111 年 國立成功大學財務金融研究所《財務管理》
第 1 題4 分
- Swim Suits Unlimited is in a highly seasonal business, and the following summary balance sheet data show its assets and liabilities at peak and off-peak seasons (in thousands of dollars):
| Peak | Off-Peak | |
|---|---|---|
| Cash | $50 | $30 |
| Marketable securities | 0 | $20 |
| Accounts receivable | $40 | $20 |
| Inventories | $100 | $50 |
| Net fixed assets | $500 | $500 |
| Total assets | $690 | $620 |
| Peak | Off-Peak | |
|---|---|---|
| Payables and accruals | $30 | $10 |
| Short-term bank debt | $50 | $0 |
| Long-term debt | $300 | $300 |
| Common equity | $310 | $310 |
| Total claims | $690 | $620 |
From this data we may conclude that
(A) Swim Suits' current asset financing policy calls for exactly matching asset and liability maturities.
(B) Swim Suits' current asset financing policy is relatively aggressive; that is, the company finances some of its permanent assets with short-term discretionary debt.
(C) Swim Suits follows a relatively conservative approach to current asset financing; that is, some of its short-term needs are met by permanent capital.
(D) Without income statement data, we cannot determine the aggressiveness or conservatism of the company's current asset financing policy.
(E) Without cash flow data, we cannot determine the aggressiveness or conservatism of the company's current asset financing policy.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考查流動資產融資政策的保守與積極程度。我們需要分析公司如何為其資產融資,特別是流動資產,並將其與負債的到期日進行比較。
首先,我們區分固定資產與流動資產。
固定資產 (Net fixed assets) 在旺季與淡季均為 50k) + Marketable securities (40k) + Inventories (190,000
淡季:Cash (20k) + Accounts receivable (50k) = $120,000
所謂的「永久性流動資產」是指即使在淡季也需要維持的最低流動資產水平。在此例中,淡季的流動資產總計為 120,000 是永久性流動資產。
季節性流動資產是指在旺季額外增加的流動資產。
旺季季節性流動資產 = 旺季流動資產 - 淡季流動資產 = 120,000 = $70,000。
接下來,我們分析負債結構:
長期負債 (Long-term debt) 在旺季與淡季均為 310,000。
長期資金 (Permanent capital) = 長期負債 + 股東權益 = 310,000 = $610,000。
流動資產融資政策的判斷:
- 保守策略 (Conservative Policy): 使用長期資金來融資永久性流動資產,甚至部分季節性流動資產。
- 長期資金 (120,000)。
- 這表示公司使用長期資金來融資所有的永久性流動資產,並且還有 120,000 = $490,000 的長期資金可用於融資季節性流動資產或固定資產。
- 在此情況下,公司僅使用短期負債 (Short-term bank debt) 來融資剩餘的季節性流動資產。
- 旺季剩餘季節性流動資產 = 旺季季節性流動資產 - (長期資金 - 永久性流動資產) = 490,000。 這表示長期資金遠超過所有流動資產需求。
- 實際上,我們應該看的是:短期負債 (旺季 30k) =
第 2 題4 分
- Blenman Corporation, based in the United States, arranged a 2-year, $1,000,000 loan to fund a project in Mexico. The loan is denominated in Mexican pesos, carries a 10.0% nominal rate, and requires equal semiannual payments. The exchange rate at the time of the loan was 5.75 pesos per dollar, but it dropped to 5.10 pesos per dollar before the first payment came due. The loan was not hedged in the foreign exchange market. Thus, Blenman must convert U.S. funds to Mexican pesos to make its payments. If the exchange rate remains at 5.10 pesos per dollar through the end of the loan period, what effective interest rate will Blenman end up paying on the loan?
(A) 10.36%
(B) 11.50%
(C) 17.44%
(D) 20.00%
(E) 21.79%
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
-
外幣分期攤還借款(Amortized Foreign Currency Loan):
借款以特定外幣計價時,本金、名目利率與每期攤還金額均需以外幣計算。本利均等攤還之每期金額公式為:其中 為普通年金現值因子。
-
未避險外幣借款之實質融資成本:
若企業未進行外匯避險,借款人必須於每期以本國貨幣(美元)兌換外幣以償還本息。當外幣升值(每美元能兌換的外幣數量減少),每期換匯所需之美元支出增加,將實質推升融資成本。 -
實質年利率/有效年利率(Effective Annual Rate, EAR):
根據本國貨幣之現金流量(期初取得本金、期末各期流出),先求出每期(半年期)內部報酬率 ,再換算為有效年利率:其中 為一年之複利期數(本題為半年付息一次,故 )。
解題方法
步驟一:計算借款之披索本金
Blenman 公司借入等值 $1,000,000 之披索,初期匯率為 5.75 披索/美元:
步驟二:計算每期(半年)之披索還款金額
- 貸款期間:2 年,半年一期,共 期。
- 半年期名目利率:。
- 4 期之年金現值因子:
- 每期應攤還披索金額:
步驟三:計算每期所需支付之美元金額
在第一期還款前,匯率降至 5.10 披索/美元(即披索對美元升值),且維持至借款結束。各期需支付之美元金額為:
步驟四:計算以美元衡量的半年期實質利率()
Blenman 公司在 獲得借款 $1,000,000,未來 4 期每期償還 $31
第 3 題
- Kohers Inc. is considering a leasing arrangement to finance some manufacturing tools that it needs for the next 3 years. The tools will be obsolete and worthless after 3 years. The firm will depreciate the cost of the tools on a straight-line basis over their 3-year life. It can borrow 2,100,000 each and lease them. The loan obtained from the bank is a 3-year simple interest loan, with interest paid at the end of the year. The firm's tax rate is 40%. Annual maintenance costs associated with ownership are estimated at 96
(B) 112
(D) 123
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題的核心考點為**租賃與購買決策(Lease vs. Buy Decision)中的租賃淨效益(Net Advantage to Leasing, NAL)**計算。
-
租賃決策評估原則:
租賃與借款購買資產所產生的現金流量(如租金支付、折舊抵稅額、維護費用節省等)屬於契約型或高度確定之現金流量,其風險特性與公司發行債務相當。因此,評估 NAL 時所採用的折現率為稅後借款成本(After-tax Cost of Debt, ),而非加權平均資金成本(WACC)。 -
NAL 基本定義與公式:
NAL 代表「選擇租賃相對於借款購買」的淨現值(增量淨現值)。若 ,代表租賃較購買有利;反之則應借款購買。
解題方法與詳細步驟
步驟一:計算適用之折現率(稅後借款成本)
題目給定稅前借款利率 ,所得稅率 :
步驟二:分析期初現金流量()
- 若選擇租賃,期初無須支付設備購置成本,因此產生現金流入(節省支出):
步驟三:分析各期營業現金流量增減()
-
每年直線折舊額與喪失之折舊抵稅額(Depreciation Tax Shield, DTS):
設備使用年限 3 年,無殘值,每年折舊額為:租賃下無法認列折舊,故喪失折舊抵稅利益(現金流出):
-
稅後租金支出(After-tax Lease Payment):
每年期末支付租金 $2,100,000,租金支出具抵稅效果,故稅後實際支出(現金流出): -
節省之稅後維護費用(After-tax Maintenance Savings):
自購需負擔每年 $240,000 維護費,租賃則由出租人(Lessor)承擔。自購時維護費可抵稅,故租賃省下的是「稅後」維護費用(現金流入):
第 4 題
- Upstate Water Company just sold a bond with 50 warrants attached. The bonds have a 20-year maturity and an annual coupon of 12%, and they were issued at their 3.76
(B) 4.14
(D) 4.56
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題測驗附認股權證公司債(Bonds with Warrants Attached)的價值拆解與定價。
-
附認股權證公司債的本質:
附認股權證公司債為一種組合證券(Package),可拆解為兩部分:- 純粹公司債(Straight Bond):提供固定票面利息與到期面額。
- 認股權證(Warrants):賦予持有人在特定期間內以約定價格認購公司普通股的權利。
-
價值拆解公式(Market Value Breakdown):
在效率市場下,附認股權證公司債的發行價格等於純粹債券價值加上所有附帶認股權證的總價值:
-
純粹公司債價值評價公式:
以市場上同等風險、無認股權的純粹債券殖利率()作為折現率:
其中:- :每期票面利息
- :債券面額
- :相同風險純粹債券之市場殖利率(市場折現率)
- :到期年限
- :普通年金現值因子
- :複利現值因子
-
單一認股權證價值:
解題方法
步驟一:整理題目已知條件
- 債券面額():$1,000
- 發行價格():$1,000(平價發行)
- 到期年限():20 年
- 票面利率():每年 12%(每年付息一次)
- 每期票面利息 C = \1,000 \times 12% = $120$
- 相同風險純粹公司債之市場殖利率():15%
- 附帶認股權證數量():50 單位
步驟二:計算純粹公司債價值()
利用折現率 、期數 年,計算純粹債券的理論價值:
- 計算現值因子:
第 5 題
- Autore Company's stock now sells for 100 million as new equity by selling common stock. Since the preemptive right is in the corporate charter, rights will be used. Management has decided that the rights should be worth 39.65; Ex-rights price: 40.25; Ex-rights price: 42.65; Ex-rights price: 44.55; Ex-rights price: 46.65; Ex-rights price: $50.00
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題測驗公司以優先認股權(Rights Offering)進行現金增資時的理論定價關係,核心在於理解附權市價(Rights-on Price)、除權市價(Ex-rights Price)、**認股權理論價值(Value of a Right)以及認購新股所需之權利數(Number of Rights per New Share)**之間的數學關聯:
-
認購 1 股新股所需之認股權數():
其中新股發行數為 。 -
附權狀態下每單位認股權之理論價值():
在除權日前(附權期間),持有 1 股舊股票附帶 1 個認股權。由無套利定價關係推導:
其中 為附權市價(Rights-on stock price), 為每股認購價格(Subscription price)。 -
除權後每股市價():
除權後,認股權從股票中分離,理論除權價格應等於附權價格扣除 1 個認股權的價值:
解題方法
步驟一:整理題目已知條件
- 附權每股市價 $50
- 原流通在外股數
- 預計募集資金 $100,000,000(1 億美元)
- 目標認股權價值 $1
- 設每股認購價為 ,除權後市價為
步驟二:將所需權利數 表示為認購價 的函數
- 發行新股總數
- 認購 1 股新股所需權利數 :
步驟三:利用認股權定價公式求解認購價格
將已知數值代入附權認股權價值公式 :
兩邊同乘以 :
整理方程式:
步驟四:計算除權後股票市價
根據除權理論價格關係式:
第 6 題
- Which of the following statements is most CORRECT?
(A) Firms that are acquired usually have a market price below book value before the merger offer is made. However, once the initial offer is made, the price can rise above book value, but the purchase price, especially in large acquisitions, generally remains within 20% of book value.
(B) When Texaco purchased Getty Oil, many financial analysts felt that the deal made sense because it increased Texaco's market share and expanded its shrinking oil reserves. This merger exemplified the belief among the natural resource companies that buying reserves through acquisitions was less costly than exploring and finding them in the field.
(C) When Mobil Oil Company tried to acquire Conoco, which was another oil company, stockholders were concerned that the U.S. Justice Department would try to block the merger because it would lessen competition. Thus, antitrust considerations affected this proposed horizontal merger.
(D) Answers b and c are correct.
(E) All of the statements above are false.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考查公司併購相關的敘述,需要判斷各個敘述的正確性。
首先,我們逐一分析每個選項的敘述:
(A) 關於併購前股價與帳麵價值的關係:
「Firms that are acquired usually have a market price below book value before the merger offer is made.」這句話通常是不正確的。在併購發生前,目標公司的市場價格通常會因為併購預期而上漲,甚至可能高於帳麵價值。帳麵價值(Book Value)是資產減去負債的歷史成本基礎,而市場價值則反映了公司的未來盈利能力和市場預期。
「However, once the initial offer is made, the price can rise above book value, but the purchase price, especially in large acquisitions, generally remains within 20% of book value.」這後半句話也存疑。併購的溢價(premium)幅度取決於多種因素,包括目標公司的戰略價值、市場競爭狀況、協商過程等。併購價格(Purchase Price)通常是顯著高於帳麵價值的,有時甚至顯著高於併購前的市場價。將購買價格限制在帳麵價值的 20% 以內,對於大型併購來說,可能性很低。
第 7 題
- Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Act is designed to do which of the following?
(A) Protect shareholders against creditors.
(B) Establish the rules of reorganization for firms with projected cash flows that eventually will be sufficient to meet debt payments.
(C) Ensure that the firm is viable after emerging from bankruptcy.
(D) Allow the firm to negotiate with each creditor individually.
(E) Provide safeguards against the withdrawal of assets by the owners of the bankrupt firm and allow insolvent debtors to discharge all of their obligations and to start over unhampered by a burden of prior debt.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考查美國破產法第七章(Chapter 7)的主要目的。美國破產法主要有兩種形式:清算(Liquidation)和重整(Reorganization)。Chapter 7 屬於清算程序,而 Chapter 11 屬於重整程序。
我們逐一分析各個選項:
(A) Protect shareholders against creditors.
Chapter 7 的核心是清算資產以償還債權人。股東通常是最後順位的求償者,在清算程序中,他們獲得償還的可能性非常低,甚至為零。因此,Chapter 7 並不旨在保護股東免受債權人的侵害,反而可能導致股東的權益被完全剝奪。這與 Chapter 7 的目的不符。
(B) Establish the rules of reorganization for firms with projected cash flows that eventually will be sufficient to meet debt payments.
這是 Chapter 11(重整)破產法的目的,而不是 Chapter 7。Chapter 7 的目的是清算資產,而不是重整業務。
(C) Ensure that the firm is viable after emerging from bankruptcy.
這也是 Chapter 11(重整)的目的。Chapter 7 的目的是結束企業的營運,清算其資產,而不是使其恢復生機。
第 8 題
- Suppose the September CBOT Treasury bond futures contract has a quoted price of 89-09. What is the implied annual interest rate inherent in this futures contract?
(A) 6.32%
(B) 6.65%
(C) 7.00%
(D) 7.35%
(E) 7.72%
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查 CBOT 國庫券期貨(Treasury Bond Futures)的報價慣例,以及從期貨報價反推**隱含殖利率(Implied Yield)**的能力。
需掌握以下前提知識:
-
CBOT T-Bond Futures 報價格式:採「點數+32分之幾」(points and 32nds)表示,即
XX-YY代表面值的 %。 -
標準交割債券假設:CBOT 國庫券期貨的計算慣例,以面額 $100,000、票面利率 6%(每半年付息 3%)、20 年到期(共 40 期)的假想公債為基準。
-
求隱含殖利率:即「以期貨換算出的債券價格」為現值,反解 YTM(殖利率)。
解題方法
第一步:將期貨報價換算為實際價格(佔面額的百分比)
以 $100 面額計,期貨隱含的債券價格為:
第二步:建立債券訂價方程式
標準 CBOT T-Bond Futures 假設:
- 每半年票息:
- 期數:(半年為一期)
- 面額:
- 半年期殖利率:(待求)
第三步:代入選項 (C) (半年),對應年利率 7%)驗算
計算 :
票息現值:
面額現值:
合計價格:
與題目換算價 的誤差極小(差距 ),完全落在 7% 的合理精度範圍內,確認隱含年利率為 7%。
選項分析
以下以各選項對應的半年利率帶入,估算債券理論價格,與 比較:
第 9 題
- Data for Oakdale Furniture, Inc. is shown below. Now the expected inflation rate and thus the inflation premium increase by 2.0 percentage points, and Oakdale acquires risky assets that increase its beta by the indicated percentage. What is the firm's new required rate of return?
| Beta: | 1.50 | |
| Required return (): | 10.20% | |
| RPM: | 6.00% | |
| Percentage increase in beta: | 20% |
(A) 14.00%
(B) 14.70%
(C) 15.44%
(D) 16.21%
(E) 17.02%
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考查在預期通貨膨率上升和 Beta 值增加的情況下,公司要求的報酬率如何變動。這涉及到資本資產定價模型 (CAPM)。
CAPM 公式為:
其中:
= 股東要求的報酬率 (Required return on equity)
= 無風險利率 (Risk-free rate)
= Beta 值 (Beta coefficient)
= 市場風險溢價 (Equity market risk premium)
根據題目給出的初始數據:
初始 Beta () = 1.50
初始要求的報酬率 () = 10.20%
市場風險溢價 (RPM) = 6.00%
我們可以先計算初始的無風險利率 ()。
第 10 題
- Which of the following is NOT a real option?
(A) The option to expand production if the product is successful.
(B) The option to buy shares of stock if its price goes up.
(C) The option to expand into a new geographic region.
(D) The option to abandon a project.
(E) The option to switch the type of fuel used in an industrial furnace.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考查「真實選擇權」(Real Options)的概念。真實選擇權是指在企業投資決策中,管理層擁有的、對未來現金流產生影響的、可自由裁量的決策權。這些選擇權類似於金融選擇權,但標的資產是企業的實際資產或投資項目。
真實選擇權通常具有以下特徵:
- 可擴張性 (Option to Expand): 如果項目表現良好,可以擴大投資。
- 可放棄性 (Option to Abandon): 如果項目表現不佳,可以退出項目,減少損失。
- 可延遲性 (Option to Defer): 可以在未來某個時間點再決定是否進行投資。
- 可切換性 (Option to Switch): 可以改變投入(如原料、能源)或產出(如產品)。
- 可學習性 (Option to Learn): 通過初步投資獲得信息,再決定是否進行大規模投資。
我們逐一分析每個選項:
(A) The option to expand production if the product is successful.
這是典型的可擴張性選擇權,屬於真實選擇權。如果產品成功,公司可以選擇增加產能以獲取更多利潤。
第 11 題
- Firm L has debt with a market value of 300,000, its earnings are growing at a 5% rate, and its tax rate is 40%. A similar firm with no debt has a cost of equity of 12%. Under the MM extension with growth, what would Firm L's total value be if it had no debt?
(A) 377,286
(C) 417,000
(E) $437,850
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考察 MM 延伸成長模型(MM Extension with Growth) 下,有負債公司(Firm L)在假設沒有負債時的總價值 (無槓桿公司價值)。
涉及的核心公式為:
在 有成長率的 MM 延伸模型中,由於公司以固定負債比率(而非固定絕對金額)持續舉債,稅盾(Tax Shield)的現金流會隨盈餘以 成長,且其風險與公司資產相當,因此應以 無槓桿權益成本 貼現,而非債務成本 。稅盾現值公式為:
解題方法
Step 1:整理已知資訊
| 項目 | 數值 |
|---|---|
| 負債市值 | $200,000 |
| 負債殖利率(稅前負債成本) | 9% |
| 股權市值 | $300,000 |
| 盈餘成長率 | 5% |
| 稅率 | 40% |
| 類似無槓桿公司之權益成本 | 12% |
Step 2:計算有槓桿公司的總市值
Step 3:計算稅盾的年現金流量
每年稅盾 =
Step 4:計算稅盾現值(MM 延伸成長模型)
為何分母用 ?
有成長模型下,公司依固定比率持有負債,負債金額隨公司成長,故稅盾現金流的系統風險與公司整體資產一致,應以 貼現;又因稅盾以 永續成長,套用 Gordon 成長模型,分母為 。
Step 5:反推無槓桿公司價值
第 12 題
- Which of the following statements is most correct?
(A) If you were testing dividend theories and found that a dividend increase resulted in higher stock prices, then you could rule out all other theories and conclude that the bird-in-the-hand theory was most consistent with the evidence you found.
(B) The clientele effect suggests that investors choose their investments based on firms' past dividend policies and changes to established dividend policies may be costly to investors.
(C) Dividends paid under a residual dividend policy might send conflicting signals to investors.
(D) Both statements b and c are correct.
(E) All of the statements above are correct.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考查股利政策相關的理論與觀念。需要判斷各個敘述的正確性。
(A) 關於股利理論與股價變動的關係:
「If you were testing dividend theories and found that a dividend increase resulted in higher stock prices, then you could rule out all other theories and conclude that the bird-in-the-hand theory was most consistent with the evidence you found.」
這句話過於絕對。雖然股利增加可能導致股價上漲,這與「Bird-in-the-hand」(手中小鳥理論,認為股利比資本利得更確定,因此投資者偏好即時股利)的觀點一致,但這並不意味著可以「排除所有其他理論」。例如,市場的反應也可能受到其他因素的影響,如公司增長前景、信息傳遞效應(dividend signaling)等。單一現象不能完全排除其他理論的可能性。因此,此敘述過於武斷,不夠嚴謹。
(B) 關於客戶群效應(Clientele Effect):
「The clientele effect suggests that investors choose their investments based on firms' past dividend policies and changes to established dividend policies may be costly to investors.」
客戶群效應是指不同類型的投資者(客戶群)偏好不同股利政策的公司。
第 13 題
- Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) If the returns on two stocks are perfectly positively correlated (i.e., the correlation coefficient is +1.0) and these stocks have identical standard deviations, an equally weighted portfolio of the two stocks will have a standard deviation that is less than that of the individual stocks.
(B) A portfolio with a large number of randomly selected stocks would have more market risk than a single stock that has a beta of 0.5, assuming that the stock's beta was correctly calculated and is stable.
(C) If a stock has a negative beta, its expected return must be negative.
(D) A portfolio with a large number of randomly selected stocks would have less market risk than a single stock that has a beta of 0.5.
(E) According to the CAPM, stocks with higher standard deviations of returns must also have higher expected returns.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題綜合考查:
- 投資組合的分散效果與相關係數。
- 系統風險與非系統風險。
- 衡量市場風險的意義。
- 資本資產定價模型(CAPM):
其中:
- :股票 的預期報酬率
- :無風險利率
- :市場風險溢酬
- :股票對市場報酬變動的敏感度,衡量系統風險
充分分散的投資組合可以消除大部分非系統風險,但仍會承擔市場整體波動所造成的系統風險。市場投資組合的 beta 通常定義為 。
解題方法
逐一檢驗各選項:
- 涉及投資組合標準差者,使用投資組合變異數公式。
- 涉及市場風險者,比較 beta。
- 涉及預期報酬率者,使用 CAPM 判斷。
- 標準差代表總風險,CAPM 只以 beta 衡量應獲得的風險溢酬。
選項分析
(A) 錯誤
兩檔股票報酬率完全正相關,且標準差相同。設兩檔股票的標準差皆為 ,各投資 ,且相關係數 。
投資組合變異數為:
代入 、、:
因此:
投資組合的標準差等於個別股票的標準差,而不是小於個別股票的標準差。完全正相關時,分散投資無法降低風險。
(B) 正確
隨機選取大量股票所形成的充分分散投資組合,其非系統風險大多可以被分散掉,但仍保留市場風險。
若這類投資組合接近整體市場,其 beta 約為:
第 14 題
- A stock is expected to pay a year-end dividend of 2.00. The dividend is expected to decline at a rate of 5% a year forever (g = -5%). If the company is in equilibrium and its expected and required rate of return is 15%, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) The company's current stock price is 9.50.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題的核心在於高登常數成長模型(Gordon Constant Growth Model)在負成長情境下的應用與股票期望報酬率之拆解:
-
常數成長模型(Constant Growth Model):
股票價值為未來無限期預期股利的折現值總和。當股利以固定比率 成長(或衰退)時,當期股票內在價值為:模型適用條件為 (要求報酬率大於成長率)。只要滿足此條件,不論 為正值、零或負值(衰退),該模型均完全適用。
-
期望總報酬率的組成(Total Return Decomposition):
在市場均衡下,股票的期望總報酬率可拆解為兩部分:在常數成長模型假設下:
- 股價與股利每年均以固定比率 變動:。
- 各期的預期股利殖利率維持為常數:。
- 各期的預期資本利得殖利率恆等於成長率 。
解題方法
根據題意,已知參數如下:
- 預期第 1 年末發放之股利:$2.00
- 預期股利永久固定年衰退率:
- 市場均衡下之要求報酬率:
步驟一:計算當前股票理論價格()
將參數代入高登常數成長公式:
步驟二:計算預期一年後(下年初,)之股票價格()
股票價格隨股利以相同的比率 衰退:
亦可由第 2 年預期股利折現推導:
第 15 題
- The MacMillen Company has equal amounts of low-risk, average-risk, and high-risk projects. The firm's overall WACC is 12%. The CFO believes that this is the correct WACC for the company's average-risk projects, but that a lower rate should be used for lower-risk projects and a higher rate for higher-risk projects. The CEO disagrees, on the grounds that even though projects have different risks, the WACC used to evaluate each project should be the same because the company obtains capital for all projects from the same sources. If the CEO's position is accepted, what is likely to happen over time?
(A) The company will take on too many high-risk projects and reject too many low-risk projects.
(B) The company will take on too many low-risk projects and reject too many high-risk projects.
(C) Things will generally even out over time, and, therefore, the firm's risk should remain constant over time.
(D) The company's overall WACC should decrease over time because its stock price should be increasing.
(E) The CEO's recommendation would maximize the firm's intrinsic value.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查「依專案風險調整折現率」與「加權平均資金成本(WACC)」的應用。
公司的整體 WACC 為 ,代表公司平均風險專案的資金機會成本。不同風險的投資專案,應採用不同的必要報酬率:
- 低風險專案:必要報酬率應低於 。
- 平均風險專案:必要報酬率約為 。
- 高風險專案:必要報酬率應高於 。
投資專案的淨現值為:
其中 為與專案風險相配合的折現率。專案風險越高,投資人要求的必要報酬率越高,因此折現率也應越高。
解題方法
題目設定 CFO 認為 僅適用於平均風險專案;低風險專案應使用較低折現率,高風險專案應使用較高折現率。CEO 卻主張所有專案一律使用 。
逐類分析如下:
-
低風險專案
低風險專案合理折現率應低於 。若一律使用 ,未來現金流會被過度折現,使計算出的 NPV 偏低。
因此,一些實際上具有正 NPV 的低風險專案,會被錯誤拒絕。
-
高風險專案
高風險專案合理折現率應高於 。若一律使用 ,未來現金流會被折現不足,使計算出的 NPV 偏高。
因此,一些實際上具有負 NPV 的高風險專案,會被錯誤接受。
長期而言,公司會拒絕過多低風險專案,卻接受過多高風險專案,使公司整體風險逐漸上升,並可能損害股東財富。
選項分析
第 16 題
- Projects S and L both have an initial cost of 20,000, while L's total undiscounted flows are $30,000. At a WACC of 10%, the two projects have identical NPVs. Which project's NPV is more sensitive to changes in the WACC?
(A) Project S.
(B) Project L.
(C) Both projects are equally sensitive to changes in the WACC since their NPVs are equal at all costs of capital.
(D) Neither project is sensitive to the discount rate, since both have NPV profiles that are horizontal.
(E) The solution cannot be determined because the problem gives us no information that can be used to determine the projects' relative IRRs.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考查不同專案的淨現值 (NPV) 對資金成本 (WACC) 變化的敏感度。
核心概念:
專案的 NPV 對 WACC 變化的敏感度取決於其現金流的時間結構。現金流越晚收到,其現值對 WACC 的變動越敏感。換句話說,現金流的久期 (duration) 越長,對 WACC 的變化越敏感。
題目給定:
- 初始成本 = $10,000 (對於 S 和 L)
- 專案 S 的總現金流入 (未折現) = $20,000
- 專案 L 的總現金流入 (未折現) = $30,000
- 在 WACC = 10% 時,兩專案的 NPV 相同。
NPV 的計算公式:
其中 。
NPV 對 WACC 的敏感度可以通過 NPV 曲線的斜率來衡量。NPV 曲線是 NPV 對 WACC 的函數圖。斜率的絕對值越大,表示敏感度越高。
我們知道, NPV 對 WACC 的敏感度與專案現金流的久期有關。通常,現金流越晚,久期越長,敏感度越高。
雖然我們不知道兩個專案的具體現金流時間分佈,但我們可以從總現金流入和 NPV 相等的條件來推斷。
已知:
- 專案 S 的總現金流入 = $20,000
- 專案 L 的總現金流入 = $30,000
- 初始成本 = $10,000
- 在 WACC = 10% 時,NPV(S) = NPV(L)
NPV(S) = 10,000 = 30,000 - 20,000 (這是未折現的獲利)
題目說 NPV 相同,這意味著折現後的獲利是相同的。
Let NPV(S) = NPV(L) = X。
在 WACC = 10% 時:
NPV(S) =
NPV(L) =
第 17 題
- Which one of the following would NOT result in incremental cash flows and thus should NOT be included in the capital budgeting analysis for a new product?
(A) A firm has a parcel of land that can be used for a new plant site or be sold, rented, or used for agricultural purposes.
(B) A new product will generate new sales, but some of those new sales will be from customers who switch from one of the firm's current products.
(C) A firm must obtain new equipment for the project, and 2 million on R&D associated with a new product. These costs have been expensed for tax purposes, and they cannot be recovered regardless of whether the new project is accepted or rejected.
(E) A firm can produce a new product, and the existence of that product will stimulate sales of some of the firm's other products.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題的核心考點為**資本預算(Capital Budgeting)中的增量現金流量原則(Incremental Cash Flow Principle)與相關現金流量(Relevant Cash Flows)**的認定。
在評估新投資專案時,決策者應遵循「有與無原則」(With-versus-Without Principle),僅納入因為接受該專案而直接導致之未來現金流量的淨變動:
相關現金流量的判定準則如下:
- 沉沒成本(Sunk Costs):過去已經發生、不可逆轉,且無論專案接受與否都無法改變的支出。不屬於增量現金流量,不可計入。
- 機會成本(Opportunity Costs):因採用該專案而放棄之現有資產的最佳替代用途收益。屬於增量現金流出,必須計入。
- 副作用/外部效應(Side Effects / Externalities):
- 侵蝕效應/產品蠶食(Erosion / Cannibalization):新產品搶奪現有產品之銷售額,為負向現金流,必須扣除。
- 綜效/互補效應(Synergies / Complementary Effects):新產品帶動現有產品之銷售額,為正向現金流,必須計入。
- 安裝與運送成本(Shipping and Installation Costs):使資產達到可使用狀態前所發生的必要資本化支出,屬於期初資本支出(Initial Outlay),必須計入。
解題方法
本題要求找出**不屬於(NOT)增量現金流量且不應(NOT)**納入資本預算分析的項目。
切入點在於檢視各選項描述之現金流的發生時點與決策相關性:
- 若該項支出屬於「過去已發生的不可回收支出」,即為沉沒成本,該項目即為正確解答。
- 其餘涉及機會成本、外部效應、期初必要支出的選項,均對未來整體企業價值變動產生影響,皆屬相關現金流量。
選項分析
第 18 題
Which of the following statements regarding a 15-year (180-month) $125,000 fixed-rate mortgage is CORRECT? (Ignore taxes and transaction costs.)
(A) The remaining balance after three years will be $125,000 less one third of the interest paid during the first three years.
(B) Because the outstanding balance declines over time, the monthly payments will also decline over time.
(C) Interest payments on the mortgage will increase steadily over time, but the total amount of each payment will remain constant.
(D) The proportion of the monthly payment that goes toward repayment of principal will be lower 10 years from now than it will be in the first year.
(E) The outstanding balance declines at a faster rate in the later years of the loan’s life.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
固定利率、固定月付款的房貸屬於等額本息攤還。每月付款金額固定,但付款中的利息與本金比例會隨貸款餘額改變:
- 每月利息=期初貸款餘額 × 月利率。
- 每月償還本金=固定月付款-當月利息。
- 期末貸款餘額=期初貸款餘額-當月償還本金。
隨著餘額逐月下降,每月利息減少,償還本金的金額便增加。
解題方法
設貸款本金為 $、月利率為 、貸款期數為 。每月固定付款 為:
第 $t
第 19 題
You agree to make 24 deposits of 13,000 in your account. If the bank compounds interest monthly, what nominal annual interest rate will you be earning?
(A) 7.62%
(B) 8.00%
(C) 8.40%
(D) 8.82%
(E) 9.26%
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「期初年金」的終值,以及「名目年利率」與月利率的換算。
每月月初存款,代表每筆存款都比月底存款多計息一個月。24 筆存款在第 24 個月月底的終值為:
其中 是每月存款額, 是月利率, 是存款次數。括號中的 是期初年金相較於期末年金多出的一期利息。
解題方法
代入每月存款 $500、共 24 筆,期末帳戶餘額 $13,000:
兩邊除以 500:
數值求解可得月利率約為 ,也就是每月約 。銀行按月複利,名目年利率等於月利率乘以 12:
第 20 題
If the pure expectations theory is correct, which of the following is CORRECT?
(A) An upward-sloping Treasury yield curve means that the market expects interest rates to decline in the future.
(B) A 5-year T-bond would always yield less than a 10-year T-bond.
(C) The yield curve for corporate bonds may be upward sloping even if the Treasury yield curve is flat.
(D) The yield curve for stocks must be above that for bonds, but both yield curves must have the same slope.
(E) If the maturity risk premium is zero for Treasury bonds, then it must be negative for corporate bonds.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考「純預期理論」(pure expectations theory)與殖利率曲線的關係。純預期理論認為,長期公債利率反映債券存續期間內市場預期的未來短期利率;在此理論下,不另計期限風險溢酬。
對 年期公債,可用下式表示長期利率與未來短期利率的關係:
其中 是 年期殖利率, 是目前短期利率, 是市場對未來第 期短期利率的預期。
解題方法
原卷第 20 題詢問純預期理論成立時何者正確,選項涵蓋公債殖利率曲線、公司債殖利率曲線及期限風險溢酬;圖中沒有額外曲線圖或數據表。判斷時先用純預期理論推論公債曲線反映的利率預期,再注意公司債殖利率還會受信用風險等因素影響。
若公債殖利率曲線向上,表示較長期間的平均預期短期利率較高,並非預期利率下降。若公債曲線持平,代表市場預期短期利率大致持平;但公司債的信用風險溢酬可能隨年期增加,使公司債曲線仍然向上。
選項分析
第 Section B-1 題10 分
Taxes are an important consideration in the leasing decision. Who is more likely to lease, a profitable corporation in a high tax bracket or a less profitable one in a low tax bracket? Why?
Please provide your answer in English ONLY.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考租賃決策中的稅負優勢與折舊抵稅效果。企業買下資產,可用折舊費用降低應稅所得;租賃時,資產所有人通常取得折舊抵稅利益,而承租人可將租金列為費用扣除。
企業能否充分利用抵稅額,取決於其邊際稅率與應稅所得。折舊抵稅利益可簡化表示為:
解題方法
原卷第 8 頁 Section B 第 1 題詢問:獲利較高、處於高稅率級距的公司,與獲利較低、處於低稅率級距的公司,何者較可能採用租賃,以及原因。這是申論題,頁面未提供計算數據或選項;題目要求以英文作答。
比較兩種方式的稅務利益:高稅率公司若自行購買資產,通常能更充分利用折舊抵稅利益;低稅率公司自行持有資產時,折舊抵稅的價值較小。若出租人有較高稅率,出租人可以利用資產折舊抵稅,並可能透過較低租金將部分利益反映給承租人。因此,低稅率公司相對更有誘因租賃。
解題技巧
第 Section B-2 題10 分
Please explicitly discuss whether the share prices of the parent companies in Asia will generally rise or fall following the announcements of spin-offs.
Please provide your answer in English ONLY.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查公司分割宣告的市場反應,也就是投資人如何評價分割帶來的預期價值變化。此處的 spin-off 是母公司將子公司或事業單位分立為獨立公司,通常按持股比例將新公司股份分配給母公司股東。
事件研究法常用「異常報酬」衡量宣告效果:
其中, 是公司 在事件期間的實際報酬, 是依市場模型等方法估計的預期報酬。若觀察宣告日前後多日的效果,則將異常報酬加總為累積異常報酬:
正的平均異常報酬或累積異常報酬,表示市場平均上對分割宣告作出正面反應。
解題方法與推導
題目問的是「亞洲母公司在分割宣告後,股價一般上漲或下跌」,因此應判斷宣告帶來的預期價值變化,而非只看分割完成後母公司帳面上少了哪項資產。
一般而言,分割可讓母公司與新公司各自聚焦核心業務,使投資人更容易評估各事業的獲利與風險,減輕企業多角化造成的評價折價,也可能改善管理誘因與資本配置。若市場預期這些效益大於分割成本,母公司股價便會在宣告時上升。