115 年 國立成功大學財務金融研究所《財務管理》
第 1 題4 分
You are on the staff of Camden Inc. The CFO believes project acceptance should be based on the NPV, but Steve Camden, the president, insists that no project should be accepted unless its IRR exceeds the project's risk-adjusted WACC.
Now you must make a recommendation on a project that has a cost of \15,000$110,0001-$100,000210%10%$2,355.376.33%527%11.32%$.
Which of the following statements best describes your optimal recommendation, i.e., the analysis and recommendation that is best for the company and least likely to get you in trouble with either the CFO or the president?
(A) You should recommend that the project be rejected because its NPV is negative and its IRR is less than the WACC.
(B) You should recommend that the project be rejected because, although its NPV is positive, it has an IRR that is less than the WACC.
(C) You should recommend that the project be accepted because (1) its NPV is positive and (2) although it has two IRRs, in this case it would be better to focus on the MIRR, which exceeds the WACC. You should explain this to the president and tell him that the firm's value will increase if the project is accepted.
(D) You should recommend that the project be rejected. Although its NPV is positive it has two IRRs, one of which is less than the WACC, which indicates that the firm's value will decline if the project is accepted.
(E) You should recommend that the project be rejected because, although its NPV is positive, its MIRR is less than the WACC, and that indicates that the firm's value will decline if it is accepted.
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核心觀念
本題考查淨現值(NPV)、內部報酬率(IRR)與修正內部報酬率(MIRR)的資本預算決策。
- NPV 法則:以專案風險相符的資金成本折現所有現金流量。若 ,接受專案可增加公司價值。
- IRR 法則:IRR 是令 NPV 等於零的折現率。當現金流量只有一次正負號變化時,IRR 通常可作為決策依據;若現金流量正負號多次變化,可能出現多個 IRR,使單一 IRR 判準失效。
- MIRR 法則:將正現金流量以資金成本再投資,並將負現金流量折現至期初,再計算能使兩者相等的報酬率。MIRR 可處理多重 IRR 問題,且採用較合理的再投資假設。
解題方法
本專案的現金流量為:期初支出 15,000 美元,第 1 年收取 110,000 美元,第 2 年支出 100,000 美元;專案 WACC 為 10%。
先依 WACC 計算 NPV:
NPV 為正,表示以 10% 折現後,專案帶來的價值高於投入成本,公司價值預期增加,因此依 NPV 法則應接受。
接著檢視 IRR。令 NPV 等於零:
令 ,兩邊乘以 並整理:
此方程式有兩個解,因此有兩個 IRR:6.33% 與 527%。其中一個低於 WACC,另一個高於 WACC。這是因現金流量的正負號變化兩次,IRR 不再能提供唯一且可靠的接受或拒絕訊號。
第 2 題4 分
Aggarwal Enterprises is considering a new project that has a cost of \1,000,000$, and the CFO set up the following simple decision tree to show its three most likely scenarios.
The firm could arrange with its work force and suppliers to cease operations at the end of Year should it choose to do so, but to obtain this abandonment option, it would have to make a payment to those parties. How much is the option to abandon worth to the firm?
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. Dollars in Thousands.
Initial cash flow at : -\1,000$.
| Probability | NPV This State | Prob. NPV | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| \800.0$ | \800.0$ | \800.0$ | \938.10$ | \187.62$ | |
| \520.0$ | \520.0$ | \520.0$ | \259.76$ | \155.86$ | |
| -\200.0$ | -\200.0$ | -\200.0$ | -\1,484.52$ | -\296.90$ |
(A) \61.03$64.08$67.29$55.08$57.98$
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核心觀念
本題考查「放棄選擇權」的價值。若公司能在得知第一年狀況後放棄計畫,就能避免後續不利的現金流;選擇權的價值等於各情境下「放棄」相較於「繼續營運」所增加的現值,再按情境機率加權。
解題方法
原卷圖列出三種情境:機率分別為 、、,第一至第三年的現金流依序為每年 $800 千元、每年 $520 千元,以及每年負 $200 千元; 初始支出為 $1,000 千元,。公司在第一年末可決定是否放棄,因此只有最差情境中,放棄才能避免第二、三年的負現金流。
最差情境下,放棄可省下第二年與第三年各 $200 千元的支出。將這兩筆支出折現至 ,得到該情境下放棄的價值:
此情境發生機率為 ,所以放棄選擇權的期望現值為:
第 3 題4 分
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Since accounts payable and accrued liabilities must eventually be paid off, as these accounts increase, AFN as calculated by the AFN equation must also increase.
(B) Suppose a firm is operating its fixed assets at below of capacity, but it has no excess current assets. Based on the AFN equation, its AFN will be larger than if it had been operating with excess capacity in both fixed and current assets.
(C) If a firm retains all of its earnings, then it cannot require any additional funds to support sales growth.
(D) Additional funds needed (AFN) are typically raised using a combination of notes payable, long-term debt, and common stock. Such funds are non-spontaneous in the sense that they require explicit financing decisions to obtain them.
(E) If a firm has a positive free cash flow, then it must have either a zero or a negative AFN.
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核心觀念
本題考「額外資金需求」(AFN)公式、資產的剩餘產能,以及自發性負債和非自發性融資的差別。
常用 AFN 公式為:
其中, 是隨銷售額增加而須增加的資產, 是隨銷售額增加而自發增加的負債, 是銷售淨利率, 是盈餘保留率。若固定資產有剩餘產能,銷售成長初期不必增加固定資產;若流動資產沒有剩餘產能,流動資產仍須隨銷售成長而增加。
自發性負債通常包括應付帳款與應計負債;應付票據、長期負債及普通股則須透過明確的融資決策取得,屬非自發性融資。
解題方法
逐項檢查 AFN 公式各部分的方向:
- 資產需求增加,AFN 上升。
- 自發性負債增加,AFN 下降。
- 保留盈餘增加,AFN 下降。
- 資產若有剩餘產能,銷售成長時可暫時不增加該類資產。
依此判斷,選項 B 與 D 都成立。若本題原設定為單選,題目有兩個正確敘述。
選項分析
第 4 題4 分
Vasudevan Inc. forecasts the free cash flows (in millions) shown below. If the weighted average cost of capital is and the free cash flows are expected to continue growing at the same rate after Year as from Year to Year , what is the Year value of operations, in millions?
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| Year | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Free cash flow | -\20$ | \42$ | \45$ |
(A) \586$617$648$680$714$
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核心觀念
本題考自由現金流量折現法。營運價值等於預測期間自由現金流量的現值,加上預測期末終值的現值。終值以戈登成長模型計算:
其中 是穩定成長率,且必須滿足 。
解題方法
原卷列出的自由現金流量為:第 1 年 $20 百萬元、第 2 年 $42 百萬元、第 3 年 $45 百萬元;加權平均資金成本為 。題目指定第 3 年後的成長率,等於第 2 年至第 3 年的成長率。
先求成長率:
因此第 4 年自由現金流量為:
以第 3 年為基準計算終值:
再將各年現金流量與終值折現至第 0 年。第 1 年的現金流量是負值,須以負數納入:
第 5 題4 分
The following data in millions apply to Grullon-Ikenberry Inc. (GII):
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
| Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Value of operations | \1,000$ |
| Short-term investments | \100$ |
| Debt | \300$ |
| Number of shares | \100$ |
The company plans on distributing \100$ million as dividend payments. What will the intrinsic per share stock price be immediately after the distribution?
(A) \7.00$6.65$5.35$7.35$7.72$
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核心觀念
本題考的是股利發放後的每股內含價值。股權價值等於營運價值加上短期投資,再扣除負債;每股股價則以股權價值除以流通股數計算:
解題方法
原卷圖中列出:GII 的營運價值為 $1,000 百萬、短期投資為 $100 百萬、負債為 $300 百萬、流通股數為 100 百萬股;公司計畫發放 $100 百萬股利。
發放股利後,短期投資減少 $100 百萬,營運價值與負債不變。因此,發放後股權價值為:
流通股數為 100 百萬股,故發放後每股內含價值為:
第 6 題4 分
Swim Suits Unlimited is in a highly seasonal business, and the following summary balance sheet data show its assets and liabilities at peak and off-peak seasons (in thousands of dollars):
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| Item | Peak | Off-Peak |
|---|---|---|
| Cash | \50$ | \30$ |
| Marketable securities | ||
| Accounts receivable | ||
| Inventories | ||
| Net fixed assets | ||
| Total assets | \690$ | \620$ |
| Payables and accruals | \30$ | \10$ |
| Short-term bank debt | ||
| Long-term debt | ||
| Common equity | ||
| Total claims | \690$ | \620$ |
From this data we may conclude that
(A) Swim Suits' current asset financing policy calls for exactly matching asset and liability maturities.
(B) Swim Suits' current asset financing policy is relatively aggressive; that is, the company finances some of its permanent assets with short-term discretionary debt.
(C) Without income statement data, we cannot determine the aggressiveness or conservatism of the company's current asset financing policy.
(D) Without cash flow data, we cannot determine the aggressiveness or conservatism of the company's current asset financing policy.
(E) Swim Suits follows a relatively conservative approach to current asset financing; that is, some of its short-term needs are met by permanent capital.
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核心觀念
本題考「流動資產融資政策」:企業以長期資金或短期資金支應資產的方式。
- 積極政策:以短期資金支應部分永久性資產,短期融資比重較高。
- 保守政策:長期資金除了支應固定資產與永久性流動資產,也支應部分季節性需求;淡季可能出現暫時閒置資金。
- 期限配合政策:長期資金支應永久性資產,短期資金支應季節性資產需求。
解題方法
原卷顯示,淡季有價證券為 20 千美元,旺季短期銀行借款為 50 千美元。淡季的營運性流動資產包括現金、應收帳款與存貨;有價證券則代表暫時閒置的資金。
先計算淡季永久性營運資產扣除自發性負債後的資金需求:
再計算長期資金扣除固定資產後可支應流動資產的金額:
長期資金可支應的流動資產資金,比永久性營運資產需求多 20 千美元。這 20 千美元的長期資金餘裕,可用來支應部分旺季需求,因此公司採取相對保守的融資政策。
也可用旺季數據驗算:營運性流動資產由淡季的 100 增至旺季的 190,增加 90;應付帳款與應計費用增加 20,故旺季新增的淨資金需求為 70。
第 7 題4 分
Suppose a U.S. firm buys \200,000609030$ days after the goods are received).
The rising U.S. deficit has caused the dollar to depreciate against the peso recently. The current exchange rate is pesos per U.S. dollar. The -day forward rate is pesos/dollar. The firm goes into the forward market today and buys enough Mexican pesos at the -day forward rate to completely cover its trade obligation.
Assume the spot rate in days is Mexican pesos per U.S. dollar. How much in U.S. dollars did the firm save by eliminating its foreign exchange currency risk with its forward market hedge?
(A) \0$1,834.86$4,517.26$5,712.31$7,547.17$
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核心觀念
本題考查以遠期外匯契約避險,以及匯率報價方向的判讀。匯率為「每 1 美元可兌換多少披索」,因此已知披索債務時,換算成美元成本要用披索金額除以匯率。
商品在 60 天後交貨,款項於 90 天後支付,所以應使用 90 天遠期匯率鎖定付款日的美元成本。
解題方法
先依目前即期匯率換算貿易債務:
企業今天以 90 天遠期匯率買進足額披索,遠期避險後的美元成本為:
若不避險,90 天後以即期匯率 5.30 買進披索,美元成本為:
因此,避險相較於不避險所節省的美元金額為:
第 8 題4 分
Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Statement #13 requires that for an unqualified audit report, financial (or capital) leases must be included in the balance sheet by reporting the
(A) present value of future lease payments as an asset and also showing this same amount as an offsetting liability.
(B) residual value as a fixed asset.
(C) residual value as a liability.
(D) undiscounted sum of future lease payments as an asset and as an offsetting liability.
(E) undiscounted sum of future lease payments, less the residual value, as an asset and as an offsetting liability.
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核心觀念
本題考《FASB Statement No. 13》下承租人對資本租賃(capital lease)的會計處理:資本租賃須在資產負債表認列租賃資產及相應的租賃負債。認列金額以租賃開始時最低租賃給付的現值為基礎;若此現值高於租賃資產的公允價值,則以公允價值為上限。計算現值時,應排除由出租人支付的保險、維修、稅費等執行成本。此規則見 FASB Statement No. 13 第 10 段。FASB Statement No. 13
可整理為:
解題方法
看到題目問資本租賃如何列入資產負債表,先抓住「資產與負債同額認列」這個核心,再判斷金額應採現值或未折現總額。
未來租金分期支付,須反映貨幣時間價值,因此以最低租賃給付的現值認列;未折現的租金總額會高估開始時的資產與負債。殘值也不是另外單獨列為承租人的資產或負債,而是依租約條件判斷是否納入最低租賃給付的計算。
第 9 題4 分
Upstate Water Company just sold a bond with warrants attached. The bonds have a -year maturity and an annual coupon of , and they were issued at their \1,00015%$.
What is the implied value of each warrant?
(A) \3.76$3.94$4.14$4.35$4.56$
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核心觀念
附認股權公司債可拆解為「普通公司債+認股權」。因此,認股權的總價值等於整體發行價格減去不含認股權的普通公司債價值:
普通公司債的價值,是未來票息與到期本金依市場必要報酬率折現後的現值。
解題方法
每張公司債面額為 $1,000,年票息率為 ,所以每年票息為 $120。類似普通公司債的市場殖利率為 ,因此以 折現,年期為 20 年。
普通公司債價值為:
整體附認股權公司債以面額 $1,000 發行,因此 50 個認股權的總價值為:
每個認股權的價值為:
選項分析
第 10 題4 分
Kotomin Inc. wants to sell stock via a rights offering. The company has shares outstanding, and they sell for \90$8$ million of new equity, and existing shareholders will receive one right per share held.
Theoretically, if the subscription price is \80$,
(1) how many new shares must be sold,
(2) how many rights per share of new stock will be required,
(3) what will the value of each right be, and
(4) what will the stock price be after the rights offering has been completed?
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
The entries in each option are, in order: New Shs, No. of Rights, Value, Ending Price.
(A) ; ; \1.38$88.62100,0009$1.05$88.95120,0008$1.05$88.95120,00010$1.38$88.62100,00010$0.91$89.09$.
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核心觀念
認股權發行中,原股東按持股取得認股權;新股以認購價發行。除權後的理論股價,是發行前股票市值加上募集資金,再除以發行後股數。每個認股權的理論價值,則是除權前股價減去除權後股價。
解題方法
圖中第 10 題給定:原有 股,每股市價 $90,欲募集 $8{,}000{,}000,認購價為 $80;每股舊股配發一個認股權。選項列出的四項依序為新股數、認購一股新股所需權利數、每個權利的價值,以及除權後股價。
先以募集金額除以認購價,求出新股數:
舊股每股配一個權利,因此共有 個權利。認購一股新股所需的權利數為:
除權後,公司總股權價值為原有股票市值加上新募集資金;發行後總股數為舊股與新股之和。因此:
第 11 題4 分
Which of the following statements concerning common stock and the investment banking process is NOT CORRECT?
(A) The preemptive right gives each existing common stockholder the right to purchase his or her proportionate share of a new stock issue.
(B) If a firm sells new shares of Class B stock, the transaction occurs in the primary market.
(C) Listing a large firm's stock is often considered to be beneficial to stockholders because the increases in liquidity and reputation probably outweigh the additional costs to the firm.
(D) Stockholders have the right to elect the firm's directors, who in turn select the officers who manage the business. If stockholders are dissatisfied with management's performance, an outside group may ask the stockholders to vote for it in an effort to take control of the business. This action is called a tender offer.
(E) The announcement of a large issue of new stock could cause the stock price to fall. This loss is called "market pressure," and it is treated as a flotation cost because it is a cost to stockholders that is associated with the new issue.
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核心觀念
本題考查普通股股東的權利、股票發行市場、股票上市的利弊,以及投資銀行承銷流程相關成本與公司控制權爭奪方式。
辨認控制權爭奪時,關鍵是看行動目的與手段:向股東徵求選票、爭取董事席次,稱為委託書爭奪(proxy contest);直接向股東提出買股要約,稱為公開收購(tender offer)。
解題方法
逐一核對各選項所述的定義。前優先認股權、新股發行的市場分類、上市的利弊與市場壓力成本,都屬於基本觀念辨識;最容易混淆的是委託書爭奪與公開收購。只要確認選項描述的是「要求股東投票」還是「向股東買股」,即可判斷其名稱是否正確。
選項分析
(A) 正確。 前優先認股權(preemptive right)讓既有普通股股東有權依原持股比例認購新發行的股票,以維持其持股比例,並降低股權遭稀釋的風險。
(B) 正確。 公司出售新發行的股票,是發行公司直接取得資金,交易發生於初級市場(primary market)。
第 12 題4 分
Blazer Inc. is thinking of acquiring Laker Company. Blazer expects Laker's NOPAT to be \9$ million the first year, with no net new investment in operating capital and no interest expense.
For the second year, Laker is expected to have NOPAT of \25$5$1040%$.
After the second year, the free cash flows and the tax shields from Laker to Blazer both grow at a constant rate of . Blazer has determined that Laker's cost of equity is , and Laker currently has no debt outstanding. Assume that all cash flows occur at the end of the year.
Blazer must pay \45$ million to acquire Laker. What is the NPV of the proposed acquisition? You must first calculate the value to Blazer of Laker's equity.
(A) \45.0$86.5$95.2$113.2$133.0$ million
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核心觀念
本題考「調整現值法」(APV):先計算不含融資效果的營運現金流現值,再加上利息稅盾現值。Laker 目前沒有負債,因此題目給的股權成本 可作為未槓桿營運現金流的折現率。收購淨現值為:
營運自由現金流為 NOPAT 減去營運資本淨新增投資;利息稅盾則為利息費用乘上邊際稅率。
解題方法
第一年沒有營運資本新增投資,故第一年自由現金流為:
第二年須投入 10 百萬美元的營運資本,因此:
第二年後自由現金流以 永續成長。第三年自由現金流為 百萬美元,第二年末的營運現金流終值為:
因此,營運現金流現值為:
第二年利息稅盾為:
第二年後稅盾以 永續成長;第三年稅盾為 百萬美元。第二年末稅盾終值及稅盾現值分別為:
第 13 題4 分
Which of the following statements is most CORRECT?
(A) Our bankruptcy laws were enacted in the 1800s, revised in the 1930s, and have remained unaltered since that time.
(B) Federal bankruptcy law deals only with corporate bankruptcies. Municipal and personal bankruptcy are governed solely by state laws.
(C) All bankruptcy petitions are filed by creditors seeking to protect their claims against firms in financial distress. Thus, all bankruptcy petitions are involuntary as viewed from the perspective of the firm's management.
(D) "Restructuring" a firm's debt can involve forgiving a certain portion of the debt, but it cannot call for changing the debt's maturity or its contractual interest rate.
(E) Chapters 11 and 7 are the most important bankruptcy chapters for financial management purposes. If a reorganization plan cannot be worked out under Chapter 11, then the company will be liquidated as prescribed in Chapter 7 of the Act.
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核心觀念
本題考美國《破產法》的適用範圍、破產聲請方式,以及企業債務重整與清算的差別。
財務管理上,企業進入破產程序後,常見的兩種處理方向是:
- 重整:企業持續營運,並透過重整計畫調整債務條件。
- 清算:出售企業資產,依法律順序分配所得,通常對應《破產法》第 7 章。
第 11 章主要用於企業重整;第 7 章主要用於清算。市政府等地方自治體可依第 9 章聲請破產;個人也可依適用章節聲請破產,並非只有企業受聯邦破產法規範。美國聯邦法院:破產程序概覽
解題方法
先找各選項中明顯過度絕對的說法,例如「一直未修改」、「完全由州法規範」、「所有聲請都由債權人提出」、「不能改變到期日或利率」。這些說法與美國破產制度及債務重整的基本概念不符。
接著比較第 11 章與第 7 章的功能:第 11 章讓企業嘗試依計畫重整;重整失敗時,案件可轉入第 7 章清算。因此,依本題財務管理教材常見的概括方式,(E)最符合企業破產處理的典型架構。
選項分析
(A)錯誤。 美國永久性聯邦破產法始於 1898 年,1938 年的 Chandler Act 曾大幅修法;之後 1978 年又以《破產改革法》建立新的破產法典,2005 年也有重要修正。因此,破產法並非 1930 年代修訂後就未再變動。美國聯邦法院:破產法沿革資料
(B)錯誤。 聯邦破產法不只處理企業破產。個人可依聯邦破產法聲請破產,市政府等自治體則可依第 9 章處理債務。選項將個人與地方自治體破產說成完全由州法規範,並不正確。
第 14 題4 分
Company A can issue floating-rate debt at , and it can issue fixed rate debt at . Company B can issue floating-rate debt at , and it can issue fixed rate debt at .
Suppose A issues floating-rate debt and B issues fixed-rate debt, after which they engage in the following swap: A will make a fixed payment to B, and B will make a floating-rate payment equal to to A.
What are the resulting net payments of A and B?
(A) A pays a fixed rate of , B pays .
(B) A pays a fixed rate of , B pays .
(C) A pays , B pays a fixed rate of .
(D) A pays a fixed rate of , B pays .
(E) None of the above answers is correct.
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核心觀念
利率交換的淨支付額,等於原始借款支付額加上交換中支付的利息,再扣除交換中收到的利息。交換雙方的利率型態會因浮動利率與固定利率的收付而改變。
解題方法
依原卷圖,A 的浮動利率借款成本為 ,固定利率借款成本為 ;B 的浮動利率借款成本為 ,固定利率借款成本為 。題目指定 A 發行浮動利率債務、B 發行固定利率債務;交換中 A 付給 B 固定利率 ,B 付給 A 浮動利率 。
先分別計算兩方的淨支付:
-
**A:**原借款支付 ,交換支付固定 ,並收到 。
因此 A 的淨支付為固定利率 。
-
**B:**原借款支付固定 ,交換支付 ,並收到固定 。
第 15 題4 分
You are given the following returns on "the market" and Stock Q during the last three years. We could calculate beta using data for Years and and then, after Year , calculate a new beta for Years and .
How different are those two betas, i.e., what's the value of ?
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
| Year | Market | Stock Q |
|---|---|---|
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
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核心觀念
貝他值 衡量個股報酬對市場報酬變動的敏感度。以兩筆資料估計時,迴歸線斜率就是個股報酬變動除以市場報酬變動:
解題方法
原卷第 15 題表格列出三年資料:第 1 年市場與 Q 股報酬率分別為 、;第 2 年為 、;第 3 年為 、。先用第 1、2 年計算 ,再用第 2、3 年計算 。
第 1、2 年的貝他值:
第 2、3 年的貝他值:
第 16 題4 分
Jane has a portfolio of average stocks, and Dick has a portfolio of average stocks. Assuming the market is in equilibrium, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Jane's portfolio will have less diversifiable risk and also less market risk than Dick's portfolio.
(B) The required return on Jane's portfolio will be lower than that on Dick's portfolio because Jane's portfolio will have less total risk.
(C) Dick's portfolio will have more diversifiable risk, the same market risk, and thus more total risk than Jane's portfolio, but the required (and expected) returns will be the same on both portfolios.
(D) If the two portfolios have the same beta, their required returns will be the same, but Jane's portfolio will have less market risk than Dick's.
(E) The expected return on Jane's portfolio must be lower than the expected return on Dick's portfolio because Jane is more diversified.
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核心觀念
本題考「分散投資能降低哪一種風險」,以及市場均衡下要求報酬如何決定。
投資組合的總風險可分為:
持有更多不同股票,通常能降低個別公司因素造成的可分散風險;但市場共同因素造成的市場風險,無法藉由增加持股數消除。
在資本資產定價模型中,均衡下的要求報酬由系統性風險,也就是貝他值決定:
因此,總風險較低不代表要求報酬必然較低;關鍵在於投資組合的貝他值。
解題方法
Jane 持有 20 檔平均股票,Dick 持有 2 檔平均股票。持股數較多的 Jane,其個別股票風險較能相互抵銷,因此可分散風險較低。兩人持有的都是平均股票,依本題設定,其市場風險相同;增加股票檔數不會消除這部分風險。
所以,Dick 的可分散風險較高,總風險也較高;但兩人的市場風險相同,要求報酬與均衡下的預期報酬也相同。符合這項判斷的是 (C)。
第 17 題4 分
Agarwal Technologies was founded years ago. It has been profitable for the last years, but it has needed all of its earnings to support growth and thus has never paid a dividend.
Management has indicated that it plans to pay a \0.25328.00%$ thereafter. Management's forecast of the future dividend stream, along with the forecasted growth rates, is shown below.
Assuming a required return of , what is your estimate of the stock's current value?
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
| Year | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth rate | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||
| Dividends | \0.000$ | \0.000$ | \0.000$ | \0.250$ | \0.375$ | \0.469$ | \0.506$ |
(A) \9.94$10.19$10.45$10.72$10.99$
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核心觀念
本題考多階段股利折現模型。股票價值等於未來股利與期末股票價值折現至現在的總和。當股利進入固定成長階段,可用戈登成長模型計算該階段開始前一期的股票價值:
其中 為必要報酬率, 為固定股利成長率;使用此公式的前提是 。
解題方法
依原卷表格,、 為 0,、、、;股利從第 6 年起以 8% 固定成長。必要報酬率為 11%。因此先算第 5 年末的股票價值,再將第 3 至第 5 年的股利與第 5 年末股票價值折現至現在。
第 5 年末的股票價值為:
股利表中的數字經四捨五入;若依成長率計算,,所得 ,不影響答案至小數點後兩位。
現在股價為:
第 18 題4 分
The current price of a stock is \506%1$55$7.20$.
What is the value of a put option, assuming the same strike price and expiration date as for the call option?
(A) \9.00$8.55$8.12$7.35$6.50$
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核心觀念
本題考「買權—賣權平價關係」(put-call parity)。同一標的股票、相同履約價與到期日的買權和賣權,在無套利條件下滿足:
其中, 為買權價格、 為賣權價格、 為目前股價、 為履約價、 為年無風險利率、 為到期年數。此式假設股票不支付股利。
解題方法
移項求賣權價格:
代入題目數值,期限為一年,將履約價以年利率折現:
履約價現值約為 51.89,因此賣權價值約為 $9.09。最接近的選項為 $9.00。
第 19 題4 分
Which of the following statements regarding a -year monthly payment amortized mortgage with a nominal interest rate of is CORRECT?
(A) The monthly payments will increase over time.
(B) A larger proportion of the first monthly payment will be interest, and a smaller proportion will be principal, than for the last monthly payment.
(C) The total dollar amount of interest being paid off each month gets larger as the loan approaches maturity.
(D) The amount representing interest in the first payment would be higher if the nominal interest rate were rather than .
(E) Exactly of the first monthly payment represents interest.
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核心觀念
這題考固定月付本息攤還貸款的利息與本金分配。每期月付金固定,但每期利息依期初未償還本金計算;隨著本金逐期償還,未償還本金下降,利息也下降,因此每期償還的本金逐漸增加。
設貸款本金為 ,月利率為 ,總期數為 ,固定月付金為 ,則:
本題的月利率與期數為:
每期利息等於該期期初未償還本金乘以月利率;每期償還本金則等於固定月付金扣除當期利息。
解題方法
第一期的期初未償還本金就是 ,所以第一期利息為 。由於每期月付金固定,未償還本金逐期下降,後續各期利息金額也逐期減少;相對地,每期償還本金逐期增加。
第一期利息占月付金的比例可寫為:
代入 、,第一期利息約占月付金的 。注意,年利率 不是「第一期月付金中有 是利息」;
第 20 題4 分
Fullerton Wine Company is a retailer which sells vintage wines. The company has established a policy of reordering inventory every days. A recently employed MBA has considered Fullerton's inventory problem from the EOQ model viewpoint.
If the following constitute the relevant data, how does the current policy compare with the optimal policy?
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
| Item | Value |
|---|---|
| Ordering cost | \10$ per order |
| Carrying cost | of purchase price |
| Purchase price | \10$ per unit |
| Total sales for year | units |
| Safety stock |
(A) Total costs under the current policy exceed those under the EOQ by \3$10$10$.
(E) Cannot be determined due to insufficient information.
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核心觀念
本題考查經濟訂購量(EOQ)與存貨相關成本。EOQ 平衡每年訂購成本與持有成本:
其中 是年需求量、 是每次訂購成本、 是每單位每年的持有成本。給定訂購量 時,年訂購與持有成本為:
解題方法
原卷第 20 題列出:每 30 天重新訂貨、每次訂購成本為 $10、持有成本為進貨價格的 20%、每單位進貨價格為 $10、年銷量為 1,000 單位、安全存量為 0。每 30 天訂一次,相當於一年訂 12 次,因此目前每次訂購量為 單位。
先計算每單位年持有成本:
求 EOQ:
目前政策的年訂購與持有成本為:
第 1 題10 分
What is frame dependence? How can frame dependence influence market efficiency? Provide your answer in English ONLY.
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核心觀念
框架依賴(frame dependence)是指:人們對同一項選擇的判斷,會因資訊的呈現方式、描述角度或參照點不同而改變。若兩種說法在客觀結果與機率上完全等價,理性決策者應作出相同選擇;但實際決策常受表述框架影響。
這個概念與展望理論(prospect theory)相關。人們常以某個參照點評估結果,並對損失比對等額收益更敏感,這稱為損失趨避(loss aversion)。因此,同一結果若被描述為「獲利」或「避免損失」,可能引發不同的風險偏好。
解題方法
本題要先定義框架依賴,再說明它如何影響市場效率。回答市場影響時,須連結投資人的偏誤、交易需求與資產價格,並區分「個人不理性」與「市場價格是否反映資訊」:個別投資人受框架影響,不必然代表市場失效;偏誤還須足以影響總體交易與價格,且未被套利交易抵銷,才會造成市場效率問題。
例如,將同一項投資描述為「有 90% 機率成功」或「有 10% 機率失敗」,在機率與結果相同時,投資人仍可能因描述方式不同而給予不同評價。若許多投資人因此同方向買進或賣出,資產價格便可能偏離基本價值。
對市場效率的影響
框架依賴可能使投資人對相同現金流、風險或機率形成不同估值,進而產生非理性的交易需求。當此類交易具有系統性,市場價格可能出現高估或低估,也可能呈現反應過度或反應不足,降低價格反映資訊的效率。
然而,框架依賴不必然造成市場無效率。若其他投資人能辨識錯價並透過套利交易修正價格,偏誤對市場價格的影響便可能有限。套利仍受風險、交易成本與資金限制,因此當偏誤廣泛且套利受限時,錯價可能持續。
解題技巧
作答時可用「定義—成因—價格影響—套利限制」四步驟組織答案。例子要明確指出兩種描述在客觀結果上等價,才能凸顯差異來自框架,而非投資標的本身不同。另須避免直接推論「投資人有偏誤,所以市場必然無效率」;關鍵在偏誤是否影響總體價格,以及套利能否抵銷。
【答案】
第 2 題10 分
Modigliani and Miller assume that firms do not grow. How does positive growth change their conclusions about the value of the levered firm and its cost of capital? Provide your answer in English ONLY.
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Core Concept
The question tests the Modigliani–Miller (MM) propositions and how valuation changes when cash flows grow. The basic no-growth model treats free cash flow as a level perpetuity. With constant positive growth, the relevant valuation formula is the growing perpetuity:
where is next period’s free cash flow, is the required return appropriate to that cash flow, and is the constant growth rate.
Growth changes the level of firm value through the cash-flow path and the denominator . It does not, by itself, overturn MM’s capital-structure conclusions. Those conclusions depend on the tax assumptions and on the levered and unlevered firms having the same operating cash flows and investment policy.
Solution Method
Start with the no-tax case. If the levered and unlevered firms have identical operating cash flows and the same growth rate, their values are:
Under MM Proposition I without taxes, leverage does not change the overall cost of capital:
Therefore,
Positive growth can raise both firms’ values relative to a no-growth case, provided the growth is supported by investment opportunities that create value. It does not make the levered firm more valuable than the unlevered firm under the no-tax MM assumptions.
With corporate taxes, interest is tax-deductible. Under the standard MM tax model, the levered firm’s value is:
If debt is perpetual and its amount is constant, the tax shield has the familiar value:
so that:
Positive growth affects , and therefore also affects the base value from which the tax-shield benefit is added. The standard result assumes the stated debt policy and a tax shield with risk and timing consistent with that formula. If debt grows