114 年 國立成功大學財務金融研究所《經濟學》

Which of the following is a negative externality connected to automobile transportation?

(A) Driving faster than the $70$ mph speed limit is not allowed, even though individuals are able to do it, and many want to.
(B) In an accident, a person who chooses not to wear a seatbelt becomes an object moving around the inside of the car, possibly hitting other, belted-in, passengers with lethal force.
(C) Gasoline is taxed on a per-gallon basis.
(D) Gasoline is imported, and thus increases the trade deficit.
(E) While stuck in traffic, you have a chance to listen to your favorite CD, which you haven't had the time to do in other places.

The marginal benefit and marginal private cost curves for a harmful product, toxic chemicals, are given as follows:

Marginal Benefit (MB):
$\mathrm{MB}=400-Q$

Marginal Private Cost (MPC):
$\mathrm{MPC}=Q$

In addition to private costs, there is a marginal external cost of \10$ per unit of output. What is the efficient level of output?

(A) $0$
(B) $120$
(C) $180$
(D) $200$
(E) none of the above

If an individual's labor supply curve is backward bending, then:

(A) the income effect associated with a higher wage is greater than the substitution effect.
(B) the substitution effect associated with a higher wage is greater than the income effect.
(C) the substitution effect associated with a higher wage encourages more leisure.
(D) A and C
(E) B and C

A tech company, OpenAI, purchases computational power in a highly competitive cloud computing market to train its generative AI models. At the current purchase rate, the marginal revenue product (MRP) of computational power exceeds the marginal expenditure (ME) on it. Thus, the company:

(A) can increase profit by reducing the purchase of computational power.
(B) is now maximizing profit.
(C) should stop using computational power because it has no potential in generating a profit.
(D) can increase profit by expanding the purchase of computational power.
(E) none of the above.

Your negotiations are an example of:

(A) a noncooperative game.
(B) a cooperative game.
(C) a constant sum game.
(D) a competitive game.
(E) both B and C.

Refer to the Scenario in (5). At your negotiated price, your consumer surplus is:

(A) \0$. (B)$$200$. (C)$$400$. (D)$$600$. (E)$$1{,}000$.

Refer to the Scenario in (5). At your negotiated price, the producer surplus is:

(A) \0$. (B)$$200$. (C)$$400$. (D)$$600$. (E)$$1{,}000$.

If your negotiated price had been \800$per ton instead of$$600$ per ton, the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus would be:

(A) less than what would have accrued at the \600$price. (B) the same as what would have accrued at the$$600$price. (C) more than what would have accrued at the$$600$ price.
(D) None of the above is necessarily correct.

What condition may provide for a relatively small degree of inefficiency under monopolistic competition?

(A) There is a single seller and no product differentiation.
(B) The marginal cost of production is less than the market price.
(C) The demand curve is relatively elastic so that the price is near the long-run minimum average cost.
(D) There is only one buyer in the market.

In many rural areas, electric generation and distribution utilities were initially set up as cooperatives in which the electricity customers were member-owners. Like most cooperatives, the objective of these firms was to:

(A) maximize profits for the member-owners.
(B) maximize total revenue that could be redistributed to the member-owners.
(C) operate at zero profit in order to provide low electricity prices for the member-owners.
(D) minimize the costs of production.

“A poor country can escape the poverty trap, if it either devotes a larger share of GDP to investment or implements a population control program.”

“The U.S. trade imbalance can only be improved by imposing tariffs on foreign imports.” Comment on this statement, noting who would benefit and who would lose under tariffs.

請參閱下列 2022 年底台灣經濟研究院發布之新聞稿資訊，明確羅列出當時各經濟現狀對總體經濟之影響，以 AD-AS 模型分析並驗證研究院所預測之台灣 2023 年物價（$P$）與產出（$\mathrm{GDP}$）狀況。

台灣經濟研究院
Taiwan Institute of Economic Research

「2023 台灣總體經濟預測」新聞稿

2022 年 11 月 11 日

台灣經濟研究院於本日（111 年 11 月 11 日）上午九時，假集思交通部會議中心國際會議廳，舉辦「2023 年景氣展望與產業趨勢研討會」，本次會議由張建一院長率領各領域專家，探索 2023 年經濟情勢展望，並針對我國整體產業，剖析國內外經濟局勢與產業動向，提出本院新聞論點及解析。

2022 年原本預期全球經濟可望持續復甦，不過俄、烏兩國在第一季爆發軍事衝突，導致全球能源及原物料價格大漲，中國又在第二季因沿海省市爆發疫情，而採取嚴格封控措施，此舉使得全球供應鏈再受到衝擊。有鑑於歐、美通膨持續升溫，美國聯準會（Fed）為抑制通膨自 3 月起快速升息，並自下半年起縮減購債，全球金融市場為此波動加劇，非美元貨幣多呈大幅貶值，也導致多國輸入性通膨壓力激增。

台灣則自第二季開始，因國疫情確診人數明顯增加，且國際經濟受到俄烏戰爭及中國防疫封控措施的影響，美、歐、中需求都明顯下滑，台灣出口成長趨緩，廠商投資轉為保守，所幸疫情影響已漸淡化，政府相關措施逐步開放，內需消費及相關產業表現轉佳，使得經濟支撐由外銷轉內需，整體表現不致產生太大波動。

展望 2023 年台灣經濟，2022 年以來主要經濟體為抑制通膨而陸續升息，各國製造業活動已明顯放緩，加上俄烏戰事未解及美中科技戰再起等變數，持續加深全球經濟前景疑慮，故國際主要預測機構皆認為 2023 年全球經濟成長將較 2022 年放緩，進一步影響台灣進出口與投資表現。

所幸本土疫情衝擊已漸淡化，政府相關防控措施大幅開放，內需消費及相關產業表現轉佳，使得經濟支撐由外銷轉內需，故 2023 年台灣經濟表現穩健，經濟成長主要仰賴民間消費支撐，2023 全年經濟成長幅度較 2022 年為低。根據台經院於 2022 年 11 月公布之最新預測，2023 年 GDP 成長率為 $2.91\%$，較 2022 年更新後 $3.45\%$ 減少 $0.54$ 個百分點。

在民間消費部分，鑑於政府防疫管制措施已大幅放寬，國人出國與外出消費意願增加，跨境旅遊可望為消費再添動能，加以基本工資與基本生活費調高等因素，挹注家庭可支配所得增加，帶動民間消費成長動能，然近期物價上升有感，加上金融資產大幅縮水，地緣政治風險升溫，令民眾消費行為更加謹慎，將抑制消費成長，預測 2023 年民間消費成長率為 $4.32\%$，較 2022 年修正後成長率 $3.44\%$ 增加 $0.88$ 個百分點。