108 年 國立政治大學會計研究所會計組《成本與管理會計》

📄 試題原卷 免費註冊後即可對照原始考卷 PDF免費註冊

第 1 題

  1. What situation will result in if the firm excludes spoiled units in the equivalent-unit calculation?
    (A) lower cost per good unit.
    (B) higher cost per good unit
    (C) lower cost for normal units
    (D) higher cost for spoiled units

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

此題考查製成品在標準成本制度下,當剔除報廢單位時,對良品單位成本的影響。

在標準成本制度下,報廢單位(Spoiled units)通常是指生產過程中不符合品質標準而無法修復或銷售的單位。在計算每單位良品成本時,若將報廢單位包含在總產量中進行分攤,則總成本會被更多的單位分攤,進而降低每單位良品的成本。反之,若將報廢單位排除在計算之外,則總成本將由較少的良品單位來分攤,從而提高每單位良品的成本。

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 2 題

  1. An important difference between financial measures of quality and nonfinancial measures of quality is that
    (A) financial measures of quality tend to be useful indicators of future long-term performance, while nonfinancial measures have more of a short-term focus
    (B) nonfinancial measures are generally too subjective to have any long-term value, while financial measures are too objective for taxation purposes
    (C) nonfinancial measures of quality tend to be useful indicators of future long-term performance, while financial measures of quality have more of a short-term focus
    (D) nonfinancial measures are generally too subjective to have any short-term value, while financial measures are too objective to have medium-term value

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

此題在比較財務性品質衡量指標與非財務性品質衡量指標的差異。

財務性品質衡量指標(Financial measures of quality)通常是將品質相關的成本(如廢品成本、保固成本、檢查成本等)或因品質問題造成的損失(如銷售損失)以貨幣金額表示。這些指標通常是歷史性的,反映過去的結果,並且與財務報表的項目相關。它們可以幫助評估品質改進的財務效益,但也可能因為其貨幣屬性,更側重於短期或中期的財務影響。

非財務性品質衡量指標(Nonfinancial measures of quality)則不直接以貨幣計價,例如客戶滿意度、產品缺陷率、準時交貨率、生產週期時間等。這些指標通常更能即時反映生產過程中的問題,或客戶對產品/服務的直接感受。許多非財務性指標,例如客戶滿意度、品牌聲譽、創新能力等,是影響企業長期競爭力與永續經營的關鍵因素,因此它們往往是未來長期績效的重要預測指標。

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 3 題

  1. Which of the following statements is true of the economic-order-quantity decision model?
    (A) It assumes that quality costs are considered only to the extent that these costs affect ordering or carrying costs.
    (B) It assumes purchasing costs are relevant because the cost per unit changes due to the quantity ordered.
    (C) It assumes that stockout costs are relevant even if no stockouts occur.
    (D) It assumes that ordering costs and carrying costs are irrelevant.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念
經濟訂購量(Economic Order Quantity,簡稱 EOQ)模型是用來決定單次訂購數量,以最小化總成本(TC),總成本包括

  • 訂購成本(ordering cost): 每次訂購固定費用 SS,若年需求量為 DD,則訂購次數為 DQ\frac{D}{Q},訂購成本為 SDQS\frac{D}{Q}。
  • 持有成本(carrying or holding cost): 每單位庫存的年持有費用 HH,平均庫存量為 Q2\frac{Q}{2},持有成本為 HQ2H\frac{Q}{2}。

EOQ 之目標是選擇 QQ 使 TC=SDQ+HQ2TC = S\frac{D}{Q}+H\frac{Q}{2} 最小,導出
Q∗=2SDHQ^{*}= \sqrt{\frac{2SD}{H}}
此模型的基本假設:需求恆定且已知、交貨即時(lead time 為 0)、單位成本固定、僅考慮訂購成本與持有成本,其他成本(如品質、缺貨、採購折扣)若對 SS、HH 無影響則被忽略。


解題方法
本題屬概念判斷題,須辨識 EOQ 模型所「假設」的成本構成。直接回想模型假設,即:

  1. 只把 訂購成本(ordering cost) 與 持有成本(carrying cost) 放入計算。
  2. 其他成本(品質成本、採購折扣、缺貨成本、退貨或處理成本)若不影響 SS、HH,在模型中皆被視為不相關。

因此判斷每一選項是否與上述假設相符即可。


選項分析

選項內容判斷理由
(A)「假設品質成本只在影響訂購或持有成本的程度下才被考慮」正確EOQ 僅考慮會改變訂購成本 SS 或持有成本 HH 的品質相關費用,例如因不良品而增加的檢驗或重工費用若
🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 4 題

  1. A company manufactures only one type of washing machine and has two divisions, the Compressor Division, and the Fabrication Division. The Compressor Division manufactures compressors for the Fabrication Division, which completes the washing machine and sells it to retailers. The Compressor Division "sells" compressors to the Fabrication Division. The market price for the Fabrication Division to purchase a compressor is 40.00.(Ignorechangesininventory.)ThefixedcostsfortheCompressorDivisionareassumedtobethesameovertherangeof5,000−10,000units.ThefixedcostsfortheFabricationDivisionareassumedtobe40.00. (Ignore changes in inventory.) The fixed costs for the Compressor Division are assumed to be the same over the range of 5,000-10,000 units. The fixed costs for the Fabrication Division are assumed to be 7.50 per unit at 10,000 units.

Compressor's costs per compressor are:
Direct materials 15.00Directlabor15.00 Direct labor 7.25
Variable overhead 3.00Divisionfixedcosts3.00 Division fixed costs 7.50

Fabrication's costs per completed air conditioner are:
Direct materials 150.00Directlabor150.00 Direct labor 62.50
Variable overhead 20.00Divisionfixedcosts20.00 Division fixed costs 7.50

Assume the transfer price for a compressor is 150% of total costs of the Compressor Division and 1,000 of the compressors are produced and transferred to the Fabrication Division. What is the Compressor Division's operating income?
(A) 15,875(B)15,875 (B) 16,375
(C) 17,375(D)17,375 (D) 18,250

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查責任會計與轉撥計價(Transfer Pricing)在成本加成訂價法(Cost-plus Pricing)下的應用,以及部門固定成本總額的認定與營業利益(Operating Income)計算。

  1. 轉撥價格(Transfer Price, TP)計算:
    根據題意,轉撥價格為壓縮機部門(Compressor Division)每單位總成本的 150%:
    Transfer Price=Unit Total Cost×150%\text{Transfer Price} = \text{Unit Total Cost} \times 150\%
  2. 部門固定成本總額(Total Fixed Costs)之認定:
    單位固定成本會隨著產能產量水準變動,但固定成本總額在攸關範圍內保持不變。題目給定 Compressor 部門在 5,000 至 10,000 單位區間內,固定成本總額維持固定,且單位成本表列示之單位固定成本為 $7.50(依慣例在未特別標註時,此單位成本標準係依產能上限基準,即 10,000 單位所分攤計算,或兩部門具相同規模標準):
    Total Fixed Costs=10,000×$7.50=$75,000\text{Total Fixed Costs} = 10,000 \times \$7.50 = \$75,000
  3. 部門營業利益(Operating Income):
    Operating Income=Total Revenue−Total Variable Costs−Total Fixed Costs\text{Operating Income} = \text{Total Revenue} - \text{Total Variable Costs} - \text{Total Fixed Costs}

解題方法

步驟一:計算壓縮機部門的單位成本與轉撥價格

依據壓縮機部門的單位成本資料:

  • 直接材料(Direct materials):$15.00
  • 直接人工(Direct labor):$7.25
  • 變動製造費用(Variable overhead):$3.00
  • 單位固定成本(Division fixed costs):$7.50

每單位總成本為:
Unit Total Cost=$15.00+$7.25+$3.00+$7.50=$32.75\text{Unit Total Cost} = \$15.00 + \$7.25 + \$3.00 + \$7.50 = \$32.75

依題意,轉撥價格為總成本的 150%:
Transfer Price=$32.75×150%=$49.125\text{Transfer Price} = \$32.75 \times 150\% = \$49.125

步驟二:計算製造並轉撥 1,000 單位的總營收與總成本

本期實際生產並轉撥 1,000 單位(無期初期末存貨變動):

  1. 總轉撥收入(Total Revenue):
    Total Revenue=1,000×$49.125=$49,125\text{Total Revenue} = 1,000 \times \$49.125 = \$49,125

  2. 總變動成本(Total Variable Costs):
    單位變動成本:
    Unit Variable Cost=$15.00+$7.25+$3.00=$25.25\text{Unit Variable Cost} = \$15.00 + \$7.25 + \$3.00 = \$25.25
    總變動成本:
    Total Variable Costs=1,000×$25.25=$25,250\text{Total Variable Costs} = 1,000 \times \$25.25 = \$25,250

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 5 題

  1. A company which favors the residual income approach wants managers to
    (A) maximize return on sales
    (B) maximize the investment turnover ratio
    (C) concentrate on maximizing a percentage return
    (D) concentrate on maximizing an absolute amount of dollars

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

此題考查剩餘所得法(Residual Income, RI)的目標,以及它與其他績效衡量指標的差異。

剩餘所得法(RI)的計算公式為:
RI = 營業利潤 (Operating Income) - (最低要求報酬率 (Imputed Interest Rate) × 營業資產 (Operating Assets))

RI 的目標是讓管理者在追求利潤的同時,也要考慮到資產的運用效率,並以絕對金額來衡量績效。它鼓勵管理者去投資那些能夠產生超過最低要求報酬率的項目,即使這些項目的百分比報酬率可能低於其他項目,但其絕對的剩餘所得金額較高。

選項分析:
(A) 最大化銷售報酬率(Return on Sales, ROS = 營業利潤 / 銷售額)。ROS 衡量的是每單位銷售額所能產生的利潤,它關注的是獲利能力,但沒有直接考慮資產的運用。
(B) 最大化投資 turnover 比率(Investment Turnover Ratio = 銷售額 / 營業資產)。這個指標衡量的是資產的運用效率,即資產能產生多少銷售額。
(C) 集中於最大化百分比報酬率(Percentage Return)。這可能指股東權益報酬率(ROE = 淨利 / 股東權益)或資產報酬率(ROA = 淨利 / 資產)。這些指標關注的是相對報酬,雖然重要,但可能導致管理者放棄那些絕對金額較大但百分比報酬率較低的投資機會。

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 6 題

The BB Company processes unprocessed goat milk up to the split-off point where two products, condensed goat milk and skim goat milk result. The following information was collected for the month of October:

Production:
Condensed goat milk 42,500 gallons
Skim goat milk 55,500 gallons
Total: 98,000 gallons (after shrinkage)

Sales:
Condensed goat milk 3.50pergallonSkimgoatmilk3.50 per gallon Skim goat milk 2.50 per gallon

The costs of purchasing the unprocessed goat milk and processing it up to the split-off point to yield a total of 98,000 gallons of saleable product was $184,480. There were no inventory balances of either product.

Condensed goat milk may be processed further to yield 42,000 gallons (the remainder is shrinkage) of a medicinal milk product, Xyla, for an additional processing cost of 4perusablegallon.Xylacanbesoldfor4 per usable gallon. Xyla can be sold for 20 per gallon.

Skim goat milk can be processed further to yield 54,200 gallons of skim goat ice cream, for an additional processing cost per usable gallon of 4.Theproductcanbesoldfor4. The product can be sold for 9 per gallon.

There are no beginning and ending inventory balances.

Required:

  1. What is the estimated net realizable value of Xyla at the split-off point? (4%)
  2. Using the sales value at split-off method, what is the gross-margin percentage for condensed goat milk at the split-off point? (4%)
  3. How much (if any) extra income would Green earn if it produced and sold skim milk ice cream from goats rather than goat skim milk? Allocate joint processing costs based upon the relative sales value at the split-off point. (4%)
  4. How much (if any) extra income would Green earn if it produced and sold all of the Xyla from the condensed goat milk? Allocate joint processing costs based upon relative sales value on the split-off. (Extra income means income in excess of what Green would have earned from selling condensed goat milk.) (4%)

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為典型的**聯合成本(Joint Costs)分攤與後續加工決策(Sell or Process Further Decision)**考題,涵蓋以下核心管理會計觀念:

  1. 估計淨變現價值法(Estimated Net Realizable Value Method, NRV 法):
    • 產品於分離點若無法直接銷售,或欲評估其分離點價值時,以「最終預期售價總額」扣除「分離點後之可分離加工與銷售成本(Separable Costs)」計算:
      Estimated NRV at Split-off=Final Sales Value−Separable Costs\text{Estimated NRV at Split-off} = \text{Final Sales Value} - \text{Separable Costs}
  2. 分離點售價法(Sales Value at Split-off Method)與毛利率特性:
    • 依各聯產品在分離點的相對銷售價值比例分攤聯合成本。
    • 關鍵定理:在分離點售價法下,若無其他額外製造成本與期初/期末存貨,各聯產品在分離點的毛利率必完全相同,且等於全體聯產品的總毛利率:
      Gross-Margin Percentage=Total Sales Value at Split-off−Total Joint CostsTotal Sales Value at Split-off=1−Total Joint CostsTotal Sales Value at Split-off\text{Gross-Margin Percentage} = \frac{\text{Total Sales Value at Split-off} - \text{Total Joint Costs}}{\text{Total Sales Value at Split-off}} = 1 - \frac{\text{Total Joint Costs}}{\text{Total Sales Value at Split-off}}
  3. 後續加工決策之差額分析法(Incremental / Differential Analysis):
    • 分離點前發生的聯合成本屬於沉沒成本(Sunk Costs),在決策中為不攸關成本(Irrelevant Costs)。
    • 是否進一步加工只取決於「增額收入(Incremental Revenue)」是否大於「增額可分離成本(Incremental Separable Cost)」:
      Extra Income=Incremental Revenue−Incremental Costs=(Final Sales Value−Sales Value at Split-off)−Separable Costs\text{Extra Income} = \text{Incremental Revenue} - \text{Incremental Costs} = (\text{Final Sales Value} - \text{Sales Value at Split-off}) - \text{Separable Costs}

解題方法與詳細計算

第 1 小題:計算 Xyla 於分離點之估計淨變現價值(Estimated NRV)

  1. 最終銷售總值(Final Sales Value):
    • 凝縮山羊奶(Condensed goat milk)進一步加工後扣除耗損,可產出 42,000 加侖之 Xyla。
    • 每加侖售價 $20:
      Final Sales Value=42,000×$20=$840,000\text{Final Sales Value} = 42,000 \times \$20 = \$840,000
  2. 可分離加工成本(Separable Costs):
    • 題目註明每可用加侖(Usable gallon)之額外加工成本為 $4:
      Separable Costs=42,000×$4=$168,000\text{Separable Costs} = 42,000 \times \$4 = \$168,000
  3. 分離點之估計淨變現價值:
    Estimated NRV=$840,000−$168,000=$672,000\text{Estimated NRV} = \$840,000 - \$168,000 = \$672,000

第 2 小題:以分離點售價法計算凝縮山羊奶在分離點之毛利率

  1. 計算分離點各產品之銷售總值:
    • 凝縮山羊奶(Condensed goat milk):42,500×42,500 \times $3.50=3.50 = $148,750
    • 脫脂山羊奶(Skim goat milk):55,500×55,500 \times $2.50=2.50 = $138,750
    • 分離點總銷售價值(Total Sales Value at Split-off):
      $148,750+$138,750=$287,500\$148,750 + \$138,750 = \$287,500
  2. 分攤聯合成本至凝縮山羊奶:
    • 總聯合成本為 $184,480。
    • 分攤比例 = \frac{$148,750}{$287,500} = \frac{119}{230}
    • 凝縮山羊奶分攤之聯合成本:
🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 7 題

AA company is considering a project that will result in initial after-tax cash savings of $2.3 million at the end of the first year. These saving will grow at a rate of 2% per year indefinitely. The firm has a target debt-equity ratio of 0.60, a cost of equity of 10%, and an after-tax cost of debt of 4.6%. The cost-saving proposal is riskier than the usual project the firm undertakes; management uses the subjective approach and applies an adjustment factor of +3% to the cost of capital for such risky projects. Under what circumstances should the company take on the project? Please explain the reasons.

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於資本預算(Capital Budgeting)決策題型,整合了加權平均資金成本(WACC)、主觀風險調整折現率(RADR)、成長型永續年金現值公式(Growing Perpetuity Model)與淨現值決策法則(NPV Rule),主要考核以下四大核心觀念:

  1. 資本結構權重轉換:已知目標負債權益比(Debt-Equity Ratio, D/ED/E),須將其轉換為負債占總價值比重(wdw_d)與權益占總價值比重(wew_e)。
  2. 基本加權平均資金成本(Base WACC): WACCbase=wd×rd(1−t)+we×reWACC_{base} = w_d \times r_d(1-t) + w_e \times r_e 其中 rd(1−t)r_d(1-t) 為稅後負債成本,rer_e 為權益成本。
  3. 主觀法風險調整折現率(Subjective Approach):針對風險高於公司平均水準的專案,在公司基本 WACC 之上加上特定風險溢酬調整率(Adjustment Factor),以求得專案專屬之必要報酬率(Project Cost of Capital, r∗r^*)。
  4. 成長型永續年金現值與淨現值法則(NPV Rule): PV=CF1r∗−gPV = \frac{CF_1}{r^* - g} 專案可行之決策標準為 NPV>0NPV > 0(即專案產生之現金流量總現值 PVPV 必須大於初始投資成本 Initial Cost\text{Initial Cost})。

解題方法

步驟一:計算資本結構權重

題目給定目標負債權益比 DE=0.60\frac{D}{E} = 0.60,設權益 E=1E = 1,則負債 D=0.60D = 0.60,公司總價值 V=D+E=1.60V = D + E = 1.60:

  • 負債權重(wdw_d): wd=DD+E=0.601.60=37.5%w_d = \frac{D}{D+E} = \frac{0.60}{1.60} = 37.5\%
  • 權益權重(wew_e): we=ED+E=1.001.60=62.5%w_e = \frac{E}{D+E} = \frac{1.00}{1.60} = 62.5\%

步驟二:計算公司基本加權平均資金成本(WACCbaseWACC_{base})

題目已直接提供「稅後負債成本」rd(1−t)=4.6%r_d(1-t) = 4.6\%,權益成本 re=10%r_e = 10\%:

WACCbase=(37.5%×4.6%)+(62.5%×10%)=1.725%+6.25%=7.975%WACC_{base} = (37.5\% \times 4.6\%) + (62.5\% \times 10\%) = 1.725\% + 6.25\% = 7.975\%

步驟三:計算專案專屬之風險調整折現率(r∗r^*)

由於該成本節省專案之風險高於公司平均專案,管理階層採用主觀法加計 +3%+3\% 之風險調整項:

r∗=WACCbase+Adjustment Factor=7.975%+3%=10.975%r^* = WACC_{base} + \text{Adjustment Factor} = 7.975\% + 3\% = 10.975\%

步驟四:計算未來現金節省額之總現值(PVPV)

第 1 期期末之稅後現金節省額 CF1=CF_1 = $2.3 百萬2.3\text{ 百萬},年實質成長率 g=2%g = 2\%,折現率 r∗=10.975%r^* = 10.975\%(滿足 $r^* > g

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 8 題

Beta Company manufactures two types of chairs: the Luxury for the office market and the Standard for the residential market. The company provides the following information for the year 2018:

LuxuryStandard
Budgeted sales in units420
Budgeted selling price$520
Budgeted variable cost per unit$280
Actual sales in units460
Actual selling price$500
Actual variable cost per unit$250

Prior to the beginning of the year, a consulting firm estimated the total sales volume for chairs of the Luxury and Standard category to be 12,000 units, but actual total sales volume was 10,000 units.

Required: (All variances are computed in contribution-margin terms.)

  1. Compute the total sales-mix variance, and be sure to identify the variance as favorable (F) or unfavorable (U). (4%)
  2. What inferences can you draw from the market-size and market-share variances? Show computations to support your points. (6%)

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

此題考查銷售差異分析,包括銷售組合差異、市場規模差異和市場佔有率差異。

首先,我們需要整理題目給出的資訊,並計算相關的變動成本、貢獻毛益等。

基本數據整理:

Luxury Chair (L):
Budgeted Sales (Units): 420
Budgeted Selling Price (SP): 520BudgetedVariableCost(VC):520 Budgeted Variable Cost (VC): 280
Budgeted Contribution Margin (CM) per unit: 520−520 - 280 = 240BudgetedTotalCM:420∗240 Budgeted Total CM: 420 * 240 = $100,800

Actual Sales (Units): 460
Actual SP: 500ActualVC:500 Actual VC: 250
Actual CM per unit: 500−500 - 250 = 250ActualTotalCM:460∗250 Actual Total CM: 460 * 250 = $115,000

Standard Chair (S):
Budgeted Sales (Units): 780
Budgeted SP: 360BudgetedVC:360 Budgeted VC: 180
Budgeted CM per unit: 360−360 - 180 = 180BudgetedTotalCM:780∗180 Budgeted Total CM: 780 * 180 = $140,400

Actual Sales (Units): 690
Actual SP: 350ActualVC:350 Actual VC: 200
Actual CM per unit: 350−350 - 200 = 150ActualTotalCM:690∗150 Actual Total CM: 690 * 150 = $103,500

總計 (Budgeted):
Total Budgeted Sales (Units): 420 + 780 = 1,200 units
Total Budgeted CM: 100,800+100,800 + 140,400 = $241,200

總計 (Actual):
Total Actual Sales (Units): 460 + 690 = 1,150 units
Total Actual CM: 115,000+115,000 + 103,500 = $218,500

市場數據:
Consulting firm estimated total sales volume (market size) for both chairs: 12,000 units (Budgeted Market Size)
Actual total sales volume (market size) for both chairs: 10,000 units (Actual Market Size)

預算時的市場佔有率:
Luxury Market Share (Budgeted): 420 / 12,000 = 3.5%
Standard Market Share (Budgeted): 780 / 12,000 = 6.5%
Total Market Share (Budgeted): 3.5% + 6.5% = 10%

實際時的市場佔有率:
Luxury Market Share (Actual): 460 / 10,000 = 4.6%
Standard Market Share (Actual): 690 / 10,000 = 6.9%
Total Market Share (Actual): 4.6% + 6.9% = 11.5%


1. Compute the total sales-mix variance, and be sure to identify the variance as favorable (F) or unfavorable (U). (4%)

銷售組合差異(Sales-Mix Variance)衡量的是實際銷售組合與預算銷售組合之間的差異,假設總銷售量保持不變。
計算方法是:

  1. 確定預算銷售組合的比例。
  2. 將實際總銷售量分配到每個產品,按照預算銷售組合的比例。
  3. 計算這個「調整後」的預算貢獻毛益與實際貢獻毛益的差異。

步驟 1:確定預算銷售組合的比例。
總預算銷售量 = 1,200 單位。
Luxury 的預算銷售組合比例 = 420 / 1,200 = 0.35 (35%)
Standard 的預算銷售組合比例 = 780 / 1,200 = 0.65 (65%)

步驟 2:將實際總銷售量(1,150 單位)按照預算銷售組合比例分配。
Luxury 的「調整後」預算銷售量 = 1,150 * 0.35 = 402.5 單位。
Standard 的「調整後」預算銷售量 = 1,150 * 0.65 = 747.5 單位。
(檢查:402.5 + 747.5 = 1,150)

步驟 3:計算差異。
差異 = (實際貢獻毛益 per unit - 預算貢獻毛益 per unit) * 實際銷售量 (這是單獨計算市場份額差異)
這裡我們計算的是銷售組合差異,所以需要比較:
(實際銷售量 - 「調整後」預算銷售量) * 預算貢獻毛益 per unit

Luxury 銷售組合差異:
(實際銷售量 - 「調整後」預算銷售量) * 預算 CM per unit
= (460 - 402.5) * 240=57.5∗240 = 57.5 * 240 = 13,800(Favorable,F)理由:Luxury的實際銷售量(460)高於按照預算比例分配後的預計銷售量(402.5)。Luxury的預算CM(13,800 (Favorable, F) 理由:Luxury 的實際銷售量 (460) 高於按照預算比例分配後的預計銷售量 (402.5)。Luxury 的預算 CM (240) 高於 Standard 的預算 CM ($180),所以銷售組合向高 CM 產品傾斜是好的。

Standard 銷售組合差異:
(實際銷售量 - 「調整後」預算銷售量) * 預算 CM per unit
= (690 - 747.5) * 180=−57.5∗180 = -57.5 * 180 = -$10,350 (Unfavorable, U)
理由:Standard 的實際銷售量 (690) 低於按照預算比例分配後的預計銷售量 (747.5)。

總銷售組合差異:
Total Sales-Mix Variance = Luxury Variance + Standard Variance
= 13,800(F)+(−13,800 (F) + (-10,350) (U)
= $3,450 (F)

另一種計算方法(更常用):

  1. 計算實際總銷售量下的預算組合。
  2. 計算實際銷售量與步驟 1 結果之間的差異。

步驟 1:計算實際總銷售量(1,150 單位)下的預算組合。
Luxury 的預算組合比例 = 0.35
Standard 的預算組合比例 = 0.65
Luxury 在 1,150 單位總量下的預計銷售量(按預算組合)= 1,150 * 0.35 = 402.5
Standard 在 1,150 單位總量下的預計銷售量(按預算組合)= 1,150 * 0.65 = 747.5

步驟 2:計算實際銷售量與上述預計銷售量(按預算組合)之間的差異,乘以各自的「預算貢獻毛益」。
Luxury: (460 - 402.5) * 240=57.5∗240 = 57.5 * 240 = 13,800(F)Standard:(690−747.5)∗13,800 (F) Standard: (690 - 747.5) * 180 = -57.5 * 180=−180 = -10,350 (U)
總差異 = 13,800−13,800 - 10,350 = $3,450 (F)。

這個結果與前面一致。

結論:
總銷售組合差異為

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 9 題

Alpha Company manufactures electronic products that are sold through a network of independent sales agents. The agents currently are paid a commission of 15% of sales. Alpha company has no sales force of its own. The budgeted income statement of Alpha for next year is as follows:

Sales 8,000,000Costofgoodssold:Variable8,000,000 Cost of goods sold: Variable3,600,000
Fixed 1,320,000
4,920,000
Gross profit 3,080,000Sellingandadministrativeexpenses:Commissionstoagents3,080,000 Selling and administrative expenses: Commissions to agents1,200,000
Fixed 960,000
2,160,000
Operating income 920,000Fixedinterestcost280,000Incomebeforeincometaxes920,000 Fixed interest cost 280,000 Income before income taxes 640,000
Income taxes (25%) 160,000
Net income $ 480,000

Alpha has just learned that the sales agents refuse to handle its products next year unless Alpha increases the commission rate to 18%. Therefore, the company is considering replacing the sales agents with its own salespersons, who would be paid a commission of 7% of sales and fixed salaries. In addition, the company figures that its fixed costs would increase by $920,000 per year (including salaries of salespersons, advertising, etc.) if employing its own salespersons. All other cost-behavior patterns are unchanged.

Required:

  1. Calculate the margin of safety percentage that Alpha Company would expect to have at the end of next year assuming that the agents' commission rate remains to be 15%. (5%)
  2. Calculate Alpha Company's breakeven point in sales dollars for next year assuming that the company employs its own salespersons. (5%)
  3. Determine the sales dollars at which net income would be equal regardless of whether the company employs its own salespersons or continues to use the independent sales agents and pays them an 18% commission. (5%)
  4. Make a recommendation as to whether the company should continue to use sales agents (at an 18% commission rate) or employs its own salespersons. Give reasons for your answer. (5%)

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為典型的**成本—數量—利潤分析(Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis, CVP 分析)與營運決策評估(無差異點分析與行銷通路選擇)**之整合題型,核心包含以下四大觀念:

  1. 成本習性分類與邊際貢獻率(CMR):

    • 銷貨成本與營業費用須依成本習性嚴格區分為變動成本(Variable Costs)與固定成本(Fixed Costs)。
    • 變動成本率(Variable Cost Ratio, VCRVCR)=總變動成本銷貨收入=\frac{\text{總變動成本}}{\text{銷貨收入}}。
    • 邊際貢獻率(Contribution Margin Ratio, CMRCMR)=1−VCR=總邊際貢獻銷貨收入=1 - VCR = \frac{\text{總邊際貢獻}}{\text{銷貨收入}}。
  2. 損益兩平點(Breakeven Point, BEP)與安全邊際率(Margin of Safety Percentage, MOS%):

    • 管理會計標準 CVP 分析係以營業利益(Operating Income / EBIT)為衡量基準(固定利息屬於財務決策成本,非營運固定成本):
      損益兩平銷貨額 (BEP$)=固定成本總額CMR\text{損益兩平銷貨額 } (BEP_{\$}) = \frac{\text{固定成本總額}}{CMR}
    • 安全邊際額(MOS)== 預計銷貨額 - BEP_{$}。
    • 安全邊際率(MOS%MOS\%)=安全邊際額預計銷貨額=預計營業利益預計邊際貢獻總額=\frac{\text{安全邊際額}}{\text{預計銷貨額}} = \frac{\text{預計營業利益}}{\text{預計邊際貢獻總額}}。
  3. 成本結構無差異點(Cost Indifference Point):

    • 兩方案(外包經銷代理 vs. 建立內部銷售團隊)在特定銷貨額下,產生的營業利益(或稅後淨利)完全相同。
    • 由於所得稅率與利息費用在兩方案間均相同且為固定,使稅後淨利相等之銷貨額等同於使營業利益相等之銷貨額:
      銷貨收入無差異點 (S∗)=Δ固定成本ΔCMR=Δ固定成本Δ佣金率差額\text{銷貨收入無差異點 } (S^*) = \frac{\Delta \text{固定成本}}{\Delta CMR} = \frac{\Delta \text{固定成本}}{\Delta \text{佣金率差額}}
  4. 決策法則與營運槓桿(Operating Leverage):

    • 當預期銷貨額 小於 無差異點時:低固定成本、高變動成本方案(委託獨立經銷代理商)獲利較佳,營運風險較低。
    • 當預期銷貨額 大於 無差異點時:高固定成本、低變動成本方案(自建銷售團隊)獲利較佳,營運槓桿效益顯現。

解題方法與計算推導

基本成本結構拆解

根據題目之預算損益表(銷貨額為 $8,000,000):

  • 變動銷貨成本率 =\frac{$3,600,000}{$8,000,000} = 45\%
  • 原固定成本總額(營運固定成本):
    • 固定製造費用(Fixed COGS)==$1,320,000
    • 固定銷管費用(Fixed S&A)==$960,000
    • 原固定營運成本合計 ==$1,320,000+1,320,000 + $960,000=960,000 = $2,280,000

第 1 小題:計算維持 15% 佣金率下的安全邊際率

  1. 計算變動成本率與邊際貢獻率:

    • 總變動成本率 VCR=45%(變動製造)+15%(經銷佣金)=60%VCR = 45\% (\text{變動製造}) + 15\% (\text{經銷佣金}) = 60\%
    • 邊際貢獻率 CMR=1−60%=40%CMR = 1 - 60\% = 40\%
  2. 計算損益兩平銷貨額(BEP_{$}):
    BEP$=固定成本CMR=$2,280,0000.40=$5,700,000BEP_{\$} = \frac{\text{固定成本}}{CMR} = \frac{\$2,280,000}{0.40} = \$5,700,000

  3. 計算安全邊際率(MOS%MOS\%):
    MOS%=預計銷貨額−BEP$預計銷貨額=$8,000,000−$5,700,000$8,000,000=$2,300,000$8,000,000=28.75%MOS\% = \frac{\text{預計銷貨額} - BEP_{\$}}{\text{預計銷貨額}} = \frac{\$8,000,000 - \$5,700,000}{\$8,000,000} = \frac{\$2,300,000}{\$8,000,000} = 28.75\%

    驗算(利用獲利率關係):
    MOS%=營業利益邊際貢獻=$920,000$8,000,000×40%=$920,000$3,200,000=28.75%MOS\% = \frac{\text{營業利益}}{\text{邊際貢獻}} = \frac{\$920,000}{\$8,000,000 \times 40\%} = \frac{\$920,000}{\$3,200,000} = 28.75\%


第 2 小題:計算自建銷售團隊下的損益兩平銷貨額

  1. 新方案成本結構:

    • 變動成本率 VCR=45%(變動製造)+7%(內部業務佣金)=52%VCR = 45\% (\text{變動製造}) + 7\% (\text{內部業務佣金}) = 52\%
    • 邊際貢獻率 CMR=1−52%=48%CMR = 1 - 52\% = 48\%
    • 新固定成本總額 =原固定成本+增加之固定成本==\text{原固定成本} + \text{增加之固定成本} = $2,280,000+2,280,000 + $920,000=920,000 = $3,200,000
  2. **計算損益兩平銷貨額(BEP_{$$}

🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

第 10 題

Chihnan Bank is a full-service commercial bank providing an array of financial services to individuals, small business, middle market companies and major corporations. The services it provides include receiving deposits, making loans, check clearing, foreign exchanges, trusts, credit cards, and wealth management. It currently has 76 branches and 3,500 employees in Taiwan. Total assets of the bank amount to NT$1.2 trillion. Headquartered in Taipei, Chihnan Bank is one of the fastest-growing banks in the country. As of 2018, Taiwan has 38 domestic banks (with 3,500 branch offices) and 29 local branches of foreign and mainland China banks. There are also hundreds of farmers' credit unions, fishermen's credit unions and credit cooperatives.

Chihnan Bank has strong revenue growth in the past decade and wanted to get better control over its rising operational costs. The Bank's growth strategy, including network expansion and retail transformation, had led to sustained top-line growth. By offering innovations such as internet banking services, mobile banking services and advanced interactive voice-response systems, Chihnan Bank boosted the overall quality of service to its commercial and retail customers. However, the growth had not been accompanied by a significant lift in operational productivity and profitability. The Bank had significantly higher than market operating costs per customer, which led to a slower than expected decrease in cost-income ratio, although it was already at a healthy level. In fact, the management is unable to see which area is efficient/inefficient and is not exactly sure about the profitability of its branches, services it provided, and customers it served. In addition, expected worsening economic conditions would limit future revenue growth and demand a change in business mix, adding even more pressure. So the top management of the Bank sees the need to perform an end-to-end review of back-office operational efficiency and profitability. The management team has heard about activity-based costing (ABC) from some clients in the manufacturing industries. They said that ABC system helped them to do a better job in inventory valuation and profitability analysis. However, some executives in the management team argue that ABC would be of no great use to the Bank because there are basically no inventories for the Bank. The top management knows little about ABC and would like to know whether ABC is an option worth considering or whether there is an alternative option.

The bank also decided to expand its banking business into Southeast Asia to cater to the financial needs of Taiwanese businesses in the region and to pursue opportunities with local clients. A divisional vice president (VP) will be appointed to take charge of the banking business in Southeast Asia. The plan is to have one branch set up every year in Southeast Asia for the next three years and then re-evaluate the plan. The appointed VP will be responsible for finding locations for expansion and ensuring that earnings are ploughed back into the Bank. After each branch is set up, a branch manager will be in charge of the operations of the branch. Each overseas branch will have a Deposit Department, a Loan Department, and an Administrative Services Department. A department supervisor will be in charge of each department. The top management is concerned about the management control issues for the foreign division.

Required:
The management team has asked you to provide advice and recommendations on the issues of adopting ABC system and the expansion abroad. Outline your response in bullet form or numbered points and provide your recommendations, with reasons, to address the issues that the top management would like to know and the issues the management must consider in making this decision, together with suggested actions to the top management. You are also encouraged to provide real-life business examples or apply your knowledge of the financial services industry in Taiwan anywhere appropriate. (Note: Recommendations without justifications will score no points.)

Below are the issues you need to address:

  1. What is ABC? What are the factors that would accelerate the demand for ABC? (6%)
  2. Should Chihnan Bank adopt ABC? What are the pros and cons of using ABC system? What is an alternative to ABC that would help the Bank? (6%)
  3. What should the Bank consider when deciding to implement ABC system (e.g. possible consequences, suggested actions, limitations, etc.)? (6%)
  4. Should the Bank decentralize its decision-making authority for its operations in Southeast Asia? Why or why not? (6%)
  5. How to designate each foreign subunit described above as a responsibility center? (An organization chart would help.) (5%)
  6. What performance measure(s) is (are) best for evaluating the divisional vice president (This is particularly important, so there is a need to compare and contrast the alternative measures for use) and other managers in the foreign division? (6%)

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

這是一份綜合題,涵蓋了管理會計在銀行業的應用,包括活動基礎成本法(ABC)、國際擴張的決策、責任會計以及績效評估。


1. What is ABC? What are the factors that would accelerate the demand for ABC? (6%)

什麼是活動基礎成本法 (ABC)?
活動基礎成本法(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)是一種成本計價系統,它將間接成本(如製造費用、管理費用)追溯至成本對象(如產品、客戶、服務、專案)的活動,然後將活動成本再分配給成本對象。ABC 的核心理念是,產品或服務消耗活動,而活動消耗資源。
ABC 的主要特點包括:

  • 識別活動: 將企業的營運分解為一系列關鍵活動。
  • 分配成本給活動: 將間接成本(資源成本)分配給所消耗的活動。
  • 確定成本動因 (Cost Drivers): 找出驅動每項活動成本的因素(例如,訂單處理的活動可能由訂單數量驅動)。
  • 將活動成本分配給成本對象: 使用成本動因將活動成本分配給產品、客戶或其他成本對象。
    ABC 旨在提供更精確的成本資訊,特別是在間接成本佔總成本比例較高,且產品線或服務線複雜多樣的企業中。

加速對 ABC 需求增加的因素:

  • 間接成本佔總成本比例高: 當間接成本(如製造費用、管理費用)佔企業總成本的比例很高時,傳統成本分攤方法可能導致成本扭曲,ABC 能提供更精確的成本資訊。
  • 產品線/服務線複雜且多樣化: 企業提供的產品或服務種類越多、差異越大,傳統的單一分攤基礎(如機器小時、人工小時)就越難準確地反映成本。ABC 能更精確地追蹤不同產品/服務的資源消耗。
  • 競爭激烈,利潤壓力大: 在競爭激烈的市場中,準確的成本資訊對於定價、利潤分析和成本控制至關重要。ABC 有助於識別高成本的產品/服務或活動,從而尋求改進。
  • 服務業的興起,資源消耗複雜: 服務業(如銀行)的營運涉及大量複雜的活動(如客戶服務、交易處理、風險管理),間接成本很高,傳統方法難以準確衡量不同服務、客戶或分行的獲利能力。ABC 對於理解這些複雜的資源消耗非常有幫助。
  • 對獲利能力分析的需求: 管理層需要了解哪些產品、客戶、服務或通路最賺錢,哪些最不賺錢。ABC 能提供更精確的獲利能力分析,支持更明智的決策。
  • 持續改進和效率提升的目標: ABC 可以幫助識別低效或高成本的活動,為流程改進和效率提升提供依據。

2. Should Chihnan Bank adopt ABC? What are the pros and cons of using ABC system? What is an alternative to ABC that would help the Bank? (6%)

Chihnan Bank 是否應採用 ABC?
基於題目描述,Chihnan Bank 應該考慮採用 ABC。
原因:

  • 營運成本上升且難以控制: 銀行面臨營運成本上升的問題,但管理層無法確定哪些領域效率低下,也無法準確了解分行、服務和客戶的獲利能力。這正是 ABC 的強項。
  • 服務多樣化: 銀行提供廣泛的金融服務,涉及複雜的後勤和支援活動,傳統成本分攤方法可能無法準確反映真實成本。
  • 需要提升獲利能力: 在預期經濟條件惡化、營收增長受限的環境下,提升獲利能力和營運效率至關重要。ABC 有助於識別獲利能力低的服務或客戶,以便進行改進或調整。
  • 管理層的疑問: 儘管有管理層認為銀行「沒有存貨」,因此 ABC 無用。這是一種誤解。ABC 的核心是追蹤「活動」的成本,而非僅限於實體存貨。銀行業的許多成本(如 IT 系統維護、客戶服務處理、風險評估、行銷活動)都是活動成本,ABC 可以很好地應用。

採用 ABC 的優點 (Pros):

  • 更精確的成本資訊: 能夠更準確地衡量各項服務、客戶群、分行甚至交易的真實成本,克服傳統成本分攤的扭曲。
  • 提升獲利能力分析: 能夠更深入地了解哪些服務、客戶、分行最賺錢,哪些需要改進,從而支持更明智的資源配置和策略決策。
  • 優化營運效率: 通過識別和分析高成本活動,可以找到改進流程、降低成本的機會。例如,分析 ATM 交易成本、線上銀行服務成本、人工櫃檯服務成本等。
  • 支持定價策略: 基於更準確的成本資訊,可以制定更具競爭力且能保證獲利的定價。
  • 更好地管理複雜性: 銀行業務複雜,ABC 有助於理解複雜的成本結構。

採用 ABC 的缺點 (Cons):

  • 實施成本高昂: 導入 ABC 系統需要投入大量資源,包括時間、人力、IT 系統的開發或升級,以及員工的培訓。
  • 複雜性與難度: 識別所有相關活動、選擇合適的成本動因、收集數據可能非常複雜,尤其是在大型銀行。
  • 可能引發內部阻力: 員工可能對變革感到不安,或者擔心 ABC 會揭露其部門的低效率。
  • 數據收集與維護的挑戰: 需要持續收集和維護大量的數據,以確保 ABC 系統的準確性。
  • 對「無形資產」的成本追蹤挑戰: 雖然 ABC 可以應用於服務業,但如何精確衡量無形服務的成本動因和活動,仍然是一個挑戰。

對銀行的 ABC 替代方案 (Alternative to ABC):

  • 加強現有成本會計系統與分析:
    • 基於流程的成本分析 (Process-Based Costing): 雖然不是 ABC,但可以專注於銀行核心業務流程(如貸款申請、存款開戶、支付處理)的成本,識別瓶頸和低效環節。
    • 客戶獲利能力分析 (Customer Profitability Analysis, CPA): 即使不使用完整的 ABC,也可以通過分析不同客戶群體的交易量、服務使用情況、收益等,來評估其獲利能力。
    • 產品/服務獲利能力分析: 類似 CPA,但側重於分析不同金融產品(如信用卡、貸款產品、財富管理服務)的獲利貢獻。
    • 分行績效評估: 採用更精細的指標來評估分行的營運效率和獲利能力,而不僅僅是總體存款或貸款額。
  • 加強數據分析與商業智慧 (Business Intelligence):
    利用現有的數據倉儲和分析工具,進行更深入的數據挖掘,找出成本與營收之間的關聯性,識別異常或低效的模式。
    • 例如,分析不同交易管道(網銀、手機銀行、ATM、分行櫃檯)的交易量、交易成本和客戶滿意度,以優化資源配置。
  • 基準比較 (Benchmarking):
    與國內外同業比較關鍵的營運指標,如每位客戶的營運成本、每筆交易的成本、成本收入比等,識別差距並設定改進目標。

給 Chihnan Bank 的建議:
考慮到銀行業務的複雜性和管理層對成本控制與獲利能力分析的迫切需求,ABC 是一個值得深入研究的選項。然而,由於其實施的複雜性和成本,銀行可以先從試點項目開始,例如選擇一個特定的業務領域(如信用卡業務或某類客戶群)進行 ABC 應用,評估其效果和可行性,然後再決定是否全面推廣。同時,加強現有的數據分析能力,進行客戶和服務層面的獲利能力分析,也是一個較為務實的替代方案或補充措施。


3. What should the Bank consider when deciding to implement ABC system (e.g. possible consequences, suggested actions, limitations, etc.)? (6%)

決定實施 ABC 系統時,銀行應考慮的因素:

1. 實施的目標與期望效益 (Goals and Expected Benefits):

  • 明確目的: 銀行希望通過 ABC 解決什麼問題?是為了更準確的成本核算、提升獲利能力分析、優化營運效率、支持定價決策,還是其他?
  • 量化效益: 預期能節省多少成本?能提升多少獲利?能提高多少效率?這些效益是否足以彌補實施成本?

2. 成本與效益分析 (Cost-Benefit Analysis):

  • 實施成本: 包括 IT 系統升級/購買、顧問費用、員工培訓、內部資源投入(人力、時間)等。
  • 預期效益: 如上所述,量化可能的節省和收益。
  • 投資報酬率 (ROI): 評估 ABC 專案的投資回報。

3. 組織的準備情況與支持 (Organizational Readiness and Support):

  • 高層支持: 總經理、高階管理層是否堅定支持 ABC 的導入?缺乏高層支持是 ABC 失敗的常見原因。
  • 員工接受度: 員工是否理解 ABC 的價值?是否願意配合數據收集和流程變革?需要充分的溝通和培訓。
  • 現有 IT 基礎設施: 現有的會計系統、數據庫、數據分析工具是否能支持 ABC 的數據需求?是否需要升級?

4. 實施範圍與方法 (Scope and Approach):

  • 全面推行 vs. 試點項目: 銀行規模龐大,一次性全面推行風險較高。建議從一個或幾個業務部門、產品線或流程開始試點,驗證可行性後再逐步推廣。
  • 導入策略: 是自行開發系統,還是購買現成的 ABC 軟體?是否需要外部顧問協助?

5. 關鍵活動與成本動因的識別 (Identification of Key Activities and Cost Drivers):

  • 活動定義: 如何準確地識別銀行核心業務中的主要活動(如:開戶、貸款審批、客戶諮詢、支付處理、風險評估、IT 支援等)?
  • 成本動因選擇: 如何選擇最能驅動這些活動成本的動因(如:交易筆數、客戶數量、申請單數量、處理時間、IT 請求次數等)?這需要對業務流程有深入理解。

6. 數據收集的可用性與準確性 (Data Availability and Accuracy):

  • 數據來源: ABC 需要大量的數據,包括資源成本、活動量、成本動因的數據。這些數據是否容易獲取?是否準確?
  • 數據質量: 數據的質量直接影響 ABC 結果的可靠性。需要建立數據驗證機制。

7. 潛在的後果 (Possible Consequences):

  • 正面: 更精確的成本和獲利能力資訊,支持更好的決策;提升營運效率;員工對成本意識的提高。
  • 負面: 實施失敗的風險;可能引發內部政治鬥爭(如果揭露了某些部門的低效率);數據維護的持續負擔;初期投入成本高。

8. 建議的行動 (Suggested Actions):

  • 成立專案小組: 由高層領導,包含財務、營運、IT 及業務部門的代表。
  • 進行詳細的可行性研究: 評估導入 ABC 的成本效益,確定最適合銀行業務的 ABC 模型。
  • 選擇合適的試點範圍: 從一個相對獨立且複雜的業務領域開始。
  • 加強員工溝通與培訓: 確保所有相關人員理解 ABC 的目標、方法和價值。
  • 選擇合適的 IT 工具: 評估並選擇能支持 ABC 系統的軟體。
  • 持續監控與評估: 在導入過程中和導入後,持續監控系統的運行情況,評估其效益,並根據需要進行調整。

9. 限制 (Limitations):

  • 並非萬能: ABC 雖然能提供更好的成本資訊,但並非解決所有管理問題的萬靈丹。它仍然是基於一定的假設和估計。
  • 過度複雜的風險: 如果模型設計得過於複雜,可能難以理解和維護,反而降低其價值。
  • 主觀性: 活動的識別、成本動因的選擇,仍然可能帶有一定的主觀性。

4. Should the Bank decentralize its decision-making authority for its operations in Southeast Asia? Why or why not? (6%)

是否應將決策權下放給東南亞業務?
建議:應適度下放決策權,但需建立有效的監督與協調機制。

原因:

支持下放決策權 (Decentralization) 的理由:

  • 適應當地市場: 東南亞市場具有其獨特的文化、法規、經濟環境和客戶需求。當地管理者(如東南亞業務的副總裁 VP 和分行經理)能更靈活地根據當地情況做出決策,例如產品定價、服務模式、行銷策略、人才招聘等。
  • 提高反應速度: 決策權下放可以縮短決策鏈條,使銀行能更快地響應當地市場的變化和客戶的需求,抓住商機,應對競爭。
  • 激勵當地管理者: 賦予當地管理者更大的權力,可以提高他們的責任感、積極性和工作動力,有利於其成長和發展。
  • 分散風險: 將部分決策權下放,可以在一定程度上分散總部的決策風險,並讓當地團隊承擔更多責任。
  • 專業化管理: 東南亞業務的 VP 和分行經理將專注於該區域的業務,能發展出更專業的區域管理能力。

反對或限制下放決策權的理由:

  • 管理控制問題: 總部對海外業務的控制是首要關切。過度分散權力可能導致決策與總部戰略脫節,或出現不當行為,影響銀行整體聲譽和風險管理。
🔒

後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

免費註冊,享三天全站完整詳解閱覽。

免費註冊

其他考古題