112 年 國立政治大學英國語文學系碩士班英語教學組《英文寫作》
第 1 題25 分
Read the passage carefully and complete the writing tasks that follow.
PASSAGE
Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is
generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our
language-so the argument runs-must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle
against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or handsome
cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an
instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately
have political and economic causes: it is not simply due to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But
an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified
form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fails all
the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It
becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it
easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially
written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to
take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these habits, one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a
necessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is
not the exclusive concern of professional writers.
According to the passage, what causes bad language in the end? Write a paragraph of about 150 words to elaborate. (25%)
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核心觀念
本題考查考生是否能掌握文章的因果論證,並以完整段落回答「不良語言最終由何而起」。
文中的核心因果關係如下:
作者指出,語言衰敗最終具有政治與經濟原因,但語言本身也會反過來加深思想與社會的混亂,形成惡性循環。不良語言並非個別作家的單獨責任,也不是無法改變的自然現象。
解題方法
回答時應依照以下順序組織:
- 先直接指出根本原因:政治與經濟衰敗。
- 說明社會衰敗如何導致思想愚昧,思想又如何反映在語言中。
- 補充語言對思想的反作用,形成相互強化的惡性循環。
- 結合文章結尾,指出此過程可以逆轉,清晰語言有助於清晰思考與政治改革。
題目要求約 150 字,因此應集中說明因果鏈,避免逐句翻譯文章,也不宜只寫「語言不好是因為思想不好」而缺少政治、經濟及循環作用。
參考作答(約 150 字)
According to the passage, bad language is ultimately caused by political and economic decline, rather than by the isolated failure of individual writers. When a society becomes decadent, people’s thoughts may grow foolish, confused, and careless; their language then reflects these weaknesses by becoming ugly, inaccurate, and imprecise. However, the relationship does not move in only one direction. Sloppy language makes unclear thinking easier because vague expressions can conceal contradictions, weaken res
第 2 題25 分
Read the passage carefully and complete the writing tasks that follow.
PASSAGE
Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is
generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our
language-so the argument runs-must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle
against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or handsome
cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an
instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately
have political and economic causes: it is not simply due to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But
an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified
form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fails all
the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It
becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it
easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially
written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to
take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these habits, one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a
necessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is
not the exclusive concern of professional writers.
According to the passage, what is the first stage that can make "the process" "reversible"? Write a paragraph of about 150 words to elaborate. (25%)
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核心觀念
本題出自喬治·歐威爾(George Orwell)的名篇〈政治與英文〉("Politics and the English Language", 1946),是外文研究所文學組與語言組「英文寫作」考科的經典篇章。本題的核心評量重點包括:
- 文意精準理解與定位(Textual Evidence & Synthesis):題目詢問促使語言墮落之惡性循環變成「可逆」(reversible)的「第一階段/第一步」(the first stage)為何。考生必須準確辨識出文章中的因果鏈(causal chain):
- 語言退化與思維愚昧互為因果(惡性循環,如酗酒之喻)。
- 扭轉此過程的起點在於個人意願與實踐:「戒除壞習慣」(getting rid of bad habits / conscious avoidance of bad linguistic habits)。
- 只有先破除語言壞習慣,才能達成「清晰思考」(think clearly),進而邁向「政治革新」(political regeneration)。因此,「可逆的起點/第一階段」是有意識地戒除不良的語言使用習慣。
- 段落發展與論述結構(Paragraph Coherence & Unity):題目要求寫出「約 150 字的單一段落(a paragraph of about 150 words)」。結構必須嚴謹:
- 主題句(Topic Sentence):直接明確指出「戒除壞習慣」是第一階段。
- 因果推導與文本闡釋(Elaboration & Supporting Sentences):解釋語言與思維的雙向反饋機制(the reciprocal causation between language and thought),說明壞習慣多因模仿而生,只要個人願意付出努力即可避免。
- 宏觀意義與結論(Concluding Sentence):指出清除語言贅疣使思考清晰,最終將個人文風的改善連結至社會政治的健全。
解題方法
- 文本關鍵字鎖定:
- 倒數第三句:"The point is that the process is reversible."(關鍵轉折點)
- 倒數第二句:"Modern English... is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to take the necessary trouble."(指出逆轉的實踐操作:避免模仿壞習慣)
- 末句:"If one gets rid of these habits, one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a necessary first step towards political regeneration..."(確立因果先後階層:戒除壞習慣 思想清晰 政治革新)
- 破除常見混淆:
- 部分考生容易誤將「清晰思考(thinking clearly)」當作第一階段。但依據文本的語法條件句
"If one gets rid of these habits, one can think more clearly",戒除語言壞習慣是促成清晰思考的前提條件(prerequisite)。因此,扭轉惡性循環的具體行動第一階段正是戒除不良的語言壞習慣。
- 部分考生容易誤將「清晰思考(thinking clearly)」當作第一階段。但依據文本的語法條件句
- 寫作構思與字數掌控(約 150 字單一段落):
- 第 1 句(主題句):直截了當地回答題旨,指出逆轉語言衰退的第一階段在於自覺地根除現代英語中透過盲目模仿而蔓延的壞習慣。
- 第 2–3 句(深入闡述機轉):引用作者提出的「惡性循環」論點——粗劣的語言會促成愚蠢的思想,而愚蠢的思想又加劇語言的敗壞。因此,逆轉的第一步必須打斷這個回饋迴路(feedback loop)。
- 第 4–5 句(行動與效果):指出語言並非不可抗力的自然造化,而是人為工具;使用者只要願意費心省思、拒絕陳腔濫調,就能重塑工具。
第 3 題50 分
Read the passage carefully and complete the writing tasks that follow.
PASSAGE
Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is
generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent and our
language-so the argument runs-must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle
against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or handsome
cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an
instrument which we shape for our own purposes. Now it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately
have political and economic causes: it is not simply due to the bad influence of this or that individual writer. But
an effect can become a cause, reinforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified
form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fails all
the more completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is happening to the English language. It
becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it
easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process is reversible. Modern English, especially
written English, is full of bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one is willing to
take the necessary trouble. If one gets rid of these habits, one can think more clearly, and to think clearly is a
necessary first step towards political regeneration: so that the fight against bad English is not frivolous and is
not the exclusive concern of professional writers.
Do you agree or disagree with the author's main point? Write a typical argumentative essay of around 600 words to show your standpoint. (50%)
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這題要求考生針對文章的核心論點,撰寫一篇約 600 字的論說文,表達同意或不同意之立場,並提出論據支持。文章的核心論點是:語言的惡化與思維的愚蠢之間存在雙向的、可逆轉的惡性循環;而擺脫語言的壞習慣是改善思維、進而推動社會進步的第一步。
文章結構建議:
-
Introduction (約 75-100 字):
- 簡述文章的主題:語言的現況與其與思維、社會進步的關係。
- 點出作者的核心論點:語言的衰敗可逆轉,且擺脫語言壞習慣是關鍵。
- 明確表達你的立場:同意/不同意作者的論點,或部分同意。
- 預告文章將探討的論點。
-
Body Paragraph 1: 闡述同意/不同意的理由 (約 150 字):
- 如果同意: 強調語言與思維的緊密連結,以及清晰語言對清晰思考的重要性。可以舉例說明不良的語言習慣如何限制思考的深度和廣度。例如,使用模糊、陳腔濫調的詞語,會阻礙我們精確地表達和分析複雜概念。
- 如果不同意: 質疑語言是否是「主要」或「唯一」的因素。可以主張,社會、政治、經濟等根本性問題才是語言衰敗的「真正」根源,而語言的改善僅是表象或結果,而非原因。
-
Body Paragraph 2: 進一步論證 (約 150 字):
- 如果同意: 探討「擺脫語言壞習慣」的具體實踐,以及它如何能促進「清晰思考」。可以討論學習、教育、寫作訓練等對提升語言品質的影響。並連結到文章提到的「政治復興」,說明改善語言如何能提升公民素養和公共討論的品質。
- 如果不同意: 質疑「擺脫語言壞習慣」是否真的能「逆轉」整個過程,或者是否過於簡化了問題。可以指出,即使語言得到改善,如果根本的政治、經濟或社會結構性問題未解決,社會進步依然受限。
-
Body Paragraph 3: 提出反駁與回應 (約 100 字):
- 如果同意: 預想反對者可能提出的觀點(例如:語言只是反映社會問題,而非造成問題),並提出你的反駁。例如,雖然語言反映社會,但它同時也塑造思維和社會互動,因此改善語言確實能產生積極的連鎖效應。
- 如果不同意: 預想同意者可能提出的觀點(例如:語言對思維有影響),並提出你的反駁。例如,承認語言有影響力,但強調其影響力相對有限,無法獨立於其他更深層次的社會因素。
-
Conclusion (約 75-100 字):
- 重申你的立場。
- 總結文章的主要論點。
- 提出對未來的展望或建議,強調語言在個人和社會發展中的重要性(或其局限性)。
寫作時的注意事項:
- 字數控制: 務必控制在 600 字左右,多寫或少寫太多都會影響分數。
- 論證清晰: 每個段落都有明確的主題句,論點與論據之間邏輯連貫。
- 引用文章: 適度引用文章中的概念或句子(但要用自己的話轉述),顯示你對文章的理解。
- 語氣與風格: 保持學術、客觀的論說文風格。
- 文法與拼字: 仔細檢查,避免低級錯誤。
範例(同意立場):
The author of the passage argues that the English language is in a state of decline, characterized by a self-perpetuating cycle where poor language habits foster foolish thoughts, and vice versa. Crucially, the author posits that this process is reversible, with the first step being the shedding of these linguistic bad habits, which in turn leads to clearer thinking and ultimately societal regeneration. I largely agree with this perspective, finding compelling the notion that language is not merely a passive reflection of our intellect and society, but an active force that shapes them.
The intimate connection between language and thought is undeniable. As the passage suggests, the slovenliness of our language can indeed make it easier to harbor foolish thoughts. When we rely on vague terminology, clichés, or grammatically imprecise structures, our capacity to articulate complex ideas or engage in nuanced analysis is diminished. For instance, the prevalence of buzzwords and jargon in professional discourse often serves to obscure rather than clarify, hindering genuine understanding. By consciously choosing precise vocabulary and well-formed sentences, we are compelled to think more rigorously about the concepts we wish to convey, thereby sharpening our cognitive abilities.
Furthermore, the author's assertion that overcoming these linguistic bad habits is a necessary first step towards regeneration holds significant weight. The process of learning to use language more effectively—whether through education, rigorous writing practice, or critical self-awareness—requires discipline and attention. This very act of striving for linguistic clarity cultivates a mindset of precision and critical engagement. A society that values and practices clear communication is better equipped to address its challenges, engage in productive debate, and make informed decisions. The fight against bad English, therefore, is not a frivolous pursuit but a foundational element of intellectual and potentially political progress.
Some might argue that language decay is merely a symptom of deeper societal or political ills, and that focusing on linguistic reform is akin to rearranging deck chairs on the Titanic. While it is true that economic and political factors contribute to the overall state of a civilization and its language, this argument overlooks the reciprocal relationship. Language is not just a mirror; it is also a tool and a framework that influences how we perceive and interact with the world. By improving the tool, we enhance our ability to diagnose and address the underlying problems.
In conclusion, I concur with the author's central thesis that the decline of the English langu