114 年 國立成功大學財務金融研究所《財務管理》

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第 1 題

Anacott Steel is acquiring Terafly Incorporated. Terafly is expected to provide Anacott with operating cash flows of 12,12, 21, 16,and16, and 9 million over the next four years, respectively. In addition, the horizon value of all remaining cash flows at the end of Year 4 is estimated at 18million.ThemergerwillcostAnacott18 million. The merger will cost Anacott 45.0 million today. If the value of the merger is estimated at $9.00 per share and Anacott has 1,000,000 shares outstanding, what equity discount rate must the firm be using to value this acquisition?

a. 11.63%
b. 12.25%
c. 12.89%
d. 13.57%
e. 14.25%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題的核心在於**企業併購評價(M&A Valuation)與現金流量折現法(Discounted Cash Flow, DCF)**之應用,主要涵蓋三個關鍵觀念:

  1. 併購價值創造與淨現值(NPV of Merger):
    併購案為收購公司所創造的總價值即為該投資案的淨現值(NPV\text{NPV}),其等於目標公司未來各期現金流量的現值總和(PV\text{PV})扣除收購成本(Cost\text{Cost}):

    NPV=PV−Cost\text{NPV} = \text{PV} - \text{Cost}

    若已知收購為收購公司帶來的每股增值(Value per share)與流通在外股數,則併購總淨現值為:

    NPV=每股增值×流通在外股數\text{NPV} = \text{每股增值} \times \text{流通在外股數}

  2. 多期不均勻現金流量之折現值與期末價值(Horizon / Terminal Value):
    目標公司的總現值包含明確預測期間(Explicit Forecast Period)之營運現金流量(Operating Cash Flows),以及預測期末的所有剩餘現金流量折現至該時點的期末價值(Horizon Value, HV4HV_4):

    PV=∑t=1TCFt(1+r)t+HVT(1+r)T\text{PV} = \sum_{t=1}^{T} \frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t} + \frac{HV_T}{(1+r)^T}

  3. 隱含權益折現率(Implied Equity Discount Rate)之求解:
    當已知目標公司的總現值與未來現金流時,折現率 rr 即為使現金流量折現值等於目標資產現值的內部折現率。


解題方法

步驟一:計算併購案之總淨現值(NPV)與目標公司總現值(PV)

  • 每股增值為 \$9.00,流通在外股數為 1,000,0001,000,000 股。

  • 併購總淨現值:

    NPV=$9.00×1,000,000=$9,000,000=$9.0 百萬\text{NPV} = \$9.00 \times 1,000,000 = \$9,000,000 = \$9.0\text{ 百萬}

  • 併購成本 Cost=\text{Cost} = $45.0 百萬45.0\text{ 百萬}。

  • 根據 NPV=PV−Cost\text{NPV} = \text{PV} - \text{Cost},目標公司未來現金流量之總現值 PV\text{PV} 為:

    PV=NPV+Cost=$9.0 百萬+$45.0 百萬=$54.0 百萬\text{PV} = \text{NPV} + \text{Cost} = \$9.0\text{ 百萬} + \$45.0\text{ 百萬} = \$54.0\text{ 百萬}

步驟二:彙整各期現金流量(Cash Flows)

  • 第 1 年:CF1=CF_1 = $12 百萬12\text{ 百萬}

  • 第 2 年:CF2=CF_2 = $21 百萬21\text{ 百萬}

  • 第 3 年:CF3=CF_3 = $16 百萬16\text{ 百萬}

  • 第 4 年:營運現金流 \$9 百萬與期末價值 \$18 百萬合併計算:

    CF4=$9+$18=$27 百萬CF_4 = \$9 + \$18 = \$27\text{ 百萬}

步驟三:建立折現方程式並求解折現率 rr

設權益折現率為 rr,則折現方程式如下:

PV=121+r+21(1+r)2+16(1+r)3+27(1+r)4=54.0\text{PV} = \frac{12}{1+r} + \frac{21}{(1+r)^2} + \frac{16}{(1+r)^3} + \frac{27}{(1+r)^4} = 54.0

此方程式無法直接以代數解析解求出,考場上採用「試誤法(Trial and Error)」搭配「線性插補法(Linear Interpolation)」:

  1. 測試 r=13%r = 13\%:

    PV(13%)=121.13+211.132+161.133+271.134≈10.6195+16.4461+11.0881+16.5593=54.7130 百萬\text{PV}(13\%) = \frac{12}{1.13} + \frac{21}{1.13^2} + \frac{16}{1.13^3} + \frac{27}{1.13^4} \approx 10.6195 + 16.4461 + 11.0881 + 16.5593 = 54.7130\text{ 百萬}

  2. 測試 r=14%r = 14\%:

    PV(14%)=121.14+211.142+161.143+271.144≈10.5263+16.1588+10.7983+15.9860=53.4694 百萬\text{PV}(14\%) = \frac{12}{1.14} + \frac{21}{1.14^2} + \frac{16}{1.14^3} + \frac{27}{1.14^4} \approx 10.5263 + 16.1588 + 10.7983 + 15.9860 = 53.4694\text{ 百萬}

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第 2 題

The Ritz Company has a 40-year-old employee that will retire at age 60 and live to age 75. The firm has promised a retirement income of $20,000 at the end of each year following retirement until death. The firm's pension fund is expected to earn 7 percent annually on its assets. What is Ritz's annual pension contribution to the nearest dollar for this employee? (Assume certainty and end-of-year cash flows.)

a. 2,756b.2,756 b. 3,642
c. 4,443d.4,443 d. 4,967
e. $5,491

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考驗對年金現值和年金終值的計算,以及如何計算為了支付未來特定金額而需要定期存入的金額。

首先,確定員工退休後領取退休金的年數。
員工在 60 歲退休,活到 75 歲,因此退休後領取退休金的年數為 75−60=1575 - 60 = 15 年。
退休金的金額為每年 $20,000,是年末支付。

這筆退休金構成了一個普通年金 (ordinary annuity),其現值是公司在員工退休時需要準備的總金額。
我們需要計算這 15 年每年 20,000的年金現值,折現率為7年金現值(PresentValueofAnnuity,PVA)公式為:20,000 的年金現值,折現率為 7%。 年金現值 (Present Value of Annuity, PVA) 公式為: PVA = C \times \left[ \frac{1 - (1+r)^{-n}}{r} \right]其中:其中:C=每期現金流量== 每期現金流量 =20,000
rr = 折現率 = 7% = 0.07
nn = 期數 = 15 年

計算年金現值:
PVA=20,000×[1−(1+0.07)−150.07]PVA = 20,000 \times \left[ \frac{1 - (1+0.07)^{-15}}{0.07} \right]
PVA=20,000×[1−(1.07)−150.07]PVA = 20,000 \times \left[ \frac{1 - (1.07)^{-15}}{0.07} \right]
(1.07)−15≈0.362449(1.07)^{-15} \approx 0.362449
PVA=20,000×[1−0.3624490.07]PVA = 20,000 \times \left[ \frac{1 - 0.362449}{0.07} \right]
PVA=20,000×[0.6375510.07]PVA = 20,000 \times \left[ \frac{0.637551}{0.07} \right]
PVA=20,000×9.10787PVA = 20,000 \times 9.10787
PVA≈182,157.40PVA \approx 182,157.40

這 182,157.40是公司在員工退休時,pensionfund帳戶中需要有的總金額。然而,這筆金額不是在退休時一次性存入,而是由公司在員工退休前的這段時間內,每年定期存入。員工目前40歲,退休年齡是60歲,還有182,157.40 是公司在員工退休時, pension fund 帳戶中需要有的總金額。 然而,這筆金額不是在退休時一次性存入,而是由公司在員工退休前的這段時間內,每年定期存入。 員工目前 40 歲,退休年齡是 60 歲,還有 60 - 40 = 20$ 年。

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第 3 題

Ellis Enterprises is considering whether to lease or buy some necessary equipment it needs for a project that will last the next 3 years. If the firm buys the equipment, it will borrow 4,800,000at84,800,000 at 8% interest. The firm's tax rate is 35% and the firm's before-tax cost of debt is 8%. Annual maintenance costs associated with ownership are estimated to be 300,000 and the equipment will be depreciated on a straight-line basis over 3 years. What is the annual end-of-year lease payment (in thousands of dollars) for a 3-year lease that would make the firm indifferent between buying or leasing the equipment? (Suggestion: Delete 3 zeros from dollars and work in thousands.)

a. 1,950b.1,950 b. 2,052
c. 2,160d.2,160 d. 2,268
e. $2,382

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 租賃(Lease) vs 購買(Buy):比較兩種取得設備的方式,須以稅後現金流(after‑tax cash flow)在同一折現率下求等值。
  • 稅盾(Tax Shield):
    • 利息稅盾:利息支出可抵稅,稅後成本 = 利息 × (1‑稅率)。
    • 折舊稅盾:折舊本身不付現金,但可減少稅款,稅盾 = 折舊 × 稅率。
  • 折現率:使用稅後債務成本作為折現率,

rAT=rBT (1−T)=0.08 (1−0.35)=0.052  (5.2%)r_{AT}=r_{BT}\,(1-T)=0.08\,(1-0.35)=0.052\;(5.2\%)

  • 年金現值因子(Annuity PV factor)

a3‾∣r=1−(1+r)−3ra_{\overline{3}|r}=\frac{1-(1+r)^{-3}}{r}


解題方法

  1. 將金額以千元為單位(刪除 3 個零):

    • 購買價格 P=4,800P=4{,}800(千元)
    • 每年維護成本 M=300M=300(千元)
    • 折舊額(直線)D=P3=1,600D=\dfrac{P}{3}=1{,}600(千元)
  2. 假設以等額本金方式償還貸款(每年償還 1/3 本金),則

本金付款=P3=1,600  (千元)\text{本金付款}= \frac{P}{3}=1{,}600\;(千元)

第1年利息=0.08×4,800=384第2年利息=0.08×3,200=256第3年利息=0.08×1,600=128  (千元)\begin{aligned} \text{第1年利息}&=0.08\times4{,}800=384\\ \text{第2年利息}&=0.08\times3{,}200=256\\ \text{第3年利息}&=0.08\times1{,}600=128\;(\text{千元}) \end{aligned}
  1. 計算每年的稅後現金支出(購買方案)
稅後利息=利息×(1−T)稅後維護=M×(1−T)折舊稅盾=D×T\text{稅後利息}= \text{利息}\times(1-T) \qquad \text{稅後維護}=M\times(1-T) \qquad \text{折舊稅盾}=D\times T

其中 T=0.35T=0.35。

年度本金稅後利息稅後維護折舊稅盾稅後總支出
11,600384 ⁣× ⁣0.65=249.6384\!\times\!0.65=249.6300 ⁣× ⁣0.65=195300\!\times\!0.65=1951,600 ⁣× ⁣0.35=5601,600\!\times\!0.35=5601,600+249.6+195−560=1,484.61,600+249.6+195-560=1,484.6
21,600256 ⁣× ⁣0.65=166.4256\!\times\!0.65=166.41955601,600+166.4+195−560=1,401.41,600+166.4+195-560=1,401.4
31,600128 ⁣× ⁣0.65=83.2128\!\times\!0.65=83.21955601,600+83.2+195−560=1,318.21,600+83.2+195-560=1,318.2

單位均為千元。

  1. 以稅後債務成本 rAT=5.2%r_{AT}=5.2\% 折現
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第 4 題

Suppose in the spot market 1 U.S. dollar equals 1.75 Canadian dollars. 6-month Canadian securities have an annualized return of 6% (and thus a 6-month periodic return of 3%). 6-month U.S. securities have an annualized return of 6.5% and a periodic return of 3.25%. If interest rate parity holds, what is the U.S. dollar-Canadian dollar exchange rate in the 180-day forward market? In other words, how many Canadian dollars are required to purchase one U.S. dollar in the 180-day forward market?

a. 1.2727
b. 1.4141
c. 1.5712
d. 1.7458
e. 1.9203

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 即期匯率 (Spot Rate):SUSD/CAD=1.75S_{USD/CAD}=1.75,表示 1 美元可換 1.75 加元。
  • 遠期匯率 (Forward Rate):根據 利率平價 (Interest‑Rate Parity, IRP),遠期匯率必須使投資於兩國的無風險證券得到相同的回報。
  • 年化報酬率與期間報酬率:6 個月報酬率 = 年化報酬率 ÷ 2。

IRP 公式(以美元/加元報價)

FUSD/CAD=SUSD/CAD×(1+rCAD)(1+rUSD)F_{USD/CAD}=S_{USD/CAD}\times\frac{(1+r_{CAD})}{(1+r_{USD})}

其中 rCAD,rUSDr_{CAD}, r_{USD} 為 6 個月的有效利率(即期間報酬率),而 SS 為即期匯率。


解題方法

  1. 先寫出 6 個月的有效利率

rCAD=3%=0.03,rUSD=3.25%=0.0325r_{CAD}=3\% =0.03,\qquad r_{USD}=3.25\% =0.0325

  1. 代入 IRP 公式
FUSD/CAD=1.75×1+0.031+0.0325=1.75×1.031.0325F_{USD/CAD}=1.75 \times \frac{1+0.03}{1+0.0325} =1.75 \times \frac{1.03}{1.0325}
  1. 計算

1.031.0325=0.997573\frac{1.03}{1.0325}=0.997573

再乘以即期匯率

FUSD/CAD=1.75×0.997573≈1.7462F_{USD/CAD}=1.75 \times 0.997573 \approx 1.7462

四捨五入至四位小數得到 1.7462,最接近選項 d. 1.7458。

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第 5 題

Warnes Motors' stock is trading at 20ashare.Three−monthcalloptionswithanexercisepriceof20 a share. Three-month call options with an exercise price of 20 have a price of 1.50.Whichofthefollowingwilloccurifthestockpriceincreases101.50. Which of the following will occur if the stock price increases 10% to 22 a share?

a. The price of the call option will increase by 2.b.Thepriceofthecalloptionwillincreasebylessthan2. b. The price of the call option will increase by less than 2, but the percentage increase in price will be more than 10%.
c. The price of the call option will increase by less than 2,andthepercentageincreaseinpricewillbelessthan10d.Thepriceofthecalloptionwillincreasebymorethan2, and the percentage increase in price will be less than 10%. d. The price of the call option will increase by more than 2.
e. The price of the call option will increase by more than $2, but the percentage increase in price will be less than 10%.

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核心觀念
本題測驗的是選擇權的內在價值與時間價值變動以及槓桿效應。

  • 內在價值:Cintrinsic=max⁡(S−K,0)C_{\text{intrinsic}}=\max(S-K,0),其中 SS 為標的股票價格,KK 為履約價。
  • 時間價值:Ctime=Coption−CintrinsicC_{\text{time}}=C_{\text{option}}-C_{\text{intrinsic}},表示除內在價值外的其餘部分。
  • 槓桿效應:當標的價格變動時,期權價格的變動幅度常大於標的本身的變動幅度,尤其在虧盈平衡點附近(即 S≈KS\approx K)時,時間價值占比高,期權價格的百分比變動會大於標的的百分比變動。

解題方法

  1. 計算股票價格上漲 10% 前後的內在價值。
    • 初始 S0=20S_0=20、K=20K=20,內在價值 =0=0(平價期權)。
    • 上漲後 S1=22S_1=22,內在價值 =22−20=2=22-20=2。
  2. 已知期權的市場價格 C0=1.50C_0=1.50。
    • 期權的時間價值在 S0S_0 時為 Ctime,0=1.50−0=1.50C_{\text{time},0}=1.50-0=1.50。
    • 上漲後的期權價格 C1C_1 至少會包含內在價值 22,再加上剩餘的時間價值(不會因股價上升而增加,通常會下降)。
    • 因為 Ctime,1≥0C_{\text{time},1}\ge 0,最保守估計 C1≥2C_1\ge 2;若時間價值仍有剩餘,C1>2C_1>2。
  3. 計算期權價格變動幅度
    • 價格上漲幅度 ΔC=C1−C0≥2−1.5=0.5 \Delta C = C_1 - C_0 \ge 2 - 1.5 = 0.5,且實際上會超過 0.50.5(因時間價值尚存)。
    • 以最保守上限 C1=2+ϵC_1 = 2 + \epsilon(ϵ>0\epsilon>0)估計,則 ΔC>0.5\Delta C >0.5。

選項分析

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第 6 題

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. Under normal conditions, a firm's expected ROE would probably be higher if it financed with short-term rather than with long-term debt, but using short-term debt would probably increase the firm's risk.
b. Conservative firms generally use no short-term debt and thus have zero current liabilities.
c. A short-term loan can usually be obtained more quickly than a long-term loan, but the cost of short-term debt is normally higher than that of long-term debt.
d. If a firm that can borrow from its bank at a 6% interest rate buys materials on terms of 2/10, net 30, and if it must pay by Day 30 or else be cut off, then we would expect to see zero accounts payable on its balance sheet.
e. If one of your firm's customers is "stretching" its accounts payable, this may be a nuisance but it will not have an adverse financial impact on your firm if the customer periodically pays off its entire balance.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查短期融資與長期融資的差異、保守型融資政策、商業信用條件,以及應付帳款展期對企業財務的影響。主要判斷重點如下:

  1. 短期負債通常利率較低,但利率與再融資風險較高。
  2. 保守型融資政策仍會使用部分短期負債,不代表流動負債為零。
  3. 商業信用的現金折扣具有隱含利率,應與銀行借款利率比較。
  4. 客戶延遲付款會使供應商的資金被占用,造成財務成本與信用風險。

解題方法

逐一檢查各選項是否符合財務管理中的融資原則:

  • 比較短期債務與長期債務對利潤及風險的影響。
  • 判斷保守型融資政策是否等於完全不使用短期負債。
  • 計算放棄商業信用現金折扣的年化成本。
  • 分析應付帳款展期對債權企業現金流與信用風險的影響。

選項分析

(a)正確

在其他條件相同下,短期借款的利率通常低於長期借款,原因是短期資金提供者承擔的利率風險與期間風險較低。

企業稅前利益可表示為:

EBIT−利息費用EBIT - 利息費用

若短期負債的利息費用較低,則稅前利益與稅後淨利通常較高。由於:

ROE=淨利股東權益ROE=\frac{淨利}{股東權益}

在股東權益相同時,淨利提高會使 ROEROE 提高。

然而,短期借款也具有較高風險,包括:

  • 到期後必須頻繁再融資;
  • 市場利率上升時,借款成本會迅速增加;
  • 銀行不續貸時,企業可能面臨流動性危機;
  • 短期負債集中到期,增加償債壓力。

因此,短期融資通常能提高預期 ROEROE,但也會提高企業的財務風險與流動性風險。本選項正確。

(b)錯誤

保守型融資政策的核心,是以較多長期資金支應固定資產與部分永久性流動資產,以降低再融資風險。

但保守型企業仍會使用部分短期負債,例如:

  • 應付帳款;
  • 應付費用;
  • 短期銀行借款;
  • 其他流動負債。

因此,保守型企業並非完全不使用短期負債,也不會因此使流動負債必然為零。本選項錯誤。

(c)錯誤

短期借款通常具有下列特性:

  • 申請與核准速度較快;
  • 文件與審核程序較簡單;
  • 資金彈性較高;
  • 通常利率低於長期借款。

長期借款因期限較長,貸款機構承擔較大的利率、信用與資金配置風險,因此通常要求較高利率與較嚴格的審查條件。

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第 7 題

Which of the following statements is NOT CORRECT?

a. Stock repurchases can be used by a firm as part of a plan to change its capital structure.
b. After a 3-for-1 stock split, a company's price per share should fall, but the number of shares outstanding will rise.
c. Investors may interpret a stock repurchase program as a signal that the firm's managers believe the stock is undervalued, or, alternatively, as a signal that the firm does not have many good investment opportunities.
d. A company can repurchase stock to distribute a large one-time cash inflow, say from the sale of a division, to stockholders without having to increase its regular dividend.
e. Stockholders pay no income tax on dividends if the dividends are used to purchase stock through a dividend reinvestment plan.

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這一題的完整詳解

本題考驗對股票回購、股票分割、股利政策以及相關財務訊號的理解。題目要求選出「不正確」的陳述。

我們逐一分析各個選項:

a. 「Stock repurchases can be used by a firm as part of a plan to change its capital structure.」
- 股票回購與資本結構:公司可以透過股票回購來降低其債務權益比 (Debt-to-Equity Ratio)。當公司回購股票時,流通在外的股數減少,股東權益總額也減少(回購的股票通常會被註銷或作為庫藏股,影響股東權益)。這會導致債務佔總資本的比例增加,或者權益佔總資本的比例減少。因此,股票回購確實可以作為改變資本結構的一種工具。
- 結論:此陳述是 正確 的。

b. 「After a 3-for-1 stock split, a company's price per share should fall, but the number of shares outstanding will rise.」
- 股票分割 (Stock Split):股票分割是指公司將現有的股票分割成更多股份,以降低每股價格,提高股票流動性。例如,3-for-1 的股票分割意味著每持有 1 股的股東將獲得 3 股。
- 對股價的影響:股票分割本身不會改變公司的總市值。因此,總市值不變的情況下,每股價格會按比例下降。在 3-for-1 的分割後,每股價格預計會下降到原來的 1/3。
- 對流通股數的影響:股票分割會增加流通在外的總股數。在 3-for-1 的分割後,流通股數將變為原來的 3 倍。
- 結論:此陳述是 正確 的。股價會下跌,流通股數會上升。

c. 「Investors may interpret a stock repurchase program as a signal that the firm's managers believe the stock is undervalued, or, alternatively, as a signal that the firm does not have many good investment opportunities.」
- 股票回購的訊號:
i. 股票被低估:當公司回購股票時,這可能意味著公司認為自己的股票價格低於其內在價值。

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第 8 題

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. Generally, debt ratios do not vary much among different industries, although they do vary among firms within a given industry.
b. Electric utilities generally have very high common equity ratios because their revenues are more volatile than those of firms in most other industries.
c. Airline companies tend to have very volatile earnings, and as a result they generally have high target debt-to-equity ratios.
d. Wide variations in capital structures exist both between industries and among individual firms within given industries. These differences are caused by differing business risks and also managerial attitudes.
e. Since most stocks sell at or very close to their book values, book value capital structures are typically adequate for use in estimating firms' weighted average costs of capital.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「產業特性、企業風險與資本結構」之間的關係,以及估算加權平均資金成本(WACC)時,應採用市場價值或帳面價值衡量資本比重。

資本結構主要由負債與普通股權益組成,常見指標包括:

Debt Ratio=DD+E\text{Debt Ratio}=\frac{D}{D+E} Debt-to-Equity Ratio=DE\text{Debt-to-Equity Ratio}=\frac{D}{E}

其中,DD 為負債的市場價值,EE 為普通股權益的市場價值。

企業的最適資本結構會受到下列因素影響:

  • 營業風險:營收與營業利益的波動程度。
  • 財務風險:使用負債後,固定利息支出造成的股東報酬波動。
  • 產業特性:資產型態、營收穩定性、成長機會與現金流量。
  • 管理者態度:管理者對負債風險、控制權與財務彈性的偏好。

一般而言,營業風險越高,企業承擔負債的能力越低,目標負債比率通常越低;營收穩定、資產可作為抵押品的企業,通常較能採用較高的負債比率。

解題方法

本題不需要計算,採用「逐項檢查產業風險與負債比率是否符合財務管理原理」的方法:

  1. 判斷各選項對產業間與企業間資本結構差異的描述是否正確。
  2. 比較企業營業風險與其合理負債比率的關係。
  3. 判斷 WACC 的資本權重應使用市場價值還是帳面價值。

選項分析

(a) 錯誤

Generally, debt ratios do not vary much among different industries, although they do vary among firms within a given industry.

不同產業之間的負債比率通常具有顯著差異,因為各產業的營業風險、營收穩定性、資產抵押價值與現金流量特性不同。

例如:

  • 公用事業的營收通常較穩定,且固定資產比重高,較能承擔負債。
  • 航空業受景氣、燃油價格與需求變化影響較大,營業風險較高,負債政策通常較為保守。
  • 科技業可能具有較高成長機會與無形資產比重,資本結構又會不同。

因此,負債比率不僅會在同產業不同企業之間變動,也會在不同產業之間出現明顯差異。

(b) 錯誤

Electric utilities generally have very high common equity ratios because their revenues are more volatile than those of firms in most other industries.

電力公用事業的營收通常比多數產業穩定,而不是更具波動性。穩定的營收與現金流量,使其較有能力支付利息與償還本金。

此外,電力公司通常具有:

  • 大量固定資產;
  • 穩定且可預測的現金流量;
  • 資產可作為借款抵押品;
  • 較低的營業風險。

因此,電力公用事業通常可以採用相對較高的負債比率,普通股權益比率不會因營收波動較大而特別高。選項將其營收穩定性與負債能力描述相反,故錯誤。

(c) 錯誤

Airline companies tend to have very volatile earnings, and as a result they generally have

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第 9 題

Games Unlimited Inc. is considering a new game that would require an investment of 20.0million.Ifthenewgameiswellreceived,thentheprojectwouldproducecashflowsof20.0 million. If the new game is well received, then the project would produce cash flows of 9.5 million a year for 3 years. However, if the market does not like the new game, then the cash flows would be only $6.0 million per year. There is a 50% probability of both good and bad market conditions. The firm could delay the project for a year while it conducts a test to determine if demand would be strong or weak. The project's cost and expected annual cash flows would be the same whether the project is delayed or not. If the WACC is 9.0%, what is the value (in thousands) of the investment timing option?

a. 1,857b.1,857 b. 2,042
c. 2,246d.2,246 d. 2,471
e. $2,718

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • 投資時機選擇權 (Real‑option of timing):在投資決策上,給予企業「延遲決策」的彈性,等到不確定性資訊揭露後再決定是否投入。
  • 淨現值 (NPV):NPV=−I0+∑t=1nCFt(1+r)t\displaystyle NPV = -I_0+\sum_{t=1}^{n}\frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}。
  • 年金現值係數:an‾∣=1−(1+r)−nr\displaystyle a_{\overline{n}|}= \frac{1-(1+r)^{-n}}{r}。
  • 機率加權:對不同情境的現金流以其發生機率加權求期望值。

解題方法

  1. 先算不使用時機選擇權的期望 NPV(立即投資)。
    • 年金係數(r=9%,n=3r=9\% , n=3)

a3‾∣=1−(1.09)−30.09=2.534386a_{\overline{3}|}= \frac{1-(1.09)^{-3}}{0.09}=2.534386

  • 好市況現金流 PV:9.5×a3‾∣=24.07679.5\times a_{\overline{3}|}=24.0767(百萬)
  • 差市況現金流 PV:6.0×a3‾∣=15.20636.0\times a_{\overline{3}|}=15.2063(百萬)
  • 期望現金流 PV:12(24.0767+15.2063)=19.6415\displaystyle \tfrac12(24.0767+15.2063)=19.6415(百萬)
  • 立即投資的期望 NPV

NPVnow=−20+19.6415=−0.3585 百萬NPV_{\text{now}}=-20+19.6415=-0.3585\ \text{百萬}

  1. 計算使用時機選擇權的期望 NPV(先等一年做測試)。
    • 延遲一年後才投資,投資成本及未來現金流皆向後平移一期間。
    • 先算「好」情境下的 NPV(投資於第 1 年底)
NPVg=−201.09+9.5(a3‾∣1.09)=−18.3486+9.5×2.324677=3.7358 百萬NPV_g =-\frac{20}{1.09}+9.5\Bigl(\frac{a_{\overline{3}|}}{1.09}\Bigr) =-18.3486+9.5\times2.324677=3.7358\ \text{百萬}
  • 「差」情境下的 NPV 為
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第 10 題

High Roller Properties is considering building a new casino at a cost of 10millionatt=0.Theafter−taxcashflowsthecasinogenerateswilldependonwhetherthestateimposesanewincometax,andthereisa50−50chancethetaxwillpass.Ifitpasses,after−taxcashflowswillbe10 million at t = 0. The after-tax cash flows the casino generates will depend on whether the state imposes a new income tax, and there is a 50-50 chance the tax will pass. If it passes, after-tax cash flows will be 1.875 million per year for the next 5 years. If it doesn't pass, the after-tax cash flows will be 3.75millionperyearforthenext5years.Theproject′sWACCis11.03.75 million per year for the next 5 years. The project's WACC is 11.0%. If the tax is passed, the firm will have the option to abandon the project 1 year from now, in which case the property could be sold to net 6.5 million after tax at t = 1. What is the value (in thousands) of this abandonment option?

a. 202b.202 b. 224
c. 249d.249 d. 277
e. $308

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題的核心考點為資本預算中的實質選擇權(Real Options),特別是**放棄選擇權(Abandonment Option)**的價值評估。

  1. 實質選擇權本質:放棄選擇權類似於美式或歐式賣權(Put Option),賦予企業在未來營運狀況不如預期時,以特定清算/出售價值(相當於履約價 KK)終止專案並取回殘值的權利。
  2. 決策樹與後向歸納法(Backward Induction):
    • 在資訊明朗的決策時點(t=1t = 1),比較「繼續營運現值」與「放棄出售價值」,選擇價值較大者: V1=max⁡(PVcontinue,1, Abandonment Value1)V_1 = \max\left(PV_{\text{continue}, 1},\, \text{Abandonment Value}_1\right)
    • 放棄選擇權的增量利得(Incremental Payoff)為: Option Payoff1=max⁡(Abandonment Value1−PVcontinue,1, 0)\text{Option Payoff}_1 = \max\left(\text{Abandonment Value}_1 - PV_{\text{continue}, 1},\, 0\right)
  3. 選擇權價值(Option Value):將各狀態下的選擇權增量利得依發生機率加權平均後,以加權平均資金成本(WACC\text{WACC})折現回 t=0t = 0。

解題方法

我們採用**增量現金流量法(Incremental Cash Flow Approach)**直接求解選擇權價值:

步驟一:計算 t=1t = 1 時點增稅通過下的「繼續營運價值」

若州政府通過新所得稅法(機率 50%50\%),專案在 t=1t = 1 時已收取第 1 年的現金流量,未來剩餘 t=2t = 2 至 t=5t = 5 共 4 年,每年稅後現金流量為 $1.875 百萬。

利用普通年金現值公式(WACC=11%\text{WACC} = 11\%):

PVIFA(11%,4)=1−(1+0.11)−40.11≈1−0.6587310.11≈3.102446\text{PVIFA}(11\%, 4) = \frac{1 - (1 + 0.11)^{-4}}{0.11} \approx \frac{1 - 0.658731}{0.11} \approx 3.102446

計算 t=1t = 1 時點繼續營運的剩餘價值 PVcontinue,1PV_{\text{continue}, 1}:

PVcontinue,1=1.875×3.102446≈5.817086 百萬美元PV_{\text{continue}, 1} = 1.875 \times 3.102446 \approx 5.817086\text{ 百萬美元}

步驟二:評估 t=1t = 1 時點的放棄決策與選擇權利得

  1. 增稅通過(Bad State,機率 50%50\%):
    • 放棄出售淨額為 $6.500 百萬。
    • 因 放棄價值 (\text{放棄價值 } ($6.500 百萬)>繼續營運價值 (6.500\text{ 百萬}) > \text{繼續營運價值 } ($5.817086 百萬)5.817086\text{ 百萬}),理性決策者將選擇放棄專案。
    • t=1t = 1 時點因擁有放棄選擇權所獲得的增量利得為:
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第 11 題

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

(A) An externality is a situation where a project would have an adverse effect on some other part of the firm’s overall operations. If the project would have a favorable effect on other operations, then this is not an externality.

(B) An example of an externality is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office causes deposits in the bank’s other offices to increase.

(C) The NPV method automatically deals correctly with externalities, even if the externalities are not specifically identified, but the IRR method does not. This is another reason to favor the NPV.

(D) Both the NPV and IRR methods deal correctly with externalities, even if the externalities are not specifically identified. However, the payback method does not.

(E) Identifying an externality can never lead to an increase in the calculated NPV.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「外部效果」(externality)在資本預算中的意義。外部效果是指一項投資案對公司其他營運或既有產品造成的額外影響,可能是有利,也可能是不利。

評估投資案時,應將外部效果納入增額現金流量,再計算淨現值:

NPV=∑t=0n增額現金流量t(1+r)tNPV=\sum_{t=0}^{n}\frac{\text{增額現金流量}_t}{(1+r)^t}

例如,新產品使既有產品銷量下降,屬於不利外部效果;新分行帶動其他分行存款增加,則屬於有利外部效果。外部效果若未列入現金流量預測,NPV 與 IRR 都不會自動將它納入。

解題方法

判斷各選項時,掌握兩個重點:

  1. 外部效果不限於不利影響,有利影響也包括在內。
  2. NPV、IRR 等評估方法,都是根據輸入的現金流量計算;外部效果必須先辨認並納入現金流量,計算結果才會反映其影響。

選項分析

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第 12 題

Project X’s IRR is 19%19\% and Project Y’s IRR is 17%17\%. The projects have the same risk and the same lives, and each has constant cash flows during each year of their lives. If the WACC is 10%10\%, Project Y has a higher NPV than X. Given this information, which of the following statements is CORRECT?

(A) The crossover rate must be less than 10%10\%.

(B) The crossover rate must be greater than 10%10\%.

(C) If the WACC is 8%8\%, Project X will have the higher NPV.

(D) If the WACC is 18%18\%, Project Y will have the higher NPV.

(E) Project X is larger in the sense that it has the higher initial cost.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查 淨現值(NPV)排序、內部報酬率(IRR)與交叉折現率(crossover rate) 的關係。

交叉折現率是兩個方案淨現值相等時的折現率,也就是增額現金流的 IRR。令兩方案的初始投資分別為 IX、IYI_X、I_Y,每年固定現金流入分別為 CX、CYC_X、C_Y,且年限相同為 nn,則:

NPVX−NPVY=−(IX−IY)+(CX−CY)×PVIFA(r,n)NPV_X-NPV_Y =-(I_X-I_Y)+(C_X-C_Y)\times PVIFA(r,n)

其中:

PVIFA(r,n)=1−(1+r)−nrPVIFA(r,n)=\frac{1-(1+r)^{-n}}{r}

折現率 rr 上升時,PVIFA(r,n)PVIFA(r,n) 下降。由於兩方案年限相同且每年現金流固定,兩方案的 NPV 差額至多會有一個交叉點。

解題方法

題目給定 WACC 為 10%10\% 時,NPVY>NPVXNPV_Y>NPV_X,因此:

NPVX(10%)−NPVY(10%)<0NPV_X(10\%)-NPV_Y(10\%)<0

再看折現率 17%17\%:Project Y 的 IRR 為 17%17\%,故:

NPVY(17%)=0NPV_Y(17\%)=0

Project X 的 IRR 為 19%19\%。在傳統現金流型態下,折現率低於 IRR 時 NPV 為正,因此:

NPVX(17%)>0NPV_X(17\%)>0

所以:

NPVX(17%)−NPVY(17%)>0NPV_X(17\%)-NPV_Y(17\%)>0

兩方案的 NPV 差額在 10%10\% 時為負、在 17%17\% 時為正,因此交叉折現率必定介於 10%10\% 與 17%17\% 之間,特別是 高於 10%10\%。

選項分析

(A) The crossover rate must be less than 10%10\%.

錯。10%10\% 時 Y 的 NPV 較高;到了 17%17\% 時,X 的 NPV 較高,因此交叉折現率在兩者之間,不會低於 10%10\%。

(B) The crossover rate must be greater than 10%10\%.

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第 13 題

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

(A) In the WACC calculation, we must adjust the cost of preferred stock (the market yield) to reflect the fact that 70%70\% of the dividends received by corporate investors are excluded from their taxable income.

(B) We should use historical measures of the component costs from prior financings that are still outstanding when estimating a company’s WACC for capital budgeting purposes.

(C) The cost of new equity (rer_e) could possibly be lower than the cost of retained earnings (rsr_s) if the market risk premium, risk-free rate, and the company’s beta all decline by a sufficiently large amount.

(D) Its cost of retained earnings is the rate of return stockholders require on a firm’s common stock.

(E) The component cost of preferred stock is expressed as rp(1−T)r_p(1-T), because preferred stock dividends are treated as fixed charges, similar to the treatment of interest on debt.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查加權平均資金成本(WACC)中各項資金成本的定義與估算。WACC 使用的是公司目前的邊際資金成本,並依各資金來源的市場價值權重加權:

WACC=wdrd(1−T)+wprp+were\mathrm{WACC} = w_d r_d(1-T) + w_p r_p + w_e r_e

其中,債務利息可抵稅,因此債務成本乘上 (1−T)(1-T);特別股股利與普通股股利都不能抵減公司的課稅所得,因此特別股成本不乘上 (1−T)(1-T)。保留盈餘成本則是普通股股東對公司普通股要求的報酬率。

解題方法

逐一檢查各選項所述的成本概念是否正確,特別留意三個區分:

  1. 資金成本應反映目前的市場條件,而非過去融資時的歷史成本。
  2. 保留盈餘成本與新發行普通股成本都反映普通股股東要求的報酬率;新發行普通股通常另有發行成本。
  3. 稅後調整只適用於可抵稅的利息支出,不能套用到特別股股利。

選項分析

(A) 錯誤。 公司計算 WACC 時,特別股成本不因公司投資人可排除部分股利所得而做稅後調整。題目提到的股利所得排除是投資人端的稅務待遇,不代表發行公司支付的特別股股利可以抵稅。對公司而言,特別股成本通常寫為 rpr_p。

(B) 錯誤。 資本預算使用的 WACC 應反映公司目前籌措新增資金所面對的邊際成本。

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第 14 題

Savickas Petroleum’s stock has a required return of 12%12\%, and the stock sells for \40pershare.Thefirmjustpaidadividendofper share. The firm just paid a dividend of$1.00,andthedividendisexpectedtogrowby, and the dividend is expected to grow by 30%peryearforthenextper year for the next4years,soyears, soD_4=$1.00(1.30)^4=$2.8561.After. After t=4,thedividendisexpectedtogrowataconstantrateof, the dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of X%peryearforever.Whatisthestock’sexpectedconstantgrowthrateafterper year forever. What is the stock’s expected constant growth rate aftert=4,i.e.,whatis, i.e., what is X$?

(A) 5.17%5.17\%

(B) 5.44%5.44\%

(C) 5.72%5.72\%

(D) 6.02%6.02\%

(E) 6.34%6.34\%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考多階段股利折現模型。前四年股利按固定的高成長率成長,第五年起改為永續固定成長率。股票價格等於各期股利現值,加上第四年底終值的現值。

固定成長階段使用戈登成長模型:

P4=D5r−g=D4(1+g)r−gP_4=\frac{D_5}{r-g} =\frac{D_4(1+g)}{r-g}

其中,rr 是必要報酬率,gg 是第五年起的永續成長率。此公式要求 g<rg<r。

解題方法

先算前四年股利及其現值。題目給定 D0=1D_0=1,前四年每年成長 30%30\%:

D1=1.30,D2=1.69,D3=2.197,D4=2.8561D_1=1.30,\quad D_2=1.69,\quad D_3=2.197,\quad D_4=2.8561

將前四年股利折現至 t=0t=0:

PV(D1 至 D4)=1.301.12+1.691.122+2.1971.123+2.85611.124≈5.8869PV(D_1\text{ 至 }D_4) = \frac{1.30}{1.12} +\frac{1.69}{1.12^2} +\frac{2.197}{1.12^3} +\frac{2.8561}{1.12^4} \approx 5.8869

股價為 $40,因此第四年底終值的現值為:

PV(P4)=40−5.8869=34.1131PV(P_4)=40-5.8869=34.1131

將終值現值換算回 t=4t=4:

P4=34.1131(1.12)4≈53.6777P_4=34.1131(1.12)^4\approx 53.6777

套用戈登成長模型,並令 $r=0.12

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第 15 題

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

(A) Assume that two bonds have equal maturities and are of equal risk, but one bond sells at par while the other sells at a premium above par. The premium bond must have a lower current yield and a higher capital gains yield than the par bond.

(B) A bond’s current yield must always be either equal to its yield to maturity or between its yield to maturity and its coupon rate.

(C) If a bond sells at par, then its current yield will be less than its yield to maturity.

(D) If a bond sells for less than par, then its yield to maturity is less than its coupon rate.

(E) A discount bond’s price declines each year until it matures, when its value equals its par value.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查債券的當期收益率、到期殖利率、票面利率與資本利得殖利率之間的關係。設債券年票息為 CC、市價為 PP、面額為 FF,則:

當期收益率=CP\text{當期收益率}=\frac{C}{P} 持有期間報酬率=當期收益率+資本利得殖利率\text{持有期間報酬率} =\text{當期收益率}+\text{資本利得殖利率}

若債券以平價交易,票面利率等於到期殖利率;若以溢價交易,票面利率高於到期殖利率;若以折價交易,票面利率低於到期殖利率。當期收益率則位於票面利率與到期殖利率之間。

解題方法

圖中第 15 題詢問哪一項敘述正確,選項討論債券溢價、平價與折價交易時,當期收益率、到期殖利率、票面利率及價格變化的關係。判斷時先確認交易價格與面額的關係,再套用收益率的定義與債券價格向面額收斂的特性。

選項分析

  • (A) 錯誤。 題目指出兩債到期日與風險相同,標準假設下可視為到期殖利率相同。平價債券的當期收益率等於到期殖利率;溢價債券因資本利得殖利率為負,當期收益率必須高於到期殖利率,才能使總報酬率等於到期殖利率。
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第 16 題

Other things held constant, if the expected inflation rate decreases and investors also become more risk averse, the Security Market Line would be affected as follows:

(A) The y-axis intercept would decline, and the slope would increase.

(B) The x-axis intercept would decline, and the slope would increase.

(C) The y-axis intercept would increase, and the slope would decline.

(D) The SML would be affected only if betas changed.

(E) Both the y-axis intercept and the slope would increase, leading to higher required returns.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查資本資產定價模型(CAPM)與證券市場線(SML)的截距、斜率:

E(Ri)=Rf+βi(E(RM)−Rf)E(R_i)=R_f+\beta_i\bigl(E(R_M)-R_f\bigr)

其中,縱軸截距是無風險利率 RfR_f;斜率是市場風險溢酬 E(RM)−RfE(R_M)-R_f。βi\beta_i 衡量個別資產的系統性風險。

預期通膨率下降,在其他條件不變下,會使名目無風險利率下降。投資人風險趨避程度上升,則會要求較高的市場風險溢酬,使 SML 斜率上升。

解題方法

分別判斷兩個變化對 SML 的影響:

  1. 預期通膨率下降,使名目無風險利率 RfR_f 下降,因此縱軸截距下降。
  2. 投資人更厭惡風險,持有市場風險所要求的補償提高,因此市場風險溢酬上升,SML 斜率增加。

因此,SML 的縱軸截距下降、斜率增加,符合選項(A)。

選項分析

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第 17 題

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

(A) The maturity premiums embedded in the interest rates on U.S. Treasury securities are due primarily to the fact that the probability of default is higher on long-term bonds than on short-term bonds.

(B) Reinvestment rate risk is lower, other things held constant, on long-term than on short-term bonds.

(C) The pure expectations theory of the term structure states that borrowers generally prefer to borrow on a long-term basis while savers generally prefer to lend on a short-term basis, and as a result, the yield curve is normally upward sloping.

(D) If the maturity risk premium were zero and interest rates were expected to decrease in the future, then the yield curve for U.S. Treasury securities would, other things held constant, have an upward slope.

(E) Liquidity premiums are generally higher on Treasury than on corporate bonds.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查利率期限結構,以及債券的違約風險、再投資利率風險與流動性溢酬。

在預期理論的基本架構下,長期利率可表示為持有期間內預期短期利率的平均值,再加上期限風險溢酬:

kn≈E(k1)+E(k2)+⋯+E(kn)n+MRPnk_n \approx \frac{E(k_1)+E(k_2)+\cdots+E(k_n)}{n}+MRP_n

其中,knk_n 為 nn 期長期利率,E(kt)E(k_t) 為未來第 tt 期短期利率的預期值,MRPnMRP_n 為期限風險溢酬。期限風險溢酬主要補償長期債券較大的利率風險;美國公債的違約風險極低,期限溢酬並非主要來自長期公債的違約機率較高。

解題方法

逐項辨認各敘述對風險與利率期限結構的描述是否正確:

  1. 區分期限風險溢酬與違約風險。
  2. 比較短期、長期債券的再投資利率風險。
  3. 區分純粹預期理論與流動性偏好理論。
  4. 依預期短期利率方向,判斷殖利率曲線斜率。
  5. 比較美國公債與公司債的流動性。

選項分析

(A) 錯誤。 美國公債的違約風險極低。長期公債利率中的期限溢酬,主要反映長期債券價格對利率變動較敏感所帶來的利率風險,並非主要因為長期公債違約機率較高。

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第 18 題

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

(A) The sustainable growth rate is the maximum achievable growth rate without the firm having to raise external funds. In other words, it is the growth rate at which the firm’s AFN equals zero.

(B) If a firm’s assets are growing at a positive rate, but its retained earnings are not increasing, then it would be impossible for the firm’s AFN to be negative.

(C) If a firm increases its dividend payout ratio in anticipation of higher earnings, but sales and earnings actually decrease, then the firm’s actual AFN must, mathematically, exceed the previously calculated AFN.

(D) Higher sales usually require higher asset levels, and this leads to what we call AFN. However, the AFN will be zero if the firm chooses to retain all of its profits, i.e., to have a zero dividend payout ratio.

(E) Dividend policy does not affect the requirement for external funds based on the AFN equation.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查外部資金需求額(AFN)的構成,以及股利政策如何影響保留盈餘。AFN 的基本關係為:

AFN=所需增加的資產−自發性增加的負債−增加的保留盈餘AFN=\text{所需增加的資產}-\text{自發性增加的負債}-\text{增加的保留盈餘}

AFN 大於零,表示公司仍需籌措外部資金;AFN 等於零,表示預測的成長恰好不需外部資金;AFN 小於零,表示內部資金與自發性負債增加額超過資產需求。

解題方法

原卷第 18 題列出五個關於 AFN 與成長率的敘述,沒有額外數值或圖表。判斷關鍵是代入 AFN 的組成關係:成長會帶來資產需求,自發性負債與保留盈餘則可提供部分資金。

依本題採用的 AFN 用語,永續成長率指公司不需籌措外部資金所能達到的最高成長率,也就是 AFN 等於零時的成長率。因此,(A) 的定義正確。

選項分析

**(A) 正確。**在本題的 AFN 架構下,永續成長率是 AFN 等於零時的成長率。若成長率再提高,資產需求將超過自發性負債與保留盈餘可支應的金額,公司便需籌措外部資金。

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第 19 題

A \50{,}000loanistobeamortizedoverloan is to be amortized over7$ years, with annual end-of-year payments. Which of these statements is CORRECT?

(A) The annual payments would be larger if the interest rate were lower.

(B) If the loan were amortized over 1010 years rather than 77 years, and if the interest rate were the same in either case, the first payment would include more dollars of interest under the 7-year amortization plan.

(C) The proportion of each payment that represents interest as opposed to repayment of principal would be lower if the interest rate were lower.

(D) The last payment would have a higher proportion of interest than the first payment.

(E) The proportion of interest versus principal repayment would be the same for each of the 7 payments.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考固定年金貸款的本息攤還。每年期末支付相同金額,付款金額由本金、利率與期數決定:

A=PVr1−(1+r)−nA=PV\frac{r}{1-(1+r)^{-n}}

其中 AA 為每期付款額、PVPV 為貸款本金、rr 為每期利率、nn 為付款期數。

每期付款包含利息與本金償還。第 tt 期的利息是期初未償還本金乘以利率,因此隨著本金逐期下降,利息金額及其占付款額的比例也會下降。

解題方法

本題無須先算出每年付款額;掌握兩項關係即可判斷:

  1. 首期利息金額只取決於貸款本金與利率:

    I1=PV×rI_1=PV\times r

    在本金與利率相同時,還款年限不會改變首期利息金額。

  2. 利息占付款額的比例會隨期數與利率改變。若剩餘 mm 期,期初未償還本金為

    B=A1−(1+r)−mrB=A\frac{1-(1+r)^{-m}}{r}

    該期利息占付款額的比例為

    rBA=1−(1+r)−m\frac{rB}{A}=1-(1+r)^{-m}

    在剩餘期數相同時,利率越低,利息占付款額的比例越低;在利率固定時,隨剩餘期數減少,該比例也會下降。

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第 20 題

Quigley Inc. is considering two financial plans for the coming year. Management expects sales to be \300{,}000,operatingcoststobe, operating costs to be $265{,}000,assets(capital)tobe, assets (capital) to be $200{,}000,anditstaxratetobe, and its tax rate to be 35%$.

Under Plan A it would use 25%25\% debt and 75%75\% common equity. The interest rate on the debt would be 8.8%8.8\%, but under a contract with existing bondholders the TIE (Times Interest Earned) ratio would have to be maintained at or above 4.04.0.

Under Plan B, the maximum debt that met the TIE constraint would be employed. Assuming that sales, operating costs, assets, the interest rate, and the tax rate would all remain constant, by how much would the ROE change in response to the change in the capital structure?

(A) 3.71%3.71\%

(B) 4.08%4.08\%

(C) 4.48%4.48\%

(D) 4.93%4.93\%

(E) 5.18%5.18\%

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考「利息保障倍數(TIE)限制下的資本結構與股東權益報酬率(ROE)」。

TIE=息稅前利益(EBIT)利息費用\text{TIE}=\frac{\text{息稅前利益(EBIT)}}{\text{利息費用}} ROE=稅後淨利普通股權益\text{ROE}=\frac{\text{稅後淨利}}{\text{普通股權益}}

題目給定的營業利益與資產不變,因此先用 TIE 限制求出計畫 B 可使用的最高負債,再分別計算兩方案的 ROE。

解題方法

依原卷圖,營收為 $300,000、營業成本為 $265,000、資產為 $200,000、稅率為 35%;計畫 A 使用 25% 負債、75% 普通股權益,負債利率為 8.8%。計畫 B 使用符合 TIE 不低於 4.0 的最高負債。

先計算息稅前利益:

EBIT=300,000−265,000=35,000\text{EBIT}=300{,}000-265{,}000=35{,}000

計畫 A:負債占資產 25%

負債=200,000×25%=50,000\text{負債}=200{,}000\times25\%=50{,}000 股東權益=200,000−50,000=150,000\text{股東權益}=200{,}000-50{,}000=150{,}000 利息費用=50,000×8.8%=4,400\text{利息費用}=50{,}000\times8.8\%=4{,}400

計畫 A 的 TIE 為 35,000/4,400≈7.9535{,}000/4{,}400\approx7.95,高於契約要求的 4.0,符合限制。稅後淨利與 ROE 為:

稅後淨利=(35,000−4,400)(1−35%)=19,890\text{稅後淨利}=(35{,}000-4{,}400)(1-35\%)=19{,}890 ROEA=19,890150,000=13.26%\text{ROE}_A=\frac{19{,}890}{150{,}000}=13.26\%

計畫 B:求符合 TIE 限制的最高負債

要使負債最高,TIE 取限制下限 4.0:

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第 Section B-1 題10 分

What are the pros and cons of cryptocurrencies? Provide your answer in English ONLY.

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這一題的完整詳解

Core Concepts

A cryptocurrency is a digital asset recorded and transferred using cryptographic protocols. Many cryptocurrencies use a distributed ledger, such as a blockchain, in which network participants validate and record transactions without relying on a single central intermediary. Cryptocurrencies differ in their design: some aim to function as payment systems, some provide access to network services, and some are designed to maintain a stable value.

In finance, their advantages and disadvantages can be assessed by considering payment efficiency, security, liquidity, price volatility, investor protection, and whether the asset generates cash flows that can support valuation.

Analysis

Pros

  • Potentially faster and cheaper transfers: A cryptocurrency network can allow users to transfer value directly, including across borders. Depending on the network and transaction conditions, this can reduce reliance on banks or other intermediaries.
  • Accessibility: A user with internet access and a compatible wallet can participate without necessarily holding a traditional bank account. This can expand access to digital payments and financial services.
  • Transparency and auditability: Public blockchains allow transactions to be inspected and independently verified. Their distributed records can make unauthorized alteration difficult when the network is properly secured.
  • Programmability: Some networks support smart contracts, which can execute transactions automatically when specified conditions are met. This enables financial and other digital services to operate through code.
  • Portfolio diversification potential: Cryptocurrency returns may differ from returns on traditional assets. Adding a limited allocation can therefore alter a portfolio’s risk and return profile, though diversification benefits are not guaranteed.

Cons

  • High price volatility: Cryptocurrency prices can change sharply because of shifts in supply and demand, market sentiment, regulation, or technology. This makes cryptocurrencies risky stores of value and can produce substantial investment losses.
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第 Section B-2 題10 分

Briefly explain how the option pricing model can be used for pricing risky debt. Provide your answer in English ONLY.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

可將公司的普通股視為以公司資產為標的、履約價為債務到期應付金額的買權。若公司資產到期價值低於債務面額,公司便違約;債權人可取得公司資產,但最多只能取得約定的債務金額。

設公司資產目前價值為 V0V_0,零息債務到期面額為 FF,到期日為 TT。到期時債權人的收款為:

DT=min⁡(VT,F)D_T=\min(V_T,F)

這項收款等於無風險債務的到期支付,減去以公司資產為標的、履約價為 FF 的賣權支付:

DT=F−max⁡(F−VT,0)D_T=F-\max(F-V_T,0)

因此,風險債務的價值等於同到期日、同面額的無風險債務價值,減去公司資產賣權的價值:

D0=Fe−rT−P0D_0=F e^{-rT}-P_0

其中 P0P_0 是上述賣權的價值,rr 為無風險利率。若以股權表示,公司股權相當於資產買權,亦有 D0=V0−E0D_0=V_0-E_0。

解題方法

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後續完整解題步驟與【答案】

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