代主義,引文風格與其差異甚大。
- Ezra Pound: 現代主義詩人,風格亦與此不同。
- Tennessee Williams: 劇作家,作品多為美國南方戲劇。
- Edgar Allan Poe: 以哥德式、恐怖、懸疑聞名,與此處的科學哲學探討方向不同。
- Walt Whitman: 詩人,歌頌生命與民主,風格奔放。
第 2 題
- The mathematics are the science of form and quantity; mathematical reasoning is merely logic applied to observation upon form and quantity. The great error lies in supposing that even the truths of what is called pure algebra, are abstract or general truths. And this error is so egregious that I am confounded at the universality with which it has been received. Mathematical axioms are not axioms of general truth. What is true of relation—of form and quantity is often grossly false in regard to morals, for example.
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這題同樣屬於「引文辨識」,要求考生從提供的作者名單中,找出第 2 句引文的作者。
引文討論數學的本質,指出數學是關於形式與數量的科學,數學推理是應用於形式與數量的邏輯。作者批評了將純粹代數的真理視為抽象或普遍真理的普遍錯誤,並認為數學公理並非普遍真理,數學上的關係(形式與數量)在道德等領域可能顯得錯誤。這種對數學、邏輯與普遍真理的哲學反思,顯示作者具有相當的思辨能力。
在此作者名單中,Henry James (亨利·詹姆斯) 是美國文學史上重要的寫實主義與心理現實主義小說家。他對思想、意識、語言以及藝術與現實關係的探討非常深入。他曾寫過關於數學、邏輯和哲學的評論,並在其小說中經常探討思想與現實的複雜關係,以及語言的局限性。這段引文的風格和內容,與 Henry James 對藝術、思想和現實之間關係的探討非常契合,特別是他對抽象概念與實際經驗之間張力的關注。
其他選項的分析:
- Mark Twain: 幽默諷刺,與此引文的哲學思辨風格不符。
- Henry Adams: 雖然也探討科學與歷史,但此引文的論述方式更接近對概念本身的解剖,而非歷史敘事。
- T.S. Eliot: 詩人,風格現代主義,此引文是散文論述。
- Ezra Pound: 詩人,風格現代主義。
- Tennessee Williams: 劇作家。
第 3 題
- Let us go then, you and I, / When the evening is spread out against the sky/ Like a patient etherized upon a table;/ Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,/ The muttering retreats/ Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels/And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:/ Streets that follow like a tedious argument/ Of insidious intent
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這題是引文辨識題。引文以「Let us go then, you and I」開頭,描繪了一個具體且充滿感官意象的夜晚景象:天空如一張「麻醉的病人」般鋪展,穿梭於半廢棄的街道,聽到廉價旅館夜晚的低語,看到滿是牡蠣殼的鋸末餐廳。最後,街道被比喻為「冗長的論證」,充滿「陰險的意圖」。
這段文字的特點是:
- 現代主義的意象與氛圍: 「patient etherized upon a table」這個比喻極具現代主義特色,將夜晚的天空比作被麻醉的病人,營造出一種疏離、靜止、甚至有些病態的感覺。
- 感官細節的描寫: 廉價旅館、牡蠣殼、鋸末餐廳等具體細節,營造出一種低俗、疲憊、甚至帶有腐朽感的城市景觀。
- 結構與比喻: 街道被比喻為「冗長的論證」和「陰險的意圖」,將物理空間與抽象概念連結,顯示出一種對現代城市生活和人際關係的懷疑與批判。
- 詩歌語言: 雖然是散文形式,但其語言高度凝練,充滿詩意和象徵性。
從提供的作者名單中,T.S. Eliot (湯瑪斯·史坦尼·艾略特) 是最符合這些特點的作家。他的詩歌《The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock》(J. 艾弗瑞德·普魯弗洛克的愛之歌)開頭即是:「Let us go then, you and I, / When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table...」。這段引文正是出自該詩。
第 4 題
- No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids—and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me.
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這題是引文辨識題。引文開頭就提到了 Edgar Allan Poe,並將自己與 Poe 的「鬼魂」(spook) 和好萊塢電影中的「靈體」(ectoplasms) 區分開來。作者聲稱自己是「有血有肉、有筋骨、有纖維和液體」的「實在」(substance),甚至擁有「心智」。然而,他承認自己是「看不見的」,原因是因為「人們拒絕看見他」。
這段引文的關鍵點在於:
- 對「看不見」的辯解: 作者試圖區分自己與超自然或虛幻的存在,強調自己的實體性,但同時又承認「看不見」。
- 「拒絕看見」的原因: 這種「看不見」並非物理上的,而是社會性的。人們因為主觀的拒絕,而忽略了作者的存在。
- 自我認同的強調: 作者強調自己是一個有思想、有實體的人。
在提供的作者名單中,Ralph Ellison (雷爾夫·艾里森) 是最符合這些特點的作家。他的代表作《Invisible Man》(看不見的人)正是以此為主題。小說的主人公是一個非裔美國男子,他在種族主義盛行的美國社會中,因為膚色和社會的偏見,感到自己「看不見」,儘管他是一個有血有肉、有思想的個體。引文中「I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me」這句話,直接呼應了小說的主題和標題。
第 5 題
- He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither.
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這題是引文辨識題。引文描述了一個「他」對「人性」發動殘酷戰爭,侵犯了「遙遠人民」的生命權與自由權,將他們擄掠到另一半球為奴,或是在運輸過程中遭受死亡。
這段文字描繪的場景,明確指向跨大西洋奴隸貿易,以及歐洲或美國對非洲人民的剝削與壓迫。這種對奴隸制度的控訴,以及對人類尊嚴被踐踏的描寫,是美國文學中一個重要的主題。
在提供的作者名單中,Harriet Beecher Stowe (哈里特·比徹·斯托) 是最有可能寫出這段文字的作家。她的代表作《Uncle Tom's Cabin》(湯姆叔叔的小屋)是 19 世紀美國最著名、影響力最大的反奴隸制小說,深刻描寫了奴隸制度對個人和家庭的摧殘。小說中充滿了對奴隸主殘酷行徑的控訴,以及對被奴役者悲慘命運的同情。
其他選項的分析:
- Mark Twain: 雖然也描寫過奴隸制度(如《哈克費里歷險記》),但其風格更為幽默和諷刺,引文的語氣較為嚴肅和悲憤。
- Henry James: 心理現實主義,較少直接處理奴隸制度的宏大敘事。
- Henry Adams: 歷史學家、思想家。
- T.S. Eliot: 現代主義詩人。
- Ezra Pound: 現代主義詩人。
- Tennessee Williams: 劇作家。
- Edgar Allan Poe: 哥德式、恐怖。
第 6 題
- I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eye dimly clam. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other words, had there been any thing ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises.
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這題是引文辨識題。引文描述了敘述者觀察一個「他」的過程。這個「他」的特徵是:臉部表情平靜(leanly composed),眼神暗淡(dimly clam),沒有一絲不安、憤怒、不耐煩或無禮的痕跡。敘述者接著說,如果他表現出任何「尋常人類」的情緒,敘述者就會「暴力地將他趕出去」。
這段文字的關鍵點在於:
- 對人物的觀察與判斷: 敘述者在仔細觀察某人,並試圖評斷其本質。
- 「非人類」特質的強調: 這個人物的冷靜、缺乏情感波動,甚至被認為「沒有任何尋常人類的特質」,這使得敘述者對他產生了某種警惕或厭惡,並以暴力驅逐作為威脅。
- 敘述者的心理: 敘述者對「尋常人類」的情感流露似乎有某種負面反應,或者他對眼前這個人物的「非人類」特質感到不安。
在提供的作者名單中,Edgar Allan Poe (愛倫·坡) 是最符合這種充滿懸疑、心理壓抑、以及對人物異常特質描寫的作家。Poe 的許多短篇故事,如《The Tell-Tale Heart》(洩密的心)、《The Black Cat》(黑貓)、《The Cask of Amontillado》(阿蒙蒂拉多酒桶)等,都充滿了對人物內心病態、極端情緒、以及異常行為的細膩刻畫。這段引文中的敘述者,其對一個「非人類」般冷靜人物的反應,以及那種帶有潛在暴力的判斷,非常符合 Poe 式的心理驚悚風格。
第 7 題
- Publication—is the Auction/ Of the Mind of Man—Poverty—be justifying/ For so foul a thing
Possibly—but We—would rather/ From Our Garret go/ White—Unto the White Creator—Than invest—Our Snow—
(Emily Dickinson)
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這題是引文辨識題,且題目中已直接給出了作者的名字:(Emily Dickinson)。這是一道非常直接的題目,主要考驗考生對作者名字和其作品的連結能力,以及對作者詩歌風格的初步認識。
引文內容:
「出版——是大腦的拍賣場/貧窮——為如此齷齪之事辯護」
「或許——但我們寧願/從我們的閣樓/走向白——走向白色的創造者——也不願投資——我們的雪——」
這首詩的特點:
- 簡潔、跳躍的語言: 詩歌使用短句,斷行方式獨特,並運用了許多破折號,營造了一種思考的停頓與跳躍感。
- 抽象概念的具象化: 將「出版」比喻為「拍賣場」,將「貧窮」與「齷齪之事」連結。
第 8 題
- I had at the same time, a very affecting sense how meet and suitable it was that God should govern the world, and order all things according to His own pleasure, and I rejoiced in it, that God reigned, and that His will was done.
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這題是引文辨識題。引文表達了敘述者對上帝統治世界、按照其旨意安排萬事萬物的深刻感受,並且為此感到喜樂。這種強烈的宗教情感和對上帝至高權威的認同,是美國早期宗教文學的典型特徵。
引文的關鍵點在於:
- 宗教情感的表達: 強調對上帝的敬畏和喜悅。
- 神權觀念: 認為上帝應當統治世界,並按照其旨意行事。
- 「meet and suitable」: 認為上帝的統治是合適且恰當的。
在提供的作者名單中,Jonathan Edwards (強納生·愛德華茲) 是 18 世紀美國最傑出的神學家、哲學家和佈道家,也是新英格蘭清教徒運動的代表人物。他的著作充滿了對上帝榮耀、人類罪性以及神聖旨意的深刻反思。他著名的講道《Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God》(憤怒之神手中的罪人)雖然以警示為主,但其核心依然是對上帝權威和審判的強調。而他在其他神學著作中,也經常表達對上帝完美統治的讚美和認同。
其他選項的分析:
- Mark Twain: 幽默寫實,風格不符。
- Henry James: 心理現實主義。
- Henry Adams: 歷史、思想。
- T.S. Eliot: 現代主義詩人。
第 Problem 1 題
Part One Identifications 40%
Please identify the author of each of the following quotations from the pool of names below.
Mark Twain Henry James Henry Adams T.S. Eliot
Ezra Pound Tennessee Williams Edgar Allan Poe
Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Nathaniel Hawthorne
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Thomas Jefferson
Washing Irving Zora Neale Hurston Harriet Beecher Stowe
Herman Melville Langston Hughes William Faulkner
Ralph Ellison William Cullen Bryant Jonathan Edwards
- Seated calmly in this laboratory, the pale philosopher had investigated the secrets of the highest cloud-region and of the profoundest mines; he had satisfied himself of the causes that kindled and kept alive the fires of the volcano; and had explained the mystery of fountains, and how it is that they gush forth, some so bright and pure, and others with such rich medicinal virtues, from eh dark bosom of the earth.
- The mathematics are the science of form and quantity; mathematical reasoning is merely logic applied to observation upon form and quantity. The great error lies in supposing that even the truths of what is called pure algebra, are abstract or general truths. And this error is so egregious that I am confounded at the universality with which it has been received. Mathematical axioms are not axioms of general truth. What is true of relation—of form and quantity is often grossly false in regard to morals, for example.
- Let us go then, you and I, / When the evening is spread out against the sky/ Like a patient etherized upon a table;/ Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,/ The muttering retreats/ Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels/And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:/ Streets that follow like a tedious argument/ Of insidious intent
- No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Allan Poe; nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substance, of flesh and bone, fiber and liquids—and I might even be said to possess a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me.
- He has waged cruel war against human nature itself, violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him, captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere, or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither.
- I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed; his gray eye dimly clam. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his manner; in other words, had there been any thing ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises.
- Publication—is the Auction/ Of the Mind of Man—Poverty—be justifying/ For so foul a thing
Possibly—but We—would rather/ From Our Garret go/ White—Unto the White Creator—Than invest—Our Snow—
(Emily Dickinson) - I had at the same time, a very affecting sense how meet and suitable it was that God should govern the world, and order all things according to His own pleasure, and I rejoiced in it, that God reigned, and that His will was done.
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這部分為「Part One: Identifications」,佔總分 40%,共包含 8 個小題。每題要求從提供的作者名單中,辨識出引文的作者。以下將逐一解析。
核心觀念:
此部分主要考驗考生對美國文學史上重要作家及其代表性作品風格、主題、語言特色,以及其文學影響力的熟悉程度。考生需要具備辨識不同作家獨特「聲音」的能力。
作者名單:
Mark Twain, Henry James, Henry Adams, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Tennessee Williams, Edgar Allan Poe, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Thomas Jefferson, Washington Irving, Zora Neale Hurston, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Herman Melville, Langston Hughes, William Faulkner, Ralph Ellison, William Cullen Bryant, Jonathan Edwards.
1. 引文解析:
「Seated calmly in this laboratory, the pale philosopher had investigated the secrets of the highest cloud-region and of the profoundest mines; he had satisfied himself of the causes that kindled and kept alive the fires of the volcano; and had explained the mystery of fountains, and how it is that they gush forth, some so bright and pure, and others with such rich medicinal virtues, from eh dark bosom of the earth.」
- 內容特點:描述一位「蒼白的哲學家」在實驗室中探索自然科學的奧秘(雲層、礦藏、火山、噴泉),並解釋其成因。
- 風格與主題:帶有理性、科學探索的精神,以及對自然現象的觀察與解釋。這與 18 世紀美國的啟蒙思想和早期知識分子的關懷相符。
- 作者判斷:在提供的作者名單中,Jonathan Edwards (強納生·愛德華茲) 是 18 世紀美國最傑出的神學家和哲學家,他同時也對科學和自然現象有濃厚興趣,並試圖將其與神學結合。此引文的風格與其對自然與信仰的探討相契合。
- 【答案】Jonathan Edwards
2. 引文解析:
「The mathematics are the science of form and quantity; mathematical reasoning is merely logic applied to observation upon form and quantity. The great error lies in supposing that even the truths of what is called pure algebra, are abstract or general truths. And this error is so egregious that I am confounded at the universality with which it has been received. Mathematical axioms are not axioms of general truth. What is true of relation—of form and quantity is often grossly false in regard to morals, for example.」
- 內容特點:探討數學的本質,質疑純代數真理的普遍性與抽象性,並認為數學上的關係在道德等領域可能不適用。
- 風格與主題:高度的哲學思辨,對抽象概念的本質提出質疑,顯示對邏輯、真理與實際應用的關係進行深入反思。
- 作者判斷:Henry James (亨利·詹姆斯) 是以其對心理、意識、藝術與現實關係的細膩探討而聞名。他經常質疑抽象概念與現實經驗之間的張力。此引文的思辨深度與其對思想、語言和現實關係的關注吻合。
- 【答案】Henry James
3. 引文解析:
「Let us go then, you and I, / When the evening is spread out against the sky/ Like a patient etherized upon a table;/ Let us go, through certain half-deserted streets,/ The muttering retreats/ Of restless nights in one-night cheap hotels/And sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells:/ Streets that follow like a tedious argument/ Of insidious intent」
- 內容特點:以「Let us go then, you and I」開頭,描繪了現代都市夜晚的景象,充滿了疏離、病態、疲憊的意象(如「麻醉的病人」般的天空、半廢棄的街道、廉價旅館、牡蠣殼餐廳),並將街道比喻為「冗長的論證」和「陰險的意圖」。
- 風格與主題:典型的現代主義詩歌,運用了創新的比喻、破碎的意象、以及對現代人精神狀態的描寫。
- 作者判斷:T.S. Eliot (湯瑪斯·史坦尼·艾略特) 的詩歌《The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock》開頭即是這段引文。