108 年 國立成功大學航空太空工程學系碩士班乙組《工程力學》

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第 1 題25 分

For the shaded area shown, determine (1) its moment of inertia about the x axis, and (2) its product of inertia with respect to the x and y axes.
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The shaded area is bounded by the curve y2=h2b2xy^2 = \frac{h^2}{b^2}x and the line x=bx=b.

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這一題的完整詳解

幾何判讀

由圖可見曲線通過 (0,0)(0,0) 與 (b,h)(b,h),因此圖中曲線應為

y2=h2bxy^2=\frac{h^2}{b}x

即

y=f(x)=hxb,0≤x≤b.y=f(x)=h\sqrt{\frac{x}{b}},\qquad 0\le x\le b.

題述的 h2b2x\frac{h^2}{b^2}x 無法通過圖示點 (b,h)(b,h),且量綱不符;以下依原卷圖形作答。陰影區為曲線下方、xx 軸上方的區域。

核心觀念

面積對 xx 軸的慣性矩與 x,yx,y 軸的乘積慣性分別為

Ix=∫Ay2 dA,Ixy=∫Axy dA.I_x=\int_A y^2\,dA, \qquad I_{xy}=\int_A xy\,dA.

採用垂直微小面積元素,對每個 xx 從 y=0y=0 積分至 y=f(x)y=f(x):

Ix=∫0b∫0f(x)y2 dy dx,I_x=\int_0^b\int_0^{f(x)}y^2\,dy\,dx, Ixy=∫0b∫0f(x)xy dy dx.I_{xy}=\int_0^b\int_0^{f(x)}xy\,dy\,dx.

解題方法

先由曲線式得

f(x)2=h2bx,f(x)3=h3(xb)3/2.f(x)^2=\frac{h^2}{b}x, \qquad f(x)^3=h^3\left(\frac{x}{b}\right)^{3/2}.

對 xx 軸的慣性矩:

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第 2 題25 分

The block B has a weight W. The coefficients of static friction between wedge A and block B, and between A and surface C, are μs=1/3\mu_s = 1/3. The wall D is smooth. Neglect the weight of the wedge. Determine the smallest force P needed to lift the block.
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The diagram shows a block B resting on a wedge A. Wedge A is in contact with a vertical wall D and a horizontal surface C. A force P is applied to the wedge A, pushing it to the left. The block B is being lifted by the wedge. The angle between the wedge A and the horizontal surface C is indicated by θ\theta. The angle between the inclined surface of the wedge and the vertical wall D is 45∘45^\circ. The diagram also indicates the angle β\beta between the inclined surface of the wedge and the block B.
There are friction forces acting between the block B and the wedge A, and between the wedge A and the surface C. The wall D is smooth.
The diagram shows that the angle of the inclined surface of the wedge relative to the horizontal is θ\theta. The angle between the inclined surface of the wedge and the block B is labeled as β\beta. The angle of the inclined surface of the wedge with respect to the vertical wall D is 45∘45^\circ. This implies that the angle between the inclined surface of the wedge and the horizontal surface C is also 45∘45^\circ. Therefore, θ=45∘\theta = 45^\circ.
The diagram also shows that the angle between the inclined surface of the wedge and the block B is such that the block B is about to slide up the wedge.
The coefficients of static friction are μs=1/3\mu_s = 1/3 for both interfaces.
We need to find the smallest force P required to lift block B.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題是「粗糙斜面楔塊」的臨界平衡問題。當楔塊 AA 向右移動並開始將 BB 舉起時:

  • AA 與 BB 間的靜摩擦力達極限:f=μsNf=\mu_s N。
  • AA 與水平面 CC 間的靜摩擦力也達極限:fC=μsNCf_C=\mu_s N_C。
  • 牆 DD 光滑,因此牆面對 BB 只有水平反力。

依原圖中的 33、44 標示,斜面角 α\alpha 滿足

tan⁡α=34,sin⁡α=35,cos⁡α=45.\tan\alpha=\frac{3}{4}, \qquad \sin\alpha=\frac{3}{5}, \qquad \cos\alpha=\frac{4}{5}.

因此斜面角不是 45∘45^\circ。

摩擦力方向

依圖中箭頭,PP 向右推動楔塊 AA。楔塊向右移時,BB 沿光滑牆 DD 向上運動;相對於楔塊,BB 有沿斜面向左上方滑動的趨勢。

所以:

  • 斜面對 BB 的摩擦力 ff 沿斜面向右下方。
  • BB 對楔塊 AA 的摩擦力方向相反,向左上方。
  • 地面對 AA 的摩擦力向左。

令 NN 為 AA、BB 間正向力,NCN_C 為地面正向力。由 μs=1/3\mu_s=1/3,

f=13N,fC=13NC.f=\frac{1}{3}N, \qquad f_C=\frac{1}{3}N_C.

對方塊 BB 列平衡方程

在鉛直方向,牆面反力沒有鉛直分量,因此

Ncos⁡α−fsin⁡α−W=0.N\cos\alpha-f\sin\alpha-W=0.

代入三角值與 f=N/3f=N/3:

N(45)−N3(35)−W=0,N\left(\frac45\right) -\frac{N}{3}\left(\frac35\right) -W=0,
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第 3 題12 分

On the slider crank system as shown in the right, for kinematic analysis consider OB at constant speed of 1 rad/sec counterclockwise. At the instant when θ=60∘\theta = 60^\circ and β=18∘\beta = 18^\circ (cos θ\theta = 0.50, sin θ\theta = 0.87, cos β\beta = 0.95, and sin β\beta = 0.31), Calculate
(1) the angular velocity of the connecting rod AB and the translational velocity of the piston A, (6%) and
(2) the angular acceleration of AB and the acceleration of the piston A. (6%)
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
The diagram shows a slider-crank mechanism. Link OB is rotating counterclockwise. Link AB is the connecting rod, and point A is the piston, which slides horizontally. The angle of OB with the horizontal is θ\theta. The angle of AB with the horizontal is β\beta.
The length of OB is denoted by rr. The length of AB is denoted by ll.
The angular velocity of OB is ωOB=1\omega_{OB} = 1 rad/sec counterclockwise.
At the given instant, θ=60∘\theta = 60^\circ and β=18∘\beta = 18^\circ.
We are given the values of sine and cosine for these angles.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題使用平面剛體的相對速度與相對加速度公式。依圖中尺寸:

r=OB=5 in,l=AB=10 inr=OB=5\ \text{in},\qquad l=AB=10\ \text{in}

取向右為 xx 正方向、向上為 yy 正方向,逆時針為角速度正方向。圖中 θ\theta 為曲柄 OBOB 與向左水平線的夾角,β\beta 為連接桿 ABAB 與水平線的夾角。

由於 OBOB 以等角速度轉動:

ωOB=1 rad/s,αOB=0\omega_{OB}=1\ \text{rad/s},\qquad \alpha_{OB}=0

一、速度分析

位置向量可寫成

rB/O=(−rcos⁡θ)i+(rsin⁡θ)j\mathbf r_{B/O} =(-r\cos\theta)\mathbf i+(r\sin\theta)\mathbf j rB/A=(lcos⁡β)i+(lsin⁡β)j\mathbf r_{B/A} =(l\cos\beta)\mathbf i+(l\sin\beta)\mathbf j

曲柄端點 BB 的速度為

vB=ωOBk×rB/O\mathbf v_B=\omega_{OB}\mathbf k\times\mathbf r_{B/O}

因此

vB=(−rωOBsin⁡θ)i−(rωOBcos⁡θ)j\mathbf v_B =(-r\omega_{OB}\sin\theta)\mathbf i -(r\omega_{OB}\cos\theta)\mathbf j

代入數值:

vB=(−5×1×0.87)i−(5×1×0.50)j\mathbf v_B=(-5\times1\times0.87)\mathbf i -(5\times1\times0.50)\mathbf j vB=(−4.35i−2.50j) in/s\mathbf v_B=(-4.35\mathbf i-2.50\mathbf j)\ \text{in/s}

對連接桿 ABAB 使用相對速度公式:

vB=vA+ωABk×rB/A\mathbf v_B=\mathbf v_A+ \omega_{AB}\mathbf k\times\mathbf r_{B/A}

由於活塞 AA 只能水平移動,vA=vAi\mathbf v_A=v_A\mathbf i,故分量方程為

−4.35=vA−lωABsin⁡β-4.35=v_A-l\omega_{AB}\sin\beta −2.50=lωABcos⁡β-2.50=l\omega_{AB}\cos\beta

由 yy 方向方程先求得

ωAB=−rωOBcos⁡θlcos⁡β=−5(1)(0.50)10(0.95)\omega_{AB} =\frac{-r\omega_{OB}\cos\theta}{l\cos\beta} =\frac{-5(1)(0.50)}{10(0.95)} ωAB=−0.263 rad/s\boxed{\omega_{AB}=-0.263\ \text{rad/s}}

負號表示連接桿 ABAB 為順時針轉動。

再由 xx 方向方程:

vA=−rωOBsin⁡θ+lωABsin⁡βv_A=-r\omega_{OB}\sin\theta +l\omega_{AB}\sin\beta vA=−5(1)(0.87)+10(−0.263)(0.31)v_A=-5(1)(0.87) +10(-0.263)(0.31) vA=−5.17 in/s\boxed{v_A=-5.17\ \text{in/s}}

因此活塞 AA 的速度大小為 5.17 in/s5.17\ \text{in/s},方向向左。

二、加速度分析

因為 OBOB 等角速度轉動,點 BB 只有法向加速度:

aB=−ωOB 2rB/O\mathbf a_B=-\omega_{OB}^{\,2}\mathbf r_{B/O}

所以

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第 4 題20 分

On the slider crank system as shown for dynamic analysis, let the mass center of the crank OB be at its midpoint, AB be at point G, and piston be at point A. Consider link OB, BA, and piston each has mass m1, m2, and m3, and mass moment of inertia I1, I2, and I3. For a sinusoidal force F(t) applied at the piston in horizontal direction,
(1) define the inertial coordinates and draw the free body diagram in gravitation field (vertical, downward) of all the rigid bodies by representing all forces in X-Y components, (3%) and
(2) write the equation of motion of all the rigid bodies: the crank OB, the connecting rod AB, and piston, (9%) and specify all the unknowns (8%)
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The diagram shows a slider-crank mechanism similar to the one in Problem 3. Link OB is the crank, AB is the connecting rod, and A is the piston. Point O is the fixed pivot. The piston A moves horizontally. A sinusoidal force F(t) is applied to the piston A. Mass centers are specified as midpoint of OB, G for AB, and A for the piston. Mass moments of inertia are I1, I2, I3.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題用平面剛體的牛頓-歐拉方程建立滑塊曲柄的運動方程:

∑F=maG,∑MG=IGα\sum \mathbf F=m\mathbf a_G,\qquad \sum M_G=I_G\alpha

曲柄繞固定點 OO 轉動時,也可取 OO 點列力矩方程,並用平行軸定理計算 IOI_O。桿件的幾何閉合式則用來連結曲柄角、連桿角與活塞位移。

解題方法

原圖中的 OO 是固定鉸支點,BB 是曲柄與連桿的鉸接點,AA 是連桿與水平滑塊的鉸接點;滑塊沿水平導軌移動。尺寸為 OB=5 inOB=5\text{ in}、AG=10 inAG=10\text{ in}、GB=4 inGB=4\text{ in},所以 AB=14 inAB=14\text{ in}。取力 F(t)F(t) 正向向右;因題目未標作用偏心距,令其作用線通過滑塊質心 AA。

令 OO 為原點,XX 軸水平向右、YY 軸鉛直向上,重力方向為 −Y-Y。令 θ\theta 從負 XX 方向量至 OBOB,β\beta 從正 XX 方向量至 ABAB。設 r=5 inr=5\text{ in}、a=AG=10 ina=AG=10\text{ in}、b=GB=4 inb=GB=4\text{ in}、L=a+b=14 inL=a+b=14\text{ in}。依此座標定義,

rB=(−rcos⁡θ, rsin⁡θ),rA=(xA, 0)\mathbf r_B=(-r\cos\theta,\ r\sin\theta),\qquad \mathbf r_A=(x_A,\ 0)

幾何閉合式為

xA+rcos⁡θ+Lcos⁡β=0x_A+r\cos\theta+L\cos\beta=0 rsin⁡θ−Lsin⁡β=0r\sin\theta-L\sin\beta=0

微分後得到速度與加速度限制式:

x˙A−rsin⁡θ θ˙−Lsin⁡β β˙=0\dot{x}_A-r\sin\theta\,\dot{\theta}-L\sin\beta\,\dot{\beta}=0 rcos⁡θ θ˙−Lcos⁡β β˙=0r\cos\theta\,\dot{\theta}-L\cos\beta\,\dot{\beta}=0 x¨A−r(cos⁡θ θ˙ 2+sin⁡θ θ¨)−L(cos⁡β β˙ 2+sin⁡β β¨)=0\ddot{x}_A-r\left(\cos\theta\,\dot{\theta}^{\,2}+\sin\theta\,\ddot{\theta}\right) -L\left(\cos\beta\,\dot{\beta}^{\,2}+\sin\beta\,\ddot{\beta}\right)=0 r(cos⁡θ θ¨−sin⁡θ θ˙ 2)−L(cos⁡β β¨−sin⁡β β˙ 2)=0r\left(\cos\theta\,\ddot{\theta}-\sin\theta\,\dot{\theta}^{\,2}\right) -L\left(\cos\beta\,\ddot{\beta}-\sin\beta\,\dot{\beta}^{\,2}\right)=0

其中曲柄的實際角加速度為 −θ¨-\ddot{\theta},因曲柄方向角為 π−θ\pi-\theta。取曲柄質心 C1C_1 為 OBOB 中點,連桿質心為 GG,活塞質心為 AA,其加速度分別為

aC1=r2(cos⁡θ θ˙ 2+sin⁡θ θ¨−sin⁡θ θ˙ 2+cos⁡θ θ¨)\mathbf a_{C_1} =\frac r2 \begin{pmatrix} \cos\theta\,\dot{\theta}^{\,2}+\sin\theta\,\ddot{\theta}\\ -\sin\theta\,\dot{\theta}^{\,2}+\cos\theta\,\ddot{\theta} \end{pmatrix}
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