110 年 國立政治大學會計研究所稅務組《成本與管理會計》
第 1 題12 分
- ACC Company manufactures part BC101 used in several of its engine models. Monthly production costs for 1,090 units are as follows:
Direct materials: 10,500
Variable overhead costs: 22,000
Total costs: $111,000
It is estimated that 6% of the fixed overhead costs assigned to BC101 will no longer be incurred if the company purchases BC101 from the outside supplier. ACC Company has the option of purchasing the part from an outside supplier at 90,320
B) 111,000
D) $112,320
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本題考驗企業在面臨外購決策時,應如何判斷可避免成本(Avoidable Costs)。可避免成本是指企業若停止生產某產品或購買某零件,而轉為外購時,可以節省的成本。在決策時,我們僅需考慮那些會因決策而改變的成本,而不考慮那些不論如何都不會改變的成本(如沉沒成本或無關成本)。
首先,我們需要計算每月總生產成本:
每月總生產成本 = 直接材料 + 直接人工 + 變動製造費用 + 固定製造費用
每月總生產成本 = 10,500 + 22,000 = $111,000
接著,我們需要識別哪些成本是可避免的。
-
直接材料:若外購零件,則不再需要購買此零件的直接材料,故此部分成本是可避免的。
可避免的直接材料成本 = $46,000 -
直接人工:若外購零件,則不再需要生產此零件的直接人工,故此部分成本是可避免的。
可避免的直接人工成本 =
第 2 題
- Jason Cleaners has been considering the purchase of an industrial dry-cleaning machine. The existing machine is operable for three more years and will have a zero disposal price. If the machine is disposed now, it may be sold for 360,000 and an additional cash investment in working capital of 130,000 in additional cash inflows during the first year of acquisition and $290,000 each additional year of use. The new machine has a three-year life, and zero disposal value. These cash flows will generally occur throughout the year and are recognized at the end of each year. Income taxes are not considered in this problem. The working capital investment will not be recovered at the end of the asset's life.
Please answer the following questions. What is the net present value of the investment, assuming the required rate of return is 6%? Would the company want to purchase the new machine?
A) 243,489.592; yes
C) (264,290); no
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本題考驗投資決策中的淨現值(Net Present Value, NPV)計算與判斷。NPV 是衡量一項投資是否值得進行的常用方法,其基本原則是將未來所有預期現金流入的現值減去所有預期現金流出的現值。若 NPV 大於零,則該投資計畫應被接受;反之,則應被拒絕。
步驟 1:確定初始投資(Year 0 的現金流出)
- 新機器成本:$360,000
- 額外的營運資金投資:$170,000
- 現有機器處分所得(此為機會成本,若不買新機則可獲得,故視為購買新機的現金流出):-170,000.」表示若現在處分,可得 170,000 的收入。)
因此,第 0 年的淨現金流出為:
初始投資 = 新機器成本 + 營運資金投資 - 現有機器處分所得
初始投資 = 170,000 - 360,000
步驟 2:確定未來各期的現金流入(Year 1, 2, 3)
- 第一年(Year 1)的額外現金流入:$130,000
- 第二年(Year 2)的額外現金流入:$290,000
- 第三年(Year 3)的額外現金流入:$290,000
(注意:題目提到「The working capital investment will not be recovered at the end of the asset's life.」因此,營運資金在第三年底不會回收,不需在此納入現金流入。)
步驟 3:計算各期現金流入的現值(Present Value, PV)
折現率 (Required rate of return) = 6%
- Year 1 現值 = 130,000 / 1.06 ≈ $122,641.51
第 3 題
- Materials used by SS Company in producing Division C's product are currently purchased from outside suppliers at a cost of 8.50 per unit. A transfer price of 45,000
B) 60,000
D) $150,000
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核心觀念
本題考查「內部移轉價格」下的整體公司決策。計算 SS Company 整體營業利益時,Division A 與 Division C 之間的移轉價格不影響公司總利益,因為這只是公司內部收入與成本的重分配。
真正應比較的是:
- Division C 向外部供應商採購的成本:每單位 $10
- Division A 利用閒置產能自行生產的增額成本:每單位 $8.50
由於 Division A 有未使用產能,且不會排擠原本的外部銷售,因此其相關成本僅為變動成本。
解題方法
若 Division C 繼續向外部採購 30,000 單位,SS Company 的總成本為:
若改由 Division A 供應,SS Company 的總增額成本為:
因此,改採內部供應後,公司可節省的成本、也就是營業利益增加數為:
亦可直接以每單位節省額計算:
第 4 題
- All of the following except one are examples of prevention costs
A). preventive maintenance
B). operator training
C). design engineering
D). testing activities
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本題考驗品質成本(Cost of Quality, COQ)中的預防成本(Prevention Costs)。品質成本通常分為四大類:預防成本、鑑定成本(Appraisal Costs)、內部失敗成本(Internal Failure Costs)及外部失敗成本(External Failure Costs)。預防成本是指為了防止缺陷發生而投入的成本,旨在從源頭上提高產品質量。
預防成本 (Prevention Costs):
- 設計工程 (Design engineering):在產品設計階段就考慮質量要求,避免後續生產中的問題。
- 預防維護 (Preventive maintenance):定期對設備進行維護保養,防止設備故障影響生產質量。
- 操作員培訓 (Operator training):提高員工技能和質量意識,減少因人為錯誤造成的缺陷。
- 供應商質量管理 (Supplier quality management):確保原材料供應商的質量,從源頭控制。
- 質量規劃 (Quality planning):制定質量目標、標準和程序。
鑑定成本 (Appraisal Costs):
- 檢驗與測試 (Inspection and testing):在生產過程中或成品階段對產品進行檢查和測試,
第 5 題18 分
- Sunbeam company purchases chairs from Sunnys, Inc., throughout the year. However, in anticipation of late summer and early fall purchases, Sunbeam ramp up inventories from May through August. Sunbeam is billed when chairs are ordered. Invoices are payable within 60 days. From past experience, Sunnys' accountant projects 20% of invoices will be paid in the month invoiced, 50% will be paid in the following month, and 30% of invoices will be paid two months after the month of invoice. The average selling price for per chair is $450.
To meet demand, Sunnys increases production from April through July, because the chairs are produced a month prior to their projected sale. Direct materials are purchased in the month of production and are paid for during the following month (terms are payment in full within 30 days of the invoice date). During this period there is no production for inventory, and no materials are purchased for inventory.
Direct manufacturing labor and manufacturing overhead are paid monthly. Variable manufacturing overhead is incurred at the rate of 5,500 per month and fixed nonmanufacturing overhead costs of $2,500 per month.
Projected Sales
May: 80 units
August: 100 units
June: 120 units
September: 60 units
July: 200 units
October: 40 units
Direct Materials and Direct Manufacturing Labor Utilization and Cost are listed in the following table:
| Product | Units per chair | Price per Unit | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wood | 5 | $30 | board feet |
| Synthetic leather | 6 | $5 | yard |
| Direct manufacturing labor | 5 | $25 | hour |
The beginning cash balance for July 1, 2020, is 30,000 on a 6% one-year note with interest payable monthly. The note is due October 1, 2020. Using the information provided, you will need to determine whether Sunnys will be in a position to pay off this short-term debt on October 1, 2020.
Required:
- Prepare a cash budget for Sunnys for the months of July through September 2020. (18%)
- Suppose Sunnys is interested in maintaining a minimum cash balance of $10,000. Will the company be able to maintain such a balance during all three months analyzed? Following the above demand and cash budget, what suggestion do you propose for Sunnys having a suitable cash management strategy. (5%)
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核心觀念
本題的核心為總預算(Master Budget)系統中「現金預算」(Cash Budget)之編製與營運資金管理(Working Capital Management)。涉及的預算子系統與關鍵觀念如下:
-
銷貨收現時程(Cash Collections Pattern):
依據帳單開立時點與過去帳款收現經驗,按比例分期計算當期收現數。
-
生產與採購預算(Production and Purchasing Schedule):
- 產品於銷售前一個月生產,無安全存貨(即當月生產量等於次月預計銷量)。
- 原料於生產當月採購,且於採購後次月付清貨款(付款條件為 30 天內付清)。
-
製造成本與非製造成本之付現(Operating Cash Disbursements):
- 直接材料(DM):木材(Wood)每張椅子 5 板英尺 $$150;人造皮革(Synthetic leather)每張椅子 6 碼 $$30;單位材料成本合計 $180。
- 直接人工(DL):每張椅子 5 小時 $$125,當月發生當月付現。
- 變動製造費用(VMOH):每人工小時 $7,單位椅子變動製造費用為 $$35,當月付現。
- 固定製造費用(FMOH):每月固定支出 $5,500,當月付現。
- 固定非製造費用(Fixed Nonmanufacturing Costs):每月固定支出 $2,500,當月付現。
- 利息費用(Interest Expense):票據借款本金 $30,000,年利率 ,每月按期付息 $$150。
-
現金預算結構與融資決策(Financing Decisions):
比較期末現金餘額與「最低現金餘額限制」(Minimum Cash Balance)及「到期本金償還需求」,評估資金缺口並提出對應之資金調度策略。
解題方法
步驟一:計算各月銷貨金額與銷貨收現預算
每張椅子平均售價為 $450。各月銷貨金額計算如下:
- 5 月:$$36,000
- 6 月:$$54,000
- 7 月:$$90,000
- 8 月:$$45,000
- 9 月:$$27,000
- 10 月:$$18,000
依據收款比例(當月 、次月 、次次月 ),計算 7 月至 9 月之現金流入:
| 銷貨月份 | 銷貨金額 | 7 月收現 | 8 月收現 | 9 月收現 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 月 | $36,000 | $$10,800 | — | — |
| 6 月 | $54,000 | $$27,000 | $$16,200 | — |
| 7 月 | $90,000 | $$18,000 | $$45,000 | $$27,000 |
| 8 月 | $45,000 | — | $$9,000 | $$22,500 |
| 9 月 | $27,000 | — | — | $$5,400 |
| 合計 | $55,800 | $$$70,200 | $54,900 |
步驟二:計算生產量、直接材料採購與材料付現預算
因椅子係在預計銷售前一個月生產,故生產排程如下:
- 5 月生產(供應 6 月銷售): 單位
- 6 月生產(供應 7 月銷售): 單位
- 7 月生產(供應 8 月銷售): 單位
- 8 月生產(供應 9 月銷售): 單位
- 9 月生產(供應 10 月銷售): 單位
每單位椅子所需直接材料成本為:
直接材料於生產當月採購,並於次月全額付現:
- 6 月採購:$$ 7 月付現 $36,000
- 7 月採購:$$ 8 月付現 $18,000
- 8 月採購:$$ 9 月付現 $10,800
- 9 月採購:$$(10 月付現)
步驟三:計算直接人工、製造費用、營業費用及利息費用之付現
各項費用均於發生當月付現:
-
直接人工成本(DL):每單位 $125($25)
- 7 月:$$12,500
- 8 月:$$7,500
- 9 月:$$5,000
-
變動製造費用(VMOH):每單位 $35($7)
- 7 月:$$3,500
- 8 月:$$2,100
- 9 月:\
第 6 題35 分
Chihnan Public Clinic is a free outpatient clinic for public assistance patients. Among other services, the clinic provides visiting nurses for elderly patients in their homes. A homemaker who cleans and performs other household tasks, accompanies each nurse. When the nurses are not visiting clients, they work at the office preparing for visits. When the homemakers complete their visits, they go home.
Each year, the clinic receives a budget allotment from the government. The government does not allow the clinic to spend more than this allotment and any unused budget after the fiscal year-end has lapsed cannot be carried forward to the following year. The clinic, in turn, allocates its budget among its various programs. The visiting nurse program was authorized (and spent) 2,794,760 in 2020 as follows:
| Expenditure Category | 2019 | 2020 |
|---|---|---|
| Nurses | $1,353,781 | $1,450,193 |
| Homemakers | $600,459 | $714,999 |
| Medical supplies | $181,973 | $214,018 |
| Cleansing supplies | $68,936 | $92,160 |
| Transportation | $90,678 | $111,438 |
| Clinic general overhead | $208,133 | $211,951 |
| Total expenditure | $2,503,960 | $2,794,760 |
| Home visits | 4,312 | 5,101 |
| Average cost per home visit | $580.7 | $547.9 |
The nursing staff received a 5% increase in salary one-third of the way through 2020. The homemakers did not receive an increase in wages in 2019 or in 2020. The prices of medical supplies increased about 2% during 2020 compared to 2019. The prices of cleaning supplies were relatively constant across the two years.
Transportation is provided by the nurses, who are reimbursed $6 per kilometer. The clinic's general overhead is allocated to programs on the basis of budgeted program salaries.
Required:
Andy Chen, the newly promoted general manager of the clinic, is going discuss the 2020 results with Betty Young, the head of the visiting nurse program. Andy would like to have your insight into the following respects:
(1) How to evaluate the performance of the vising nurse program in 2020 with the information provided above? Provide a schedule showing your evaluation and comments on the 2020 results. How many patients should have been served in 2020 for $2,794,760 if costs had been under control? (20%)
(2) The number of visits reduced dramatically in the first quarter of 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Andy raised the question of why unused budget cannot be carryforward to the next period. Explain to Andy about the pros and cons of budget lapsing and what he can do to enjoy the benefits of the system while avoiding the undesirable consequences. (6%)
(3) Andy just heard about participative budget and is evaluating the possibility of adopting such budgeting process. Explain to Andy what a participative budget is. What are the major advantages of participative budgets? What caution must be exercised in their use? (9%)
Write a memo to Andy Chen in response to his request. Outline your response in bullet form or numbered points.
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核心觀念
本題為非營利組織(公立診所)之「成本習性分析」、「彈性預算與績效評估」、「政府預算制度(預算保留限制)」及「參與式預算」之綜合經典題型,核心考點如下:
- 成本習性辨認(Cost Behavior):
- 固定成本(Fixed Costs):護理師薪資(全職固定人員,無訪視時於辦公室備勤)、診所一般間接費用(依預算分攤之固定管理費)。
- 變動成本(Variable Costs):居家照顧員工資(每次訪視完即返家,具計件/計時變動性質)、醫療耗材、清潔用品、交通費(依訪視公里數每公里補貼 $6)。
- 彈性預算差異分析(Flexible Budget Variance Analysis):
- 不能直接以「平均每人次成本由 $580.7 降至 $547.9」誤判成本控制良好(此為固定成本隨服務量上升而產生的產能分攤效果)。
- 應依 2020 年實際服務量(5,101 人次),並調整價格與薪資變動後,編製「彈性預算」與實際成本比較,評估真正的營運效率與成本控制績效。
- 預算沒收/過期制度(Budget Lapsing):
- 「用完否則作廢(Use-it-or-lose-it)」之財務控制利弊與應變對策。
- 參與式預算(Participative Budgeting):
- 由下而上(Bottom-up)編製預算之優點(資訊優勢、目標一致性)與風險(預算寬裕/預算灌水 Budgetary Slack)。
解題方法
本題要求以**備忘錄(Memorandum)**形式回覆總經理 Andy Chen,以下依題意逐項進行推導與說明:
MEMORANDUM
TO: Andy Chen, General Manager
FROM: Management Accounting Consultant
DATE: August 17, 2020
SUBJECT: Performance Evaluation of Visiting Nurse Program (2020), Budget Lapsing, and Participative Budgeting
(1) 2020 年居家護理計畫之績效評估與彈性預算分析
A. 成本習性與 2020 年預算標準計算
依題目敘述,以 2019 年(4,312 人次)為基準,分析各項成本之習性與 2020 年標準:
-
護理師薪資(Nurses - 固定成本):
護理師為全職月薪人員,無出訪時於辦公室備勤。
2020 年過完三分之一時(即後三分之二期間)加薪 5%,因此 2020 年全年平均加薪幅度為:
2020 年標準固定成本:
-
居家照顧員工資(Homemakers - 變動成本):
每次訪視結束即返家,工資率未調漲。
2019 年每人次成本:
2020 年 5,101 人次之彈性預算:
-
醫療耗材(Medical supplies - 變動成本):
2019 年每人次成本為 \181,973 / 4,312 = $42.19689...。2020 年物價上漲 2%,標準每人次成本為: $$\42.19689... \times 1.02 = $43.04083... \text{ / 人次}5,101 \times $43.04083... = $219,551.28 \approx $219,551$$ -
清潔用品(Cleansing supplies - 變動成本):
價格維持不變,2019 年每人次成本:
2020 年 5,101 人次之彈性預算:
-
交通費(Transportation - 變動成本):
護理師開車每公里補助 $6(費率不變),2019 年每人次平均交通成本:
2020 年 5,101 人次之彈性預算:
-
診所一般間接費用(Clinic general overhead - 固定成本):
屬診所行政與設施之共同固定成本。- 若維持 2019 年基準固定金額:$208,133。
- 若隨預算薪資同比例調整():\208,133 \times (1 + 10%/3) = $215,071$。
- 實際分攤金額為 $211,951。此處以基準固定成本 $208,133(或以分攤預算)進行比較。
B. 2020 年績效評估表(彈性預算差異分析)
| 支出項目 (Expenditure Category) | 實際支出 (Actual) | 彈性預算 (Flexible Budget) | 彈性預算差異 (Variance) | 差異性質 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 護理師薪資 (Nurses) | $1,450,193 | $1,398,907 | $51,286 | 不利 (U) |
| 居家照顧員工資 (Homemakers) | $714,999 | $710,330 | $4,669 | 不利 (U) |
| 醫療耗材 (Medical supplies) | $214,018 | $219,551 | $(5,533) | 有利 (F) |
| 清潔用品 (Cleansing supplies) | $92,160 | $81,550 | $10,610 | 不利 (U) |
| 交通費 (Transportation) | $111,438 | $107,270 | $4,168 | 不利 (U) |
| 診所一般間接費用 (General overhead) | $211,951 | $208,133 | $3,818 | 不利 (U) |
| 合計 (Total) | $2,794,760 | $2,725,741 | $69,019 | 不利 (U) |
| 訪視人次 (Home visits) | 5,101 | 5,101 | — | — |
| 每人次平均成本 (Average cost per visit) | $547.88 | $534.35 | $13.53 | 不利 (U) |
註:若間接費用彈性預算按薪資調幅調整為 $215,071,則總彈性預算為 $2,732,678,總不利差異為 $62,082 (U);若間接費用直接以實際分攤數 $211,951 列計,則總彈性預算為 $2,729,558,總不利差異為 $65,202 (U)。無論何種處理方式,成本均呈現顯著超支。
C. 2020 年成果之管理評論(Comments)
- 單位成本下降係「產能利用提高」而非「成本控制優異」:
帳面上平均每人次成本由 $580.7 下降至 $547.9,主要係因訪視量由 4,312 增至 5,101 人次(增加 18.3%),將龐大的固定薪資與間接費用分攤至更多人次所致。 - 實質營運成本呈現超支(Overspending):
在相同 5,101 人次之產出水準下,實際成本比彈性預算超支約 $69,019(不利差異)。 - 各項目個別檢討:
- 護理師薪資(不利 $51,286):金額超支最大,需調查是否因工作量增加而聘用兼職護理師或支付超時加班費。
- 清潔用品(不利 $10,610):超支比例高達 13%,可能源於 COVID-19 疫情期間加強消毒所致,或因年度預算即將到期而產生年底搶購囤貨行為。
第 7 題30 分
As product diversity and indirect costs increases, traditional costing system leads to inaccurate product and customer profit information. Activity-based costing (ABC) was introduced to refine the traditional costing system. Please answer the following questions related to ABC system:
- Explain the relationship between value chain analysis and ABC system? (5%)
- Explain how ABC system refines traditional costing system? (5%)
Guam food company was established in 2000. Its product categories are quite diverse, including alcoholic beverages, juices, pasta, and snacks, etc. After 10 years of stagnant growth and in order to solve the cost problems, the ABC system was implemented in 2019. The information generated by ABC system was available in 2020 as follows:
[Page 5 shows a graph of "Cumulative profitability for products in 2020" and two tables: "Top five products in operating profit" and "Bottom five products in operating profit".]
[Page 6 shows a graph of "Cumulative profitability for customers in 2020" and a table of "Customer-profitability analysis for Guam Co., 2020".]
Required:
You work in the management accounting department of Guam Co. The CEO asks you to analyze the information above. Please provide the report to the CEO, including suggestions, reasons, and actions. (20%)
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這是一份關於現代成本會計方法的綜合性問題,涉及價值鏈分析、作業基礎成本法(ABC)以及其在企業中的應用,特別是透過產品和客戶的獲利能力分析來提出經營建議。
報告:Guam Food Company 2020 年度營運獲利能力分析與建議
致: CEO, Guam Food Company
發件人: 管理會計部
日期: 2023年10月27日
主旨: 2020 年度產品與客戶獲利能力分析及改善建議
CEO 您好,
根據您的要求,我們對 Guam Food Company 於 2020 年度透過作業基礎成本法(ABC)所產生的產品及客戶獲利能力數據進行了深入分析,並提出以下報告與建議。
第一部分:理論基礎與方法論
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價值鏈分析 (Value Chain Analysis) 與 ABC 系統的關係
- 價值鏈分析:由 Michael Porter 提出,將企業的營運活動分解為一系列創造價值的活動,包括主要活動(如生產、行銷、售後服務)和支援活動(如採購、技術研發、人力資源)。其目的在於識別企業的競爭優勢來源,並尋求提升價值或降低成本的機會。
- ABC 系統與價值鏈的關聯:
- 成本歸屬:ABC 系統透過識別企業中的「作業」(Activities),並將間接成本歸屬到這些作業,再從作業歸屬到成本對象(產品、客戶等),這與價值鏈分析中識別「活動」的概念高度契合。ABC 系統可以更精確地衡量價值鏈中各個活動的成本。
- 價值評估:ABC 系統有助於量化價值鏈中各項活動的成本。透過分析哪些作業(活動)真正為產品或客戶創造價值,哪些是低價值或非價值的活動,可以為價值鏈的優化提供數據支持。例如,ABC 可以區分出「生產」這種高價值活動的成本,以及「物料搬運」、「客戶服務」等不同層級價值活動的成本。
- 策略規劃:結合價值鏈分析和 ABC 數據,企業可以更清楚地了解哪些活動是其核心競爭力所在,哪些活動的成本過高但價值不高,從而做出策略性的決策,例如外包非核心活動、流程再造以降低成本、或專注於高價值活動的提升。
- 總結:價值鏈分析提供了一個戰略性框架,用於理解企業如何創造價值。ABC 系統則提供了一種更精確的成本衡量工具,能夠為價值鏈分析中的各項活動成本提供準確的數據,進而支持更有效的戰略決策。
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ABC 系統如何改進傳統成本系統
傳統成本系統(如傳統的間接費用分攤方法)通常基於單一的、與產量相關的分配基礎(如直接人工小時、機器小時),將間接費用分攤到產品上。在產品種類單一、產量差異不大的情況下,這種方法尚可接受。然而,隨著產品多樣化、生產複雜化及間接費用的增加,傳統方法面臨以下問題,而 ABC 系統旨在解決這些問題:- 問題 1:間接費用分攤不準確
- 傳統系統:將大量間接費用(如設備設定、物料處理、品質檢驗、客戶服務等)以單一的、與產量相關的基礎(如直接人工工時)分攤。這導致高產量、標準化產品分攤到過多的間接費用,而低產量、複雜產品則分攤到過少的間接費用。
- ABC 系統:識別出多個「成本動因」(Cost Drivers),這些動因與產生間接費用的活動直接相關(例如,訂單處理次數、生產批次數、產品複雜度、客戶互動次數等)。透過將間接費用歸屬到活動,再根據成本動因將活動成本分攤到成本對象,從而更精確地反映產品或服務消耗的資源。
- 問題 2:扭曲的產品獲利能力資訊
- 傳統系統:由於將過多的間接費用分攤給高產量產品,可能使其看起來不那麼獲利;而將過少的間接費用分攤給低產量、高複雜度產品,可能使其看起來比實際獲利。這可能導致錯誤的定價、生產和產品組合決策。
- ABC 系統:提供更準確的產品成本資訊,能真實反映不同產品(尤其是在複雜生產環境下)對間接資源的真實消耗,從而提供更可靠的獲利能力數據。
- 問題 3:無法有效管理間接成本
- 傳統系統:由於間接費用是透過單一分攤率計算,難以追溯到具體的活動或成本動因,因此難以進行有效的成本管理和改進。
- ABC 系統:將成本與具體的「作業」(Activities)連結,使管理者能夠識別哪些作業的成本較高,哪些作業的價值較低,從而針對性地進行流程改進、自動化或外包,達到降低成本、提升效率的目的。
- 總結:ABC 系統透過使用多個成本動因,將間接費用更精確地歸屬到成本對象,從而提供更準確的產品(及客戶)獲利能力資訊,並為管理層提供改進作業流程、降低成本的關鍵洞察,是應對日益複雜的營運環境的有力工具。
- 問題 1:間接費用分攤不準確
第二部分:Guam Food Company 2020 年度營運分析與建議
我們分析了 2020 年度 Guam Food Company 的產品與客戶獲利能力數據,並提出以下洞察與建議。
A. 產品獲利能力分析
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數據概覽:
- 從產品獲利能力圖和表格顯示,產品的獲利能力差異巨大。
- 五大高獲利產品(Top five products):C06, D04, C03, B11, D05 佔據了大部分的營業利潤。例如,C06 貢獻了 $70,000 的營業利潤,佔總利潤的 18.42%。
- 五大低獲利產品(Bottom five products):D08, C13, B15, C04, B08 顯示出低營業利潤甚至虧損。其中,B08 營業利潤為 -20,000,營業利潤率高達 -30%,其營業利潤佔總體利潤的 100.00%(這意味著其他產品的利潤被其虧損所抵銷,總體獲利為零或負,但這裡的累積百分比計算方式似乎是基於總利潤,或有其他產品的利潤被 B08 的虧損所影響)。
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關鍵發現:
- 產品組合問題:公司存在顯著的「長尾效應」(Long Tail Effect),少數明星產品(如 C06, D04)貢獻了大部分利潤,而大量的產品(尤其是底部的幾款)則可能拖累整體獲利。
- 虧損產品的影響:底部五款產品的總營業利潤為 -2,000 - 3,000 - $3,500 -