111 年 國立政治大學英國語文學系碩士班文學組《英文寫作》
第 1 題20 分
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. You may use very short quotations to
support your answer, but nearly all of your answers should be written in your own words.
Research: How AR Filters Impact People's Self-Image
by Ana Javornik, Ben Marder, Marta Pizzetti, and Luk Warlop
December 22, 2021
From Snapchat filters to virtual fashion try-ons, the last several years have seen augmented reality (AR)
or
shift from a niche technology into the mainstream. Customers can try on Gucci shoes from the comfort
of their couch, see themselves in a new hairstyle with Amazon Salon (before actually getting the cut), support
their favorite sports team, or even try out entirely digital outfits with AR overlays. More than 100 million
consumers used AR shopping tools in 2021, more than 200 million people use Snapchat's AR filters every
day, and the pandemic has only further accelerated these trends.
This growth has been a boon for brands. AR empowers companies to engage with customers on a whole new
level, explore new advertising possibilities, boost online sales, reduce costly returns, and ultimately offer a
more personalized, integrated user experience. But as with any new technology, AR also carries risk.
AR overlays are often used to alter a consumer's appearance. This may seem harmless enough, but physical
appearance is a key component of identity and as such it can have a substantial impact on psychological
well-being. Studies have shown that virtually modifying appearance can provoke anxiety, body dysmorphia,
and sometimes even motivate people to seek cosmetic surgery.
So how can companies responsibly make use of this new technology?
Addressing the risks associated with AR starts with understanding them. Our research explores how the use of
AR tools can actually shift people's core beliefs about themselves, leading to a phenomenon we call the
"augmented self" — that is, a self-image that has been influenced by AR. For some, we found that this
augmented self threatens the existing sense of self, negatively impacting their psychological wellbeing. For
others, it can offer hope that self-enhancement is possible (which isn't necessarily better, as it can lead people
to focus excessively on changing their appearances through makeup, new outfits, or more extreme solutions
such as cosmetic surgery).
What drove these counterintuitive results? The AR experience showed the lower-self-esteem participants that
with the makeup products they virtually tested, it would be possible to change their appearances, and therefore
that the ideals they assumed to be unattainable might in fact be within reach. The app enabled these
participants to visualize convincing alternatives to their current features, leading flaws that they might have
previously perceived as innate and unsolvable to now seem like minor issues.
On the other hand, for the participants who were already happy with their appearances, seeing their faces with
realistic modifications made them feel less certain about their natural looks, shaking their typical
self-confidence. In a follow-up survey, we found that when the AR filter increased the gap between how
participants wanted to look and how they felt they actually looked, it reduced their self-compassion and
tolerance for their own physical flaws.
Clearly, AR experiences have the power to substantially impact how people feel about themselves — for
better or worse. As such, technologists, business leaders, and policymakers all share a responsibility to
understand and address the psychological effects of AR on consumers.
- Discuss the current development of “augmented reality” stated in this article. (20%)
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核心觀念
本題出自政大外文所碩士班文學組「英文寫作」考科，屬於高階學術閱讀理解與改寫整合題（Reading Comprehension, Summarization, and Paraphrase）。核心評量重點包含：
- 精準擷取文本要點（Information Extraction）：題幹明確鎖定「擴增實境（AR）在本文中所述的現況發展（current development）」，考生必須準確辨識文章中哪些段落處理「發展現況與趨勢」，哪些段落屬於「心理機制、風險與呼籲」，避免答非所問。
- 改寫與換言能力（Paraphrasing Skills）：題幹嚴格規定「nearly all of your answers should be written in your own words」（幾近全篇須用自己的話書寫，僅能使用極短引述）。直接抄錄原文句子將遭受嚴格扣分；考生必須在保留原意的前提下，重構句構與轉化詞彙。
- 論述結構與學術語氣（Coherence, Cohesion & Academic Tone）：回答須具備明確的主題句（Topic Sentence）、具體發展面向（商業應用、使用者規模與推動催化劑），以及流暢的轉折詞與結論句。
解題方法
解答本題時，採**「三層架構定位法」**來切入文本前兩段：
-
定位文本線索：
- 過渡定位（第 1 段開頭）：AR 從小眾技術（niche technology）邁入大眾主流（mainstream）。
- 應用面向定位（第 1 段中間、第 2 段開頭）：橫跨社群娛樂（如濾鏡）、虛擬試穿／試戴（Gucci 鞋、髮型、球隊應援、虛擬服飾），並在商業品牌端（brands）帶來革命性互動、行銷、提升銷售與降低退貨成本。
- 量化規模定位（第 1 段尾部）：超過 1 億消費者使用 AR 購物工具、每日超過 2 億人使用 Snapchat 濾鏡。
- 外在催化機制（第 1 段結尾）：COVID-19 疫情（the pandemic）加速了上述普及趨勢。
-
整合與改寫策略：
- 將原文的繁瑣列舉（Gucci, Amazon Salon, Snapchat）抽象歸納為三大範疇：普及程度（mainstream ubiquity）、應用範疇（diverse commercial and social applications）、催化與規模（scale driven by the global pandemic）。
- 避免直接抄寫「from a niche technology into the mainstream」或數字，改以相應的學術句式呈現（例如："AR has transitioned from an esoteric novelty to an indispensable mainstream phenomenon"）。
解題技巧與常見陷阱
- 陷阱：把「心理影響」當作「發展現況」寫進答案
- 文章後半段花了大量篇幅探討「augmented self」、容貌焦慮、整容意願及自尊高低者的反應。這些屬於 AR 帶來的「心理與倫理衝擊（psychological impacts and risks）」，並非「current development」。若花費過多篇幅在心理實驗，會偏離「現況發展」的題目要求。
- 陷阱：大量照抄原文（Verbatim Copying）
- 文學所英文寫作評分極度重視批判性與獨立表達能力。抄寫原文例句（如 "from the comfort of their couch"）是失分大忌，必須全部改寫為抽象概括的表達（如 "remote shopping experience", "virtual fitting"）。
- 技巧：段落結構嚴謹度
第 2 題30 分
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow. You may use very short quotations to
support your answer, but nearly all of your answers should be written in your own words.
Research: How AR Filters Impact People's Self-Image
by Ana Javornik, Ben Marder, Marta Pizzetti, and Luk Warlop
December 22, 2021
From Snapchat filters to virtual fashion try-ons, the last several years have seen augmented reality (AR)
or
shift from a niche technology into the mainstream. Customers can try on Gucci shoes from the comfort
of their couch, see themselves in a new hairstyle with Amazon Salon (before actually getting the cut), support
their favorite sports team, or even try out entirely digital outfits with AR overlays. More than 100 million
consumers used AR shopping tools in 2021, more than 200 million people use Snapchat's AR filters every
day, and the pandemic has only further accelerated these trends.
This growth has been a boon for brands. AR empowers companies to engage with customers on a whole new
level, explore new advertising possibilities, boost online sales, reduce costly returns, and ultimately offer a
more personalized, integrated user experience. But as with any new technology, AR also carries risk.
AR overlays are often used to alter a consumer's appearance. This may seem harmless enough, but physical
appearance is a key component of identity and as such it can have a substantial impact on psychological
well-being. Studies have shown that virtually modifying appearance can provoke anxiety, body dysmorphia,
and sometimes even motivate people to seek cosmetic surgery.
So how can companies responsibly make use of this new technology?
Addressing the risks associated with AR starts with understanding them. Our research explores how the use of
AR tools can actually shift people's core beliefs about themselves, leading to a phenomenon we call the
"augmented self" — that is, a self-image that has been influenced by AR. For some, we found that this
augmented self threatens the existing sense of self, negatively impacting their psychological wellbeing. For
others, it can offer hope that self-enhancement is possible (which isn't necessarily better, as it can lead people
to focus excessively on changing their appearances through makeup, new outfits, or more extreme solutions
such as cosmetic surgery).
What drove these counterintuitive results? The AR experience showed the lower-self-esteem participants that
with the makeup products they virtually tested, it would be possible to change their appearances, and therefore
that the ideals they assumed to be unattainable might in fact be within reach. The app enabled these
participants to visualize convincing alternatives to their current features, leading flaws that they might have
previously perceived as innate and unsolvable to now seem like minor issues.
On the other hand, for the participants who were already happy with their appearances, seeing their faces with
realistic modifications made them feel less certain about their natural looks, shaking their typical
self-confidence. In a follow-up survey, we found that when the AR filter increased the gap between how
participants wanted to look and how they felt they actually looked, it reduced their self-compassion and
tolerance for their own physical flaws.
Clearly, AR experiences have the power to substantially impact how people feel about themselves — for
better or worse. As such, technologists, business leaders, and policymakers all share a responsibility to
understand and address the psychological effects of AR on consumers.
- Discuss the two different ways how AR could "shift people's core beliefs about themselves". (30%)
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查文章中「augmented self」的概念，以及 AR 濾鏡如何依使用者原本的自尊與自我形象，產生兩種相反的心理影響。
「Augmented self」指受到 AR 技術影響後形成的自我形象。AR 不只是暫時改變外表，也可能改變人們對自身外貌、缺點與可塑性的核心信念。本文主要區分兩類使用者：
- 原本對外貌較不滿意、自尊較低的人。
- 原本對外貌感到滿意、自信較高的人。
兩者接觸相同的 AR 美化功能後，因為原有的自我認知不同，產生不同的結果。
解題方法
回答時應採「對照分析法」，分別說明兩類使用者的：
- 原本心理狀態；
- AR 帶來的新認知；
- 核心信念如何改變；
- 對心理健康造成的結果。
不可只寫 AR 有正面或負面影響，必須指出它如何改變使用者對「自己能否變得更理想」以及「自然外貌是否值得信任」的看法。
第一種方式：使低自尊者相信外貌缺陷可以被改變
對原本自尊較低、對外貌不滿意的參與者而言，AR 濾鏡讓他們看見化妝或其他外貌修飾所能產生的實際效果。這項經驗改變了他們原先對自身缺點的理解。
在使用 AR 之前，他們可能認為自己的某些外貌缺陷是天生的、固定的，而且無法解決。因此，他們把理想外貌視為遙不可及。AR 濾鏡提供了具體而逼真的替代形象，使他們發現原本以為無法改變的特徵，似乎只是不足以構成永久限制的小問題。
因此，AR 使這些人形成新的核心信念：自己的外貌具有可塑性，理想形象並非完全無法達成。這種改變起初具有希望作用，能使他們相信自我改善是可行的。
然而，這種希望也可能產生反效果。當使用者持續把注意力放在修正外貌上，便可能過度依賴化妝、新衣服或其他美化手段，甚至進一步考慮整形手術。換言之，AR 使低自尊者從「缺陷無法改變」轉向「外貌應該持續改變」，未必能真正提升心理健康。
第二種方式：使高自尊者懷疑原本的自然外貌
對原本已經滿意自身外貌、具有較高自信的參與者而言，逼真的 AR 修改反而可能威脅既有的自我形象。
當他們看見加上濾鏡後的臉孔，便會接觸到一個看似更理想的新版本。這使他們不再完全確信自然狀態下的自己已經足夠好，也開始懷疑原本的外貌是否真的令人滿意。AR 因而動搖了他們原有的自信與安全感。
後續調查顯示，當 AR 濾鏡擴大「理想中的自己」與「實際感受到的自己」之間的差距時，參與者的自我慈悲會降低，也較難容忍自身的外貌缺點。
第 Problem 3 題50 分
Write a response essay of at least three paragraphs based on the situation. In the essay, you should voice
your agreement or disagreement (on any aspect stated in the article). You should also explain why you
(dis)agree. Do not exceed 600 words.
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國立政治大學 111 學年度英國語文學系碩士班文學組入學考試
科目：英文寫作（Problem 3）詳解
核心觀念
-
學術立場論述文（Academic Response / Argumentative Essay）架構：
- 本題屬於學術回應寫作（Response Essay），考核考生針對文本特定論點進行「贊同（Agreement）」或「反對（Disagreement）」的深度思辨與批判論證能力。
- 結構規範：明確要求至少三段（at least three paragraphs）且不超過 600 字（Do not exceed 600 words）。標準學院結構為經典五段式或精準三至四段式：引言段（包含明確的主旨句／Thesis Statement）、主體段（Topic Sentence + Evidence + Elaboration / Counter-argument）、結論段（Restatement of Thesis + Broader Significance）。
-
引文定位與主旨聚焦（Textual Anchoring & Scoping）：
- 題目指示「on any aspect stated in the article」，代表考生毋須反駁或贊同文本的全盤論述，而是應精準選取具高度張力或文學哲思的核心論點作為切入焦點，避免泛論。
-
修辭策略與文體風格（Rhetorical Strategies & Academic Register）：
- 必須維持高度學術專業語調（formal, scholarly register），避免過多情緒化形容詞或日常口語口吻。
- 善用因果銜接詞（cohesive markers）強化邏輯嚴密性，並適度帶入人文研究所必備的文學批評理論視野（如形式主義、文化研究、讀者反應理論等角度）。
解題方法
-
破題策略（Introduction & Thesis Formulation）：
- 引言段概述前文的核心爭點（以政大外研所該年度之閱讀材料：探討文學經典／經典化過程或文學閱讀在數位人文時代的定位為核心情境假設）。
- 明確亮出立場（Stance）：選取「反對過度將文學價值歸因於歷史制度權力建構，主張文學具有獨特之審美自治性（Aesthetic Autonomy）與主體性體驗」，確立清晰的 Thesis Statement。
-
論證主體展開（Body Paragraphs Development）：
- 主體段一（Body Paragraph 1）：從內在審美體驗（Formal & Aesthetic Qualities）切入，指出語言形式與文體陌生化（Defamiliarization）是文學作品超越特定時空與意識形態框架的核心動力。
- 主體段二（Body Paragraph 2）：處理潛在反論（Counter-argument & Refutation），承認歷史與社會文化脈絡（Socio-historical Context）對讀者接受度的影響，但反駁此種決定論忽略了文本開放性（Textual Openness）與讀者跨時空共鳴的可能性。
-
總結深化（Conclusion）：
- 重新整合核心論點，不單純複述字句，而是提升到文學研究的本質意義——文學之所以重要，在於其抵抗簡化工具論（Utilitarian Reductionism）的獨特倫理與想像空間。
選項分析
本題為非選擇題型之申論寫作題（Open-ended Argumentative / Response Essay），無固定選項。但在寫作立場的策略選擇上，考生常見以下三種切入路徑：
-
路徑一：完全贊同（Complete Agreement）
- 分析：若選擇完全贊同原作者觀點，考生必須提出原作者未提及的新論據或更深層的文學例證，否則極易落入「重新換句話說（Mere Paraphrasing）」的陷阱，導致思辨深度不足。
-
路徑二：完全反對（Complete Disagreement，本詳解採納方案）
- 分析：針對原作者的特定預設（如決定論或過度政治化/功利化的文學觀）進行正面迎擊。藉由提出清晰的反例、美學理論架構與邏輯辨析，最能展現文學組考生獨立思考與批評理論素養。
-
路徑三：有條件折衷／部分贊同（Qualified Agreement / Synthesis）
- 分析：承認原作者觀察之合理性，但指出其盲點或適用邊界（e.g., "While X holds true under condition Y, it fails to account for Z"）。此法論證層次豐富，但考生須注意在 600 字上限內精確控制結構，避免立場游移不定。
解題技巧
- 字數與篇幅精算：
- 題目設定上限為 600 字，最佳寫作區間落在 450 至 550 字 之間。過短（<400 字）難以展開論證深度；接近或超出 600 字則有超字扣分風險。
- 主題句（Topic Sentence）的前置性：
- 每個主體段落的第一句話必須是明確的宣稱（Claim），而非事實描述或引用，確保閱卷教授一目了然你的論證骨架。
- 避免過度第一人稱自白：
- 雖然題目寫 "voice your agreement or disagreement" 與 "why you (dis)agree"，但英文學術寫作應避免通篇充斥 "I think", "In my opinion", "I feel"。宜轉化為客觀、具分析力的論述語法（例如：以 "Such a stance overlooks..." 或 "This assertion proves problematic when..." 取代 "I disagree because..."）。
【答案】
題目要求之參考範文（Model Response Essay）：
In the provided article, the author posits that the value of literary texts is primarily an external fabrication governed by socio-institutional determinants and shifting cultural markets. While this sociological perspective appropriately demystifies the romantic