112 年 國立政治大學英國語文學系碩士班文學組《文學作品分析》
第 1 題30 分
Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" is a tour de force which is known for its elaborate cadence. Analyze the intricate rhyme scheme and metrical pattern of the following excerpt, and discuss how the sophisticated arrangements contribute to the stunning sound effects of this poem.
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"Tis some visiter," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—
Only this, and nothing more."
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow;-vainly I had tried to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore—
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore—
Nameless here for evermore.
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這道題目要求分析 Edgar Allan Poe 的詩作〈The Raven〉中,所節錄段落的韻律結構(rhyme scheme)與格律模式(metrical pattern),並闡述這些結構如何貢獻於詩歌的聽覺效果。
核心觀念: 詩歌的聲響效果(sound effects)不僅來自詞彙本身,更與其結構性的元素,如押韻、節奏、音韻等息息相關。分析這些結構有助於理解詩歌如何營造特定的氛圍、情緒,以及傳達意義。
解題步驟:
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分析韻律結構 (Rhyme Scheme):
- 仔細閱讀詩歌節錄段落,標記每一行結尾的詞語。
- 找出押韻的詞語,並依據字母順序標記韻腳。
- 第一節段落分析:
- weary (A)
- lore (B)
- tapping (C)
- door (B)
- door (B)
- more (B)
- 韻律結構:ABCBBB
- 第二節段落分析:
- December (D)
- floor (E)
- borrow (F)
- Lenore (G)
- Lenore (G)
- evermore (G)
- 註:此處原文為 "borrow / sorrow / Lenore / Lenore / evermore","borrow" 和 "sorrow" 押韻,"Lenore" 和 "evermore" 押韻。若嚴格依照 Poe 的寫法,"sorrow" 亦為 F。但更常見的分析會將 "Lenore" 系列視為一個獨立的韻腳群。在此,我們依據題目提供的文本,暫時標示為 D E F G G G,並在後續討論其音韻關聯性。
- 更精確的韻律結構分析 (考慮同音詞):
- December (D)
- floor (E)
- borrow (F)
- sorrow (F)
- Lenore (G)
- evermore (G)
- 韻律結構:DEF FGG
-
分析格律模式 (Metrical Pattern):
- Poe 的詩歌常使用 anapestic meter(抑抑揚格),即每節有兩個非重讀音節後接一個重讀音節(da-da-DUM)。
- <The Raven> 主要使用 anapestic tetrameter(抑抑揚四音步),但有時會插入 trimeter(三音步)以製造變化。
- 第一節段落分析:
- "Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,"
- 此行是一個 anapestic tetrameter,但結尾的 "weary" 帶有 extra syllable,形成一個 trochaic substitution。
- "Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,"
- 此行是 anapestic tetrameter。
- "While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,"
- 此行是 anapestic tetrameter。
- "As of some gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door."
- 此行是 anapestic tetrameter。
- ""'Tis some visiter," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door—"
- 此行是 anapestic tetrameter。
- "Only this, and nothing more**."
- 此行是一個 anapestic trimeter,結尾帶有 extra syllable。
- 第二節段落分析:
- "Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,"
第 2 題35 分
T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land is critically acclaimed for the concise depiction of the irremediable desolation and disintegration the West is plunged into by World War I. Analyze the following excerpt and discuss how the technical dimension of this poem demonstrates its thematic concerns.
April is the cruellest month, breeding
Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing
Memory and desire, stirring
Dull roots with spring rain.
Winter kept us warm, covering
Earth in forgetful snow, feeding
A little life with dried tubers.
Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee
With a shower of rain; we stopped in the colonnade,
And went on in sunlight, into the Hofgarten,
And drank coffee, and talked for an hour.
Bin gar keine Russin, stamm' aus Litauen, echt deutsch.
And when we were children, staying at the archduke's,
My cousin's, he took me out on a sled,
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這道題目要求分析 T. S. Eliot 的《The Waste Land》節錄段落,探討其「技術面向」(technical dimension)如何展現詩歌的主題關懷(thematic concerns),特別是關於第一次世界大戰後西方世界的荒涼與崩解。
核心觀念: 現代主義詩歌(Modernist poetry)的「技術」不僅指形式上的創新,更包含其如何透過語言、結構、意象、引用等方式,反映並處理當代社會的複雜性與破碎感。《The Waste Land》以其碎片化、多聲部、意象跳躍等技術聞名,這些都是為了表現戰後西方文明的「荒涼」與「崩解」。
解題步驟:
-
識別詩歌節錄段落的「主題關懷」:
- 荒涼與崩解 (Desolation and Disintegration): 這是題目直接點明的核心主題。第一次世界大戰對歐洲的物質與精神層面造成了毀滅性的打擊,導致傳統價值觀崩潰,生命力枯竭。
- 記憶與遺忘 (Memory and Forgetfulness): 詩中出現「mixing Memory and desire」、「forgetful snow」,暗示了過去的創傷與未來的渴望交織,但同時也有刻意遺忘以求生存的傾向。
- 生命力的匱乏與掙扎 (Lack of Vitality and Struggle for Survival): 「dead land」、「dull roots」、「dried tubers」描繪了生命力的極度衰弱,即使春天來臨,也無法帶來真正的復甦。
- 文化與身分的斷裂 (Fractured Culture and Identity): 詩中夾雜德語,以及對歐洲貴族童年回憶的提及,暗示了文化傳統的斷裂與個人身分認同的模糊。
-
分析「技術面向」(Technical Dimension):
- 碎片化與跳躍式敘事 (Fragmentation and Disjointed Narrative):
- 詩歌開頭即顛覆傳統,將四月(象徵春天與新生)描述為「cruellest month」,與人們對春天的期待形成強烈對比。
- 從對自然的描寫("breeding Lilacs out of the dead land")突然跳到對季節的回憶("Winter kept us warm"),再跳到一段看似日常、卻又疏離的夏日社交場景("Summer surprised us, coming over the Starnbergersee...")。
- 這種缺乏邏輯連貫性的跳躍,模仿了現代人在混亂世界中思緒的破碎狀態,以及文明崩解後的失序感。
- 意象的對比與衝突 (Juxtaposition of Images):
- 「dead land」與「breeding Lilacs」:死亡與生命的並置,但生命在此顯得病態、勉強。
- 「forgetful snow」與「dull roots」:冬季的掩蓋與地下生命的沉寂,暗示了生命的停滯。
- 「shower of rain」與「sunlight」:短暫的雨水帶來了表面的「驚喜」,但隨之而來的陽光下的社交(喝咖啡、聊天)顯得空洞、無意義,無法帶來真正的慰藉或聯繫。
- 碎片化與跳躍式敘事 (Fragmentation and Disjointed Narrative):
第 3 題35 分
Washington Irving is a versatile stylist who excels in articulation. What follow are two passages from "Rip Van Winkle," each of which is remarkable for its distinct style and voice. Analyze the following two passages and discuss how the tone, word choice, and other literary devices the author uses contribute to their special voices.
A. He inherited, however, but little of the martial character of his ancestors. I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor, and an obedient henpecked husband. Indeed, to the latter circumstance might be owing that meekness of spirit which gained him such universal popularity; for those men are apt to be obsequious and conciliating abroad, who are under the discipline of shrews at home. Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation, and a curtain-lecture is worth all the sermons in the world for teaching the virtues of patience and long-suffering. A termagant wife may, therefore, in some respects, be considered a tolerable blessing, and if so, Rip Van Winkle was thrice blessed.
B. In a long ramble of the kind, on a fine autumnal day, Rip had unconsciously scrambled to one of the highest parts of the Kaatskill mountains. He was after his favorite sport of squirrel-shooting, and the still solitudes had echoed and re-echoed with the reports of his gun. Panting and fatigued, he threw himself, late in the afternoon, on a green knoll, covered with mountain herbage, that crowned the brow of a precipice. From an opening between the trees, he could overlook all the lower country for many a mile of rich woodland. He saw at a distance the lordly Hudson, far, far below him, moving on its silent but majestic course, with the reflection of a purple cloud, or the sail of a lagging bark, here and there sleeping on its glassy bosom and at last losing itself in the blue highlands.
On the other side he looked down into a deep mountain glen, wild, lonely, and shagged, the bottom filled with fragments from the impending cliffs, and scarcely lighted by the reflected rays of the setting sun. For some time Rip lay musing on this scene; evening was gradually advancing; the mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valleys; he saw that it would be dark long before he could reach the village; and he heaved a heavy sigh when he thought of encountering the terrors of Dame Van Winkle.
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這道題目要求分析 Washington Irving 在〈Rip Van Winkle〉中提供的兩段文字(A 和 B),探討其「語氣」(tone)、「用詞」(word choice) 及「其他文學手法」(literary devices) 如何塑造出兩個段落獨特的「聲音」(voices)。
核心觀念: 文學作品的「聲音」(voice) 是作者透過語言、風格、語氣、敘事角度等建構出來的獨特表達方式。不同段落或情節,作者可能會運用不同的聲音來達到特定的敘事效果。Irving 以其善於駕馭不同語氣和風格而聞名。
解題步驟:
-
分析段落 A:
- 內容概述: 段落 A 主要在描述 Rip Van Winkle 的個性,特別是他「溫順」、「懼內」(henpecked)的特質,以及作者對此的評價。
- 語氣 (Tone):
- 幽默 (Humorous): 作者以一種調侃、戲謔的語氣來描述 Rip 的「不幸」。
- 諷刺 (Satirical): 對於「curtain-lecture」(妻子在床鋪邊的訓話)和「termagant wife」(悍婦)的描寫,帶有對傳統婚姻關係和性別角色的諷刺。
- 說教式/評論式 (Didactic/Commentary): 作者插入了對男性如何在家庭中變得「pliant and malleable」的「學術性」分析,但這種分析本身也是幽默的。
- 用詞 (Word Choice):
- "simple, good-natured man":開頭對 Rip 的正面評價,與後續的「henpecked」形成對比。
- "henpecked husband":直接點出 Rip 的特質,帶有貶義但在此語境下是幽默的。
- "meekness of spirit":形容 Rip 的溫順。
- "obsequious and conciliating":描述男人在外逢迎的樣子。
- "discipline of shrews at home":生動描繪了在家中受妻子管教的狀態。
- "fiery furnace of domestic tribulation":比喻家庭紛爭的激烈。
- "curtain-lecture":一個帶有時代感的、具體的詞彙,指妻子在睡前訓夫。
- "termagant wife":一個強烈的詞彙,描繪悍婦。
- "tolerable blessing", "thrice blessed":反話,用正面詞語來表達反面的幽默和諷刺。
- 文學手法 (Literary Devices):
- 諷刺 (Irony): 將被壓抑的丈夫說成「thrice blessed」,將悍婦說成「tolerable blessing」,是典型的諷刺手法。
- 誇張 (Hyperbole): "fiery furnace", "worth all the sermons in the world" 都是誇張的說法,加強幽默感。
- 比喻 (Metaphor): "fiery furnace of domestic tribulation"。
- 全知敘事者 (Omniscient Narrator): 作者以一個無所不知、帶有個人評論的敘事者身份出現,直接與讀者對話,評論 Rip 的個性與他的婚姻。
- 聲音 (Voice): 段落 A 的聲音是幽默、諷刺、帶有評論性的、全知敘事者的聲音。這種聲音拉近了與讀者的距離,讓讀者在輕鬆的氛圍中理解 Rip 的性格特點,並對當時的社會觀念有所體會。
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分析段落 B:
- 內容概述: 段落 B 描述 Rip Van Winkle 在卡茲奇山區的一次漫遊,他狩獵、疲憊、欣賞風景,並最終因思念家而感到憂慮。
- 語氣 (Tone):
- 抒情 (Lyrical): 對於山景的描寫,充滿詩意和美感。
- 寧靜 (Tranquil): 描寫山區的「still solitudes」和 Rip 的獨處。
- 壯麗 (Majestic): 描寫遠眺的景色,如 "lordly Hudson"。
- 憂鬱/感傷 (Melancholy/Wistful): 在描述完美景後,Rip 感到疲憊、思念家,並預感到要面對妻子的「terrors」。
- 用詞 (Word Choice):
- "long ramble", "fine autumnal day":營造出悠閒、美好的氛圍。
- "unconsciously scrambled":描寫 Rip 漫無目的的狀態。
- "favorite sport of squirrel-shooting":點出 Rip 的愛好,與他逃避家庭責任的性格呼應。
- "still solitudes":強調山區的寧靜與隔絕。
- "echoed and re-echoed":描寫槍聲在山谷中的迴響,增強畫面感。
- "panting and fatigued":描寫身體的疲憊。