115 年 國立臺灣大學藥學系碩士班《生物藥劑學》
第 1 題
After a single IV dose of a drug, the distribution phase is complete. Concentration-time data are extracted from the elimination
phase at two different concentration ranges in the same subject:
High-concentration range
| Time (hr) | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concentration (mg/L) | 40 | 35 | 30 | 25 |
Low-concentration range
| Time (hr) | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concentration (mg/L) | 8 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
Which statement best describes the elimination kinetics across these concentration ranges?
(A) Both ranges show first-order elimination; the half-life is the same at high and low concentrations.
(B) The high-concentration range approximates zero-order elimination, while the low-concentration range shows first-order
elimination; this pattern is consistent with capacity-limited (Michaelis-Menten) elimination.
(C) The high-concentration range shows first-order elimination, and the low-concentration range shows zero-order elimination,
suggesting an acute decline in renal function.
(D) The order of elimination cannot be determined without knowing the volume of distribution (V) and clearance (Cl).
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本題考查藥物在不同濃度下的排除動力學特性,特別是線性(一階)與非線性(零階或 Michaelis-Menten)排除的判斷。
首先,我們分析高濃度範圍的排除動力學:
| 時間 (hr) | 濃度 (mg/L) | 濃度變化量 (mg/L) | 時間間隔 (hr) | 平均排除速率 (mg/L/hr) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 40 | - | - | - |
| 2 | 35 | 5 | 2 | 2.5 |
| 4 | 30 | 5 | 2 | 2.5 |
| 6 | 25 | 5 | 2 | 2.5 |
從表中可以看出,在每 2 小時的時間間隔內,藥物濃度下降了 5 mg/L。這表示排除速率是恆定的(約 2.5 mg/L/hr),與藥物濃度無關。這種恆定的排除速率是零階動力學(zero-order kinetics)的特徵。
接著,我們分析低濃度範圍的排除動力學:
| 時間 (hr) | 濃度 (mg/L) | 濃度變化量 (mg/L) | 時間間隔 (hr) | 平均排除速率 (mg/L/hr) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 8 | - | - | - |
| 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2.0 |
| 4 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1.0 |
| 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0.5 |
第 2 題
A drug is given as a single oral immediate-release dose. Its disposition is adequately described by a one-compartment model
with linear (first-order) elimination. An independent estimate of the elimination rate constant () is available from the terminal
log-linear phase (or from an IV study). Plasma concentration-time data after the oral dose are collected densely.
Which of the following is the primary quantity that the Wagner-Nelson method is used to estimate from these data?
(A) The time course of the cumulative fraction absorbed, , after oral dosing (and related absorption-rate information)
(B) The time to maximum concentration ()
(C) Apparent volume of distribution ()
(D) Renal clearance ()
(E) Absolute bioavailability (F) without any elimination information
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本題考查 Wagner-Nelson 方法的應用。
Wagner-Nelson 方法是一種用於分析口服給藥後血漿藥物濃度-時間曲線的方法,其主要目的是從吸收階段的藥物濃度數據中,估計藥物被吸收的累積分數以及吸收速率。
該方法基於以下原理:在給藥後的任何時間點 ,總藥物量(包括已吸收並分佈到體內以及已排除的部分)等於給予的劑量減去未吸收的藥物量。
藥物總量在體內 = 劑量 F
體內總藥物量 = 吸收的藥物量 + 排除的藥物量
吸收的藥物量 = 劑量 F
排除的藥物量 = + 累積排除量
更直接的理解是,Wagner-Nelson 方法通過計算在任意時間點 時,體內累計吸收的藥物量(未被清除的總藥物量)與總劑量 的比值,來得到累積吸收分數 。
體內藥物總量在時間 = (AUC from 0 to t) +
其中 是總清除率, 是分佈體積, 是時間 的血漿濃度。
Wagner-Nelson 方法的關鍵步驟是計算累積吸收分數 ,這可以通過以下公式推導:
第 3 題
For a one-compartment model after a single IV bolus dose, assume linear (first-order) elimination. Dose is in mg,
concentration is in mg/L, and time is in hr. Which statement is correct?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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本題考查單一室模型 IV 注射給藥後,藥物動力學基本參數與公式的正確性。
首先,我們回顧單一室模型 IV 注射給藥的關鍵公式:
- 血漿藥物濃度隨時間的變化:,其中 是給藥瞬間的藥物濃度(相當於 ), 是一階排除速率常數。
- AUC(藥物濃度-時間曲線下面積)的計算:
對於 IV 注射,AUC 從 0 到無限大為: - 清除率 (CL) 的定義:
- 分佈體積 (V) 的定義:
- 半衰期 () 與排除速率常數 () 的關係:
現在我們逐一檢驗各個選項:
(A)
根據清除率的定義 (3),我們知道 。
重新整理這個公式,可以得到 。
因此,選項 (A) 是錯誤的。
第 4 題
In capacity-limited (Michaelis-Menten) non-linear pharmacokinetics, which pair represents the two fundamental
parameters of Michaelis-Menten elimination?
(A) and
(B) and
(C) and
(D) and
(E) and
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本題考查 Michaelis-Menten 非線性藥物動力學中的基本參數。
Michaelis-Menten 動力學描述了當藥物排除機制(如酶催化或轉運蛋白介導)達到飽和時的藥物排除速率。其數學模型為:
排除速率
其中:
是血漿藥物濃度。
是最大排除速率,即當排除機制完全飽和時的排除速率。
是 Michaelis 恆數,表示達到最大排除速率一半 () 時的藥物濃度。它也反映了排除機制對藥物的親和力, 越低,親和力越高。
第 5 題
For a drug given at a constant dosing interval under linear pharmacokinetics, the average steady-state concentration
() over one dosing interval is defined as the time-averaged concentration from to at steady state. Which
expression is most appropriate?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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本題考查在線性藥物動力學下,穩態平均血漿藥物濃度 () 的定義。
穩態平均血漿藥物濃度 () 在一個給藥間隔 內的定義是該時間段內血漿藥物濃度的時間平均值。
數學上,這可以表示為:
我們知道,在線性藥物動力學中,藥物濃度-時間曲線下面積 (AUC) 在一個給藥間隔 內的積分值為 。
因此,時間平均濃度就是這個積分值除以時間間隔 。
第 6 題
A drug is administered at a fixed dosing interval . Assume linear pharmacokinetics and that and systemic clearance
() remain unchanged. You want to decrease the average steady-state concentration () by 20%.
Which change is the most direct way to achieve this target?
(A) Decrease the dose by 20%
(B) Prolong the infusion duration
(C) Increase the absorption rate constant ()
(D) Increase the volume of distribution ()
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本題考查如何調整藥物給藥參數以降低穩態平均血漿藥物濃度 (),在線性藥物動力學下。
首先,我們回顧穩態平均血漿藥物濃度 () 與給藥劑量 (Dose) 的關係。
在線性藥物動力學下,穩態平均血漿藥物濃度與單次給藥劑量成正比:
其中 Dose 是單次給藥劑量,CL 是清除率, 是給藥間隔。
我們要將 降低 20%,這意味著新的 。
根據上述公式,要達到這個目標,最直接的方法就是降低劑量 (Dose)。
新的劑量 Dose' 應滿足:
這表示將劑量降低 20%。
第 7 題
In standard bioequivalence (BE) assessments for most orally administered drug products, BE is typically concluded by
constructing a 90% confidence interval for the test/reference ratio of geometric means using log-transformed
pharmacokinetic metrics. Which two PK metrics are most commonly used for this purpose?
(A) AUC and
(B) and
(C) and
(D) and
(E) AUC and
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本題考查生體相等性 (Bioequivalence, BE) 評估中最常用的藥物動力學參數。
生體相等性研究的目的是證明兩種學名藥(Test product)與原廠藥(Reference product)在人體內具有相似的吸收速率和吸收程度。這通常是透過測量受試者在給予兩種藥品後,體內藥物濃度隨時間變化的曲線,並計算關鍵的藥物動力學參數來進行比較。
在標準的生體相等性評估中,通常會計算以下兩個藥物動力學參數:
- AUC (Area Under the Curve):代表藥物在體內的總暴露量(吸收程度)。通常使用 或 (t 為最後採樣時間點)。
- (Maximum Plasma Concentration):代表藥物在體內達到的最高血漿濃度(吸收速率的指標之一,但更直接反映最高接觸濃度)。
這兩個參數的幾何平均值比率的 90% 信賴區間(Confidence Interval, CI)被用來判斷兩種藥品是否相等。
一般認為,若 的 90% CI 落在 80% - 125% 之間,表示兩種藥品的吸收程度相等。
若 的 90% CI 也落在 80% - 125% 之間,則表示兩種藥品的吸收速率也相當。
第 8 題
Compared with older children and adults, which factor is most likely to prolong a drug's elimination half-life in neonates?
(A) Higher protein binding fraction
(B) Immature glomerular filtration and immature drug-metabolizing enzyme activity
(C) Faster gastric emptying leading to more rapid absorption
(D) Neonates always have a smaller volume of distribution
(E) Complete absence of enterohepatic recirculation
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本題考查新生兒 (neonates) 藥物排除半衰期延長的可能原因。藥物半衰期 () 的定義為 ,其中 是分佈體積, 是清除率。半衰期延長意味著 增加或 降低。
我們來分析各選項:
(A) 較高的蛋白質結合率 (Higher protein binding fraction):蛋白質結合率的提高通常會降低游離藥物的濃度,進而可能降低清除率(因為只有游離藥物才能被清除),這可能導致半衰期延長。然而,新生兒的蛋白質結合率可能與成人不同,但「較高」這個描述需要具體藥物而定,且不一定是主要原因。
(B) 不成熟的腎絲球過濾和不成熟的藥物代謝酶活性 (Immature glomerular filtration and immature drug-metabolizing enzyme activity):
- 腎絲球過濾不成熟:新生兒的腎功能尚未發育完全,腎絲球過濾率 (GFR) 較低。腎臟是許多藥物排泄的重要途徑,GFR 降低意味著經腎臟清除藥物的速率降低,導致 下降,進而延長半衰期。
- 藥物代謝酶活性不成熟:新生兒的肝臟代謝酶系統(如細胞色素 P450 酶系)發育不全,活性較低。許多藥物主要通過肝臟代謝清除,代謝活性降低意味著藥物在體內停留的時間更長, 下降,進而延長半衰期。
第 9 題
After a single oral dose, a concentration-time profile shows two distinct peaks (a "double-peak" phenomenon). Which of the
following is NOT a common cause of double peaks?
(A) Enterohepatic recirculation
(B) Delayed or variable gastric emptying
(C) Absorption occurring from different gastrointestinal sites (site-dependent absorption)
(D) Sampling or analytical error (e.g., mislabeled time points, assay variability)
(E) The elimination rate constant (K) suddenly becomes negative
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本題考查藥物動力學中「雙峰現象」(double-peak phenomenon) 的常見原因,並找出非常見原因。雙峰現象是指口服給藥後,血漿藥物濃度-時間曲線出現兩個明顯的峰值。
常見的雙峰現象原因包括:
(A) 腸肝循環 (Enterohepatic recirculation):藥物經肝臟代謝後,與膽汁一同分泌至腸道,然後在腸道被再次吸收回到體循環。這個過程會導致藥物濃度在第一次吸收高峰後再次升高,形成第二個峰。
(B) 延遲或變異的胃排空 (Delayed or variable gastric emptying):如果藥物在胃中停留時間較長,然後才進入小腸快速吸收,或者吸收速率隨時間變化較大,可能導致吸收過程分階段進行,從而出現雙峰。例如,某些緩釋製劑或在胃腸道運動異常時可能出現。
(C) 不同胃腸道部位的吸收 (Absorption occurring from different gastrointestinal sites):藥物可能在胃部或腸道的不同區域有不同的吸收速率或吸收能力。例如,如果藥物一部分在胃部吸收,另一部分在小腸吸收,且吸收動力學不同,就可能產生雙峰。
第 10 題
A drug is administered by intermittent IV infusion with a fixed dose given every dosing interval . Assume linear
pharmacokinetics and that steady state has been reached. Which statement is correct?
(A) occurs at the instant the infusion begins.
(B) occurs at the instant the infusion ends.
(C)
(D) The longer the infusion duration, the higher the must be.
(E) Changing only is sufficient to change .
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本題考查在線性藥物動力學下,間歇性靜脈輸注給藥達到穩態時的藥物動力學特徵。
首先,我們分析選項 (A) 和 (B),關於 和 的發生時間。
藥物是通過 IV 輸注給藥,而不是 IV bolus 注射。
(A) 發生在輸注結束的瞬間,因為此時進入體內的藥物量最多,而排除尚未開始或影響很小。如果輸注時間很短(接近 bolus),則在輸注開始時接近最高。但對於「輸注」(infusion),最高濃度通常在輸注結束時達到。
(B) 發生在兩個輸注之間,當藥物排除到最低點時。對於間歇性輸注,輸注結束後藥物濃度會下降,直到下一次輸注開始前達到最低點。因此, 發生在下一次輸注開始前,而不是本次輸注結束的瞬間。
接著,我們分析選項 (C)。
在線性藥物動力學下,穩態平均血漿藥物濃度 () 的定義是,在一個給藥間隔 內的平均濃度。
對於任何給藥方式(包括 IV 輸注),在線性藥物動力學下,穩態平均濃度與單次給藥劑量 (Dose)、清除率 (CL) 和給藥間隔 () 的關係為:
第 1 題
Answer in bullet points. You may include simple equations or schematic sketches if helpful.
- List two core assumptions required when fitting clinical concentration-time data with a one-compartment model. For each
assumption, provide one clinical scenario where the assumption may not hold and briefly explain why.
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Fitting clinical concentration-time data with a one-compartment model relies on several core assumptions. Here are two key ones:
-
Assumption 1: The body behaves as a single, homogeneous compartment.
- Explanation: This means that the drug distributes instantaneously and uniformly throughout the body fluids and tissues, so that any point in the body represents the same drug concentration as the plasma.
- Clinical Scenario Where Assumption May Not Hold:
- Scenario: A drug with extensive tissue binding or a large volume of distribution. For example, many lipophilic drugs, such as propofol or certain anesthetics, distribute rapidly to highly perfused tissues (brain, heart, liver) and then more slowly to less perfused tissues (muscle, fat).
- Why it May Not Hold: In the initial distribution phase after IV administration, the plasma concentration may decrease rapidly due to distribution into tissues, followed by a slower decline as the drug redistributes from tissues back into the plasma or is eliminated. This biphasic or multiphasic decline is better described by a two-compartment or multi-compartment model, rather than a single compartment where distribution is assumed to be instantaneous.
-
Assumption 2: Elimination occurs at a rate proportional to the amount of drug in the compartment (linear, first-order kinetics).
第 2 題
Answer in bullet points. You may include simple equations or schematic sketches if helpful.
2. A drug has a total clearance such that 70% is due to renal clearance of the unchanged drug, and renal clearance is
approximately proportional to creatinine clearance (). Describe two different adjustment strategies to maintain the
same average steady-state concentration () as decreases (for example, adjusting dose and/or dosing interval). For
each strategy, write the basic proportional relationship you are using (no full derivation required).
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The goal is to maintain the same average steady-state concentration () when creatinine clearance () decreases. We are given that 70% of total clearance (CL) is renal clearance (), and is approximately proportional to . This implies that as decreases, decreases, and consequently, total CL decreases.
In linear pharmacokinetics, , where is the dosing interval.
To maintain the same when CL decreases, we must adjust the Dose and/or accordingly.
Let be the original total clearance and be the new total clearance after decreases.
We are given .
And .
So, .
Since , then .
This means that the total clearance is directly proportional to the creatinine clearance: .
If decreases, decreases. To keep constant, we need to adjust Dose or .
Strategy 1: Adjusting the Dose
- Relationship:
- Explanation: Since , if we keep constant and want to maintain when decreases, the Dose must decrease proportionally to .
If decreases by a factor of (i.e., ), then the Dose must also decrease by the same factor (i.e., ).
第 3 題
Answer in bullet points. You may include simple equations or schematic sketches if helpful.
3. Give two examples of formulation-related factors and two examples of physiologic or pathophysiologic factors that can
affect oral bioavailability (F). For each example, state how it changes F (increase or decrease) and the mechanism.
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-
核心觀念
- 口服生體可用率 是藥物經口服後,以完整藥物分子進入全身循環的比例:
- 口服藥物的 可概念性拆解為:
- :藥物從腸胃道吸收進入腸壁細胞的比例。
- :藥物通過腸壁時未被腸壁代謝或排出的比例。
- :藥物通過肝臟首渡效應後未被代謝的比例。
- 因此,凡是影響藥物的溶離、溶解、腸胃道穩定性、腸道吸收、腸壁代謝、肝臟首渡代謝或腸胃道停留時間的因素,都可能改變口服 。
- 本題要求各舉兩個:
- 製劑相關因素(formulation-related factors)。
- 生理或病理生理因素(physiologic or pathophysiologic factors)。
- 每個例子均須交代:
- 增加或減少。
- 造成變化的藥劑學或生理機制。
-
解題方法
- 以「藥物從劑型釋放至吸收部位,再通過腸壁與肝臟進入全身循環」的流程判斷:
- 製劑因素主要影響藥物的釋放、溶解度、溶離速率與穩定性。
- 生理或病理生理因素主要影響胃腸道 pH、胃排空、腸道運輸時間、腸道血流、代謝酵素與轉運蛋白活性。
- 只要能清楚連結「因素 → 作用部位 → 機制 → 的變化」,即為完整作答。
-
製劑相關因素一:減小粒徑,使 增加
- 例子:將難溶性藥物微粉化,或製成奈米化製劑。
- 粒徑減小會增加藥物的總表面積,使固體藥物與胃腸液接觸的面積增加。
- 溶離速率可用 Noyes–Whitney 關係式表示:
- 其中 為藥物表面積。粒徑減小使 增加,因此溶離速率提高。
- 對於「溶離速率限制吸收」的難溶性藥物,較快且較完全的溶離會增加可供吸收的溶液態藥物濃度,使 增加,因而使口服 增加。
- 作用鏈:
- 此效果以難溶性且溶離受限的藥物最明顯;若藥物本身已高度溶解,粒徑改變對 的影響就較小。
-
製劑相關因素二:與不溶性賦形劑形成複合物,使 減少
- 例子:藥物被活性碳、某些樹脂或不溶性吸附劑吸附,形成不易釋放的藥物-賦形劑複合物。
- 複合物會降低游離藥物濃度,並使藥物不易溶解或不易從劑型中釋放。
- 可供腸道吸收的游離藥物量下降,導致 減少,口服 因而降低。
- 作用鏈:
第 4 題
Answer in bullet points. You may include simple equations or schematic sketches if helpful.
4. After oral dosing, the terminal log-linear slope appears shallower than after IV dosing, suggesting possible flip-flop
kinetics. Please explain:
(1) What flip-flop kinetics means (in terms of absorption vs elimination rate constants), and
(2) One way it can lead to clinical misinterpretation (for example, incorrect half-life estimation, incorrect dosing interval
decisions, or mistaken conclusions about clearance).
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核心觀念
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本題考查口服給藥後的終末相斜率,以及「翻轉相動力學(flip-flop kinetics)」的判定與臨床意義。
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在一室模型、一次口服給藥、且吸收與排除皆為一階速率的條件下:
- 吸收速率常數:
- 排除速率常數:
- 吸收半衰期:
- 排除半衰期:
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一般情況為 ,吸收比排除快,因此口服血中濃度的終末下降相主要反映排除,終末斜率約為 。
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翻轉相動力學的條件為:
此時吸收比排除慢,口服給藥後的終末下降相主要由緩慢吸收所控制,表觀終末速率常數約為 ,而不是 。
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解題方法
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先比較口服與靜脈注射的終末斜率:
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靜脈注射不需經過吸收,因此在一室模型中,終末相主要反映排除:
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口服給藥若呈現翻轉相,終末相由慢速吸收控制:
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題目指出口服後的終末 log-linear slope 比靜脈注射更平緩,代表口服終末下降較慢:
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因此可判定:
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口服給藥的濃度時間曲線可表示為:
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當 時,隨著時間增加,衰減較慢的項目為 ,所以終末相斜率由 決定:
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此時由口服資料直接計算出的終末半衰期為:
第 1 題8 分
This section consists of pharmacokinetic calculation problems. Unless otherwise specified, assume a one-compartment model
with linear (first-order) kinetics and instantaneous mixing. Clearly show your work, state any formulas used, and label all
units of measurement. Answers should be reported with appropriate units and rounded to a reasonable degree of accuracy.
- A drug is completely absorbed across the gastrointestinal lumen (). However, it undergoes presystemic extraction in
two sequential sites:
• Intestinal epithelial (gut wall) extraction fraction,
• Hepatic extraction fraction,
Assuming these processes act sequentially and independently, and that no other losses occur, what is the expected overall oral
bioavailability (F)? Show your calculation and report F as a fraction and as a percent. (8 points)
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This problem asks to calculate the overall oral bioavailability (F) of a drug that undergoes sequential presystemic extraction in the gut wall and liver.
Understanding Presystemic Extraction and Bioavailability:
Oral bioavailability (F) represents the fraction of the administered oral dose that reaches the systemic circulation unchanged. Presystemic elimination (first-pass metabolism or efflux) in the gut wall and liver reduces the amount of drug reaching the systemic circulation.
Key Concepts:
- Extraction Fraction (): The fraction of drug removed by an organ during one pass. For example, if the extraction fraction is , then the fraction remaining after passing through the gut wall is .
- Sequential Processes: When processes occur sequentially, the overall fraction remaining is the product of the fractions remaining after each step.
Given Information:
- Fraction absorbed from the GI lumen, (meaning all drug that reaches the lumen is available for absorption).
- Intestinal epithelial (gut wall) extraction fraction, .
- Hepatic extraction fraction, .
Calculation Steps:
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Fraction remaining after gut wall extraction:
If the extraction fraction by the gut wall is , then the fraction of drug that survives the gut wall and enters the portal circulation is .
Fraction remaining after gut wall = . -
Fraction remaining after hepatic extraction:
第 2 題
This section consists of pharmacokinetic calculation problems. Unless otherwise specified, assume a one-compartment model
with linear (first-order) kinetics and instantaneous mixing. Clearly show your work, state any formulas used, and label all
units of measurement. Answers should be reported with appropriate units and rounded to a reasonable degree of accuracy.
2. A drug follows first-order elimination and is adequately described by a one-compartment IV bolus model. An adult male
(body weight 74 kg) receives a rapid IV injection of 750 mg.
Given:
• Elimination half-life hr
• Apparent volume of distribution L/kg
Assume instantaneous mixing and linear PK.
(1) What percent of the dose is eliminated by hr? (4 points)
(2) What is the expected plasma concentration at 21 hr, , in mg/L? (6 points)
(3) At what time (hr) will fall below 2.0 mg/L? (4 points)
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核心觀念
本題主要測試對 一室模型、一次性 IV bolus 給藥的第一階消除 的熟悉度,包括:
- 從半衰期求消除速率常數 。
- 使用指數衰減公式 估算血藥濃度與剩餘劑量。
- 以對數式求解濃度達到特定門檻的時間。
(a) 21 hr 後已消除之劑量比例
在第一階消除下,濃度(或或劑量)隨時間呈指數衰減:
- 為何要這樣算?
半衰期 定義為濃度減半所需時間,故每過一個 ,剩餘比例即除以 2。 - 代入本題:
因此已被消除的比例:
【答案】87.5 %
(b) 21 hr 時的血漿濃度
- 求出分布體積
- 算出初始濃度 (即給藥時即刻混勻的濃度)
- 求消除速率常數
- 套用濃度衰減公式
第 3 題
This section consists of pharmacokinetic calculation problems. Unless otherwise specified, assume a one-compartment model
with linear (first-order) kinetics and instantaneous mixing. Clearly show your work, state any formulas used, and label all
units of measurement. Answers should be reported with appropriate units and rounded to a reasonable degree of accuracy.
3. Tom is an 8-year-old boy (weight 25 kg) receiving valproic acid (VPA) 250 mg orally every 12 hours for seizure control.
Assume:
• One-compartment model, linear PK, first-order elimination
• Treat each oral dose as an IV bolus input because F = 1.0
• Pediatric clearance: mL/kg/hr
• L/kg
• Therapeutic range: 50 to 100 mg/L
• Toxicity may occur when the concentration is > 200 mg/L
• Normal hepatic and renal function
(1) Predict the steady-state trough concentration (mg/L). (6 points)
(2) Comment on the adequacy of the current regimen (therapeutic and safety). (4 points)
(3) Propose a revised dose and interval (Dose, ) such that mg/L and mg/L, and verify both targets
using the same steady-state IV bolus equations. (8 points)
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核心觀念
本題考查一室模式、線性一階消除、固定給藥間隔下的多次 IV bolus 穩態血中濃度。
已知:
- 體重:
- 每次劑量:
- 給藥間隔:
先換算總清除率與分布容積:
消除速率常數:
因此:
(1)預測穩態谷濃度
固定間隔多次 IV bolus 給藥時:
也可合併寫成:
先計算單次劑量造成的濃度增加量:
因此:
所以:
(2)目前給藥法的適當性
目前劑量為 每 小時一次。
為了同時評估療效與安全性,計算穩態峰濃度:
因此目前療法的濃度範圍約為:
判斷如下:
- 穩態谷濃度 ,低於治療範圍,可能無法在整個給藥間隔內維持足夠抗癲癇效果。
- 穩態峰濃度 略高於治療範圍上限 ,但低於毒性警戒值 。
- 因此目前 regimen 的主要問題是谷濃度不足,而非明顯毒性風險。
(3)修訂劑量與給藥間隔
修訂策略
固定原本的給藥間隔 ,將每次劑量由 增加至 。
此選擇必須驗證: