111 年 國立成功大學會計學研究所甲組《成本與管理會計》

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第 一 題15 分

In order to improve production efficiency, NCKU Company is considering two mutually exclusive investment projects.
Required investment outlay
After-tax cash inflows/year
Estimated project life (in years)
Estimated salvage value (end of life)

Project 1
250,000250,000 65,000
5
$70,000

Project 2
100,000100,000 35,000
5
$0

NCKU uses weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) as the discount rate for capital budgeting purposes. The WACC is 10%. Total Assets of NCKU is 37,500,000.CurrentAssetsis37,500,000. Current Assets is 2,500,000. Current Liabilities is 1,700,000whiletheNon−CurrentLiabilitiesis1,700,000 while the Non-Current Liabilities is 20,800,000.

Required:

  1. Compute the estimated net present value (NPV) of each project (rounded to nearest whole number). (2%)
  2. Compute the internal rate of return (IRR) of each project. (2%)
  3. Compute the profitability index (PI) for each project. (2%)
  4. Are there any other tools or measures you might consider to compare the two alternatives? Explain. (4%)
  5. Which project would you recommend? Why? (5%)

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這一題的完整詳解

本題主要考驗投資決策中常用的資本預算評估方法,包括淨現值 (NPV)、內部報酬率 (IRR) 和獲利能力指數 (PI)。同時也要求學生能提出其他評估工具並進行比較與推薦。

核心觀念: 資本預算、時間價值、風險評估、決策工具比較。

解題步驟:

1. 計算淨現值 (NPV)

NPV 的計算公式為:
NPV=∑t=1nCFt(1+r)t−Initial  InvestmentNPV = \sum_{t=1}^{n} \frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t} - Initial\;Investment
其中,CFtCF_t 為第 tt 期現金流量,rr 為折現率 (WACC),nn 為專案年限。

專案 1 (Project 1):

  • 初始投資:$250,000
  • 年現金流入:$65,000
  • 專案年限:5 年
  • 折現率 (WACC):10%
  • 殘值:$70,000 (於第 5 年回收)

NPV (Project 1) = −250,000+65,000(1.10)1+65,000(1.10)2+65,000(1.10)3+65,000(1.10)4+65,000+70,000(1.10)5-250,000 + \frac{65,000}{(1.10)^1} + \frac{65,000}{(1.10)^2} + \frac{65,000}{(1.10)^3} + \frac{65,000}{(1.10)^4} + \frac{65,000 + 70,000}{(1.10)^5}

利用年金現值係數或計算機計算:
年金現值係數 (PVAF, 10%, 5 年) = 1−(1+r)−nr=1−(1.10)−50.10≈3.790787\frac{1 - (1+r)^{-n}}{r} = \frac{1 - (1.10)^{-5}}{0.10} \approx 3.790787
單筆現值係數 (PVF, 10%, 5 年) = (1.10)−5≈0.620921(1.10)^{-5} \approx 0.620921

NPV (Project 1) = −250,000+(65,000×3.790787)+(70,000×0.620921)-250,000 + (65,000 \times 3.790787) + (70,000 \times 0.620921)
NPV (Project 1) = −250,000+246,401.16+43,464.47-250,000 + 246,401.16 + 43,464.47
NPV (Project 1) = 39,865.6339,865.63
四捨五入至整數:$39,866

專案 2 (Project 2):

  • 初始投資:$100,000
  • 年現金流入:$35,000
  • 專案年限:5 年
  • 折現率 (WACC):10%
  • 殘值:$0

NPV (Project 2) = −100,000+35,000(1.10)1+35,000(1.10)2+35,000(1.10)3+35,000(1.10)4+35,000(1.10)5-100,000 + \frac{35,000}{(1.10)^1} + \frac{35,000}{(1.10)^2} + \frac{35,000}{(1.10)^3} + \frac{35,000}{(1.10)^4} + \frac{35,000}{(1.10)^5}
NPV (Project 2) = −100,000+(35,000×3.790787)-100,000 + (35,000 \times 3.790787)
NPV (Project 2) = −100,000+132,677.55-100,000 + 132,677.55
NPV (Project 2) = 32,677.5532,677.55
四捨五入至整數:$32,678

【答案】
NPV (Project 1) = 39,866NPV(Project2)=39,866 NPV (Project 2) = 32,678

2. 計算內部報酬率 (IRR)

IRR 是使專案 NPV 等於 0 的折現率。對於有固定年金現金流的專案,可透過試誤法 (Trial and Error) 或財務計算機/軟體來求解。

專案 1 (Project 1):
初始投資 = 250,000年現金流入(含殘值分攤)=250,000 年現金流入 (含殘值分攤) = 65,000 + \frac{70,000}{5} = 65,000+65,000 + 14,000 = $79,000 (此為簡化估計,較精確做法是將殘值視為最後一年的額外現金流入)

使用精確方法:IRR 是使 NPV = 0 的 rr。
−250,000+∑t=1465,000(1+IRR)t+65,000+70,000(1+IRR)5=0-250,000 + \sum_{t=1}^{4} \frac{65,000}{(1+IRR)^t} + \frac{65,000 + 70,000}{(1+IRR)^5} = 0
−250,000+65,000×PVAF(IRR,4)+140,000×PVF(IRR,5)=0-250,000 + 65,000 \times PVAF(IRR, 4) + 140,000 \times PVF(IRR, 5) = 0

讓我們嘗試幾個折現率:

  • 若 r=10%r = 10\%,NPV = $39,866 (大於 0)
  • 若 r=15%r = 15\%,PVAF(15%, 5) ≈3.352155\approx 3.352155,PVF(15%, 5) ≈0.497177\approx 0.497177
    NPV (15%) = −250,000+(65,000×3.352155)+(70,000×0.497177)-250,000 + (65,000 \times 3.352155) + (70,000 \times 0.497177)
    NPV (15%) = −250,000+217,890.08+34,802.39-250,000 + 217,890.08 + 34,802.39
    NPV (15%) = 3,092.473,092.47 (仍大於 0,表示 IRR > 15%)
  • 若 r=16%r = 16\%,PVAF(16%, 5) ≈3.274354\approx 3.274354,PVF(16%, 5) ≈0.476113\approx 0.476113
    NPV (16%) = −250,000+(65,000×3.274354)+(70,000×0.476113)-250,000 + (65,000 \times 3.274354) + (70,000 \times 0.476113)
    NPV (16%) = −250,000+212,833.01+33,327.91-250,000 + 212,833.01 + 33,327.91
    NPV (16%) = −3,839.08-3,839.08 (小於 0,表示 IRR < 16%)

使用內插法:
IRR (Project 1) ≈15%+3,092.473,092.47−(−3,839.08)×(16%−15%)\approx 15\% + \frac{3,092.47}{3,092.47 - (-3,839.08)} \times (16\% - 15\%)
IRR (Project 1) ≈15%+3,092.476,931.55×1%\approx 15\% + \frac{3,092.47}{6,931.55} \times 1\%
IRR (Project 1) ≈15%+0.4461×1%≈15.45%\approx 15\% + 0.4461 \times 1\% \approx 15.45\%

專案 2 (Project 2):
初始投資 = 100,000年現金流入=100,000 年現金流入 = 35,000
專案年限 = 5 年

IRR (Project 2) 是使 NPV = 0 的 rr。
−100,000+35,000×PVAF(IRR,5)=0-100,000 + 35,000 \times PVAF(IRR, 5) = 0
PVAF(IRR,5)=100,00035,000≈2.85714PVAF(IRR, 5) = \frac{100,000}{35,000} \approx 2.85714

查詢年金現值表或使用計算機,找到 PVAF 為 2.85714 時的利率:

  • 若 r=20%r = 20\%,PVAF(20%, 5) ≈2.9906\approx 2.9906
  • 若 r=25%r = 25\%,PVAF(25%, 5) ≈2.6892\approx 2.6892

IRR (Project 2) 在 20% 和 25% 之間。
使用內插法:
IRR (Project 2) ≈20%+2.9906−2.857142.9906−2.6892×(25%−20%)\approx 20\% + \frac{2.9906 - 2.85714}{2.9906 - 2.6892} \times (25\% - 20\%)
IRR (Project 2) ≈20%+0.133460.3014×5%\approx 20\% + \frac{0.13346}{0.3014} \times 5\%
IRR (Project 2) ≈20%+0.4428×5%≈20%+2.21%=22.21%\approx 20\% + 0.4428 \times 5\% \approx 20\% + 2.21\% = 22.21\%

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第 二 題10 分

Phone Protection Store has an annual demand for iPhone cases of 25,000 units. The cost of placing an order is 65andthecostofcarryingoneunitofiPhonecaseforoneyearis65 and the cost of carrying one unit of iPhone case for one year is 35.

Required:

  1. Calculate the economic-order-quantity (EOQ) of the iPhone cases. (2%)
  2. If the lead time is 10 days and a year has 250 work days, what is the reorder point? (2%)
  3. Determine the safety stock required to prevent stockouts assuming the maximum lead time is 30 days and the maximum daily demand is 125 units. (2%)
  4. If the store is considering to adopt JIT purchase system in order to reduce its inventory carrying costs, what should the store's manager take into consideration when making the decision? (4%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題屬於存貨管理與決策會計的經典題型,核心考點涵蓋以下四個面向:

  1. 經濟訂購量(Economic Order Quantity, EOQ):在需求量、訂購成本與持有成本固定的假設下,使「全年總訂購成本」與「全年總持有成本」之和達到最小化的最適單次訂購批量。
  2. 再訂購點(Reorder Point, ROP):在確定性情況下,當存貨水準降至「前置時間內之預期需求量」時,必須發出新訂單,以確保新批次到貨時存貨恰好耗盡。
  3. 安全存量(Safety Stock, SS):當每日需求量或前置時間存在不確定性(波動)時,為防止缺貨(Stockout)所額外保留的緩衝存貨。在極端值法(Maximum/Worst-case Approach)下,安全存量等於「最大前置時間之最大需求量」減去「正常前置時間之正常需求量」。
  4. 及時採購制度(Just-In-Time Purchasing, JIT)之決策考量:評估引進 JIT 制度時,管理階層需權衡持有成本的節省與潛在增加的訂購成本、運輸成本、失去批量折扣及缺貨風險,並著重供應商關係與供應鏈資訊整合能力。

解題方法

1. 計算經濟訂購量(EOQ)

公式推導與計算:
令:

  • 年需求量(DD)=25,000= 25,000 單位
  • 每筆訂購成本(SS 或 PP)== $65
  • 每單位每年持有成本(HH 或 CC)== $35
EOQ=2×D×SHEOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times D \times S}{H}}

代入數值:

EOQ=2×25,000×6535=3,250,00035=650,0007≈92,857.14≈304.72 單位EOQ = \sqrt{\frac{2 \times 25,000 \times 65}{35}} = \sqrt{\frac{3,250,000}{35}} = \sqrt{\frac{650,000}{7}} \approx \sqrt{92,857.14} \approx 304.72 \text{ 單位}

若依實務取四捨五入整數,則為 305305 單位(答 304.72304.72 單位或 305305 單位皆可)。


2. 計算再訂購點(Reorder Point, ROP)

在尚未考慮安全存量之確定性模型下,再訂購點為前置時間內的預期需求量。

  • 每日正常需求量(dd):
d=年需求量全年工作天數=25,000250=100 單位/天d = \frac{\text{年需求量}}{\text{全年工作天數}} = \frac{25,000}{250} = 100 \text{ 單位/天}
  • 正常前置時間(LL)=10= 10 天
ROP=d×L=100×10=1,000 單位ROP = d \times L = 100 \times 10 = 1,000 \text{ 單位}

當庫存量降至 1,0001,000 單位時,門市即應發出訂單。


3. 計算預防缺貨所需之安全存量(Safety Stock)

題目給定「最大前置時間為 30 天」且「最大每日需求為 125 單位」,採極值法(極端情況分析)計算足以完全避免缺貨之安全存量:

  • 最大前置時間需求量 =最大每日需求×最大前置時間=125×30=3,750 單位= \text{最大每日需求} \times \text{最大前置時間} = 125 \times 30 = 3,750 \text{ 單位}
  • 正常前置時間需求量 =正常每日需求×正常前置時間=100×10=1,000 單位= \text{正常每日需求} \times \text{正常前置時間} = 100 \times 10 = 1,000 \text{ 單位}
安全存量 (Safety Stock)=最大前置時間需求量−正常前置時間需求量\text{安全存量 (Safety Stock)} = \text{最大前置時間需求量} - \text{正常前置時間需求量} SS=3,750−1,000=2,750 單位SS = 3,750 - 1,000 = 2,750 \text{ 單位}
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第 三 題10 分

A specific component, AX01, is sold at a competitive price of 20inthemarket.GOGOMotor′sAutomotiveDivisionnowpurchases350,000ofAX01peryearfromanexternalsupplieratapriceof20 in the market. GOGO Motor's Automotive Division now purchases 350,000 of AX01 per year from an external supplier at a price of 18 per component. The discount from the competitive 20priceisaresultoflargequantitypurchased.Recently,GOGOMotorhasacquiredanewAXDivision,whichproducesAX01andsellstoretailoutletsat20 price is a result of large quantity purchased. Recently, GOGO Motor has acquired a new AX Division, which produces AX01 and sells to retail outlets at 20. The retail outlets purchase about 850,000 units of AX01 from AX Division a year. GOGO Motor's top management now is considering not to purchase AX01 from the external suppliers but to purchase from the new division they just acquired.

The AX Division's cost per component is shown below:
Direct materials 7Directlabor4Variableoverhead2Fixedoverhead3Totalcost7 Direct labor 4 Variable overhead 2 Fixed overhead 3 Total cost 16

Fixed costs are based on the annual capacity of 1,000,000 units of AX01.
Both divisions are to be treated as investment centers, and their performance is to be evaluated by the ROI formula.

Required:

  1. What transfer price would you recommend if AX Division produces at capacity and still sells 850,000 units of AX01 to the retail outlets at $20, and transfer the remaining 150,000 units to Producing Department? Why? (2%)
  2. If GOGO Motor's top management finally made the decision that AX Division sell 350,000 units of AX01 to Producing Division and sell the remaining 650,000 units to the market at $20, what transfer price would you recommend? Why? (3%)
  3. If the AX Division is now selling 1,000,000 units of AX01 to retail outlets a year, would you recommend AX Division to sell 350,000 units of AX01 to Producing Division and to sell the remaining 650,000 units to retail outlets? If yes, what transfer price would you recommend? Explain. (2%)
  4. Suppose the manager of the AX Division can increase its capacity to 1,400,000 units for 2,100,000.Shethenhasthetwooptions:Option1:cuttingtheretailpriceto2,100,000. She then has the two options: Option 1: cutting the retail price to 18 with the certainty that sales will increase to 1,400,000 units of AX01, or
    Option 2: cutting the outside price to $19 with the certainty that sales will increase to 1,000,000 units of AX01 and transferring the 350,000 units of AX01 to the Automotive Division at some price that would produce the same income for the AX Division as Option 1. What is the minimum transfer price you would recommend in the Option 2? (3%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題評量**責任會計與轉撥計價(Transfer Pricing)**的核心決策原則。

  1. 基本成本結構拆解:

    • 單位變動成本(Variable Cost, VCVC):
      VC=直接材料 $7+直接人工 $4+變動製造費用 $2=$13VC = \text{直接材料 } \$7 + \text{直接人工 } \$4 + \text{變動製造費用 } \$2 = \$13
    • 單位固定製造費用(Fixed Overhead, FMOHFMOH)為已分攤之沉沒/產能成本(每單位 \$$3,基於 1,000,000 單位產能,總固定成本為 \3,000,000),在短期轉撥決策中,只要產能未變動,總固定成本皆屬非攸關成本。
  2. 一般轉撥計價通用公式(General Transfer Pricing Rule):

    • 轉出部門(賣方)之最低可接受轉撥價格(Floor):
      最低轉撥價格=每單位增額成本(變動成本)+每單位機會成本\text{最低轉撥價格} = \text{每單位增額成本(變動成本)} + \text{每單位機會成本}
      • 若有閒置產能(Idle Capacity),未放棄外部銷售,則機會成本 == $0。
      • 若無閒置產能(Full Capacity),內部轉撥須犧牲外部銷售,則機會成本 == 放棄之外部每單位邊際貢獻(Lost Contribution Margin per unit, P−VCP - VC)。
    • 轉入部門(買方)之最高可接受轉撥價格(Ceiling):
      最高轉撥價格=外部市場購料價格(External Purchase Price)\text{最高轉撥價格} = \text{外部市場購料價格(External Purchase Price)}
    • 可行的協商轉撥價格區間:最低轉撥價格≤TP≤最高轉撥價格\text{最低轉撥價格} \le TP \le \text{最高轉撥價格}。此區間能維持兩部門經理人的目標一致性(Goal Congruence)與部門自主性(Autonomy),同時促成公司整體利益最大化。

解題方法與逐步推導

第 1 小題

  • 情境分析:
    • AX 部門總產能為 1,000,000 單位,外部零售銷售 850,000 單位,尚有 150,000 單位閒置產能。
    • 將剩餘 150,000 單位全部轉撥給製造部門(Producing Department)。
  • 價格推導:
    • 賣方最低價格(AX Division):
      利用閒置產能生產,不需犧牲外部零售銷量,機會成本為 $0。
      最低 TP=VC+機會成本=$13+$0=$13\text{最低 } TP = VC + \text{機會成本} = \$13 + \$0 = \$13
    • 買方最高價格(Producing Department):
      製造部門原先向外採購之大量折扣價為 $18。
      最高 TP=$18\text{最高 } TP = \$18
  • 結論與理由:
    • 建議轉撥價格介於 **$13 至 \$$18 之間**($13 \le TP \le \18)。
    • 理由:在此價格區間內,AX 部門每轉撥一單位可獲得正的邊際貢獻(TP−TP - $13>013 > 0),有助於提升其投資報酬率(ROI);製造部門之取得成本低於外部採購價(TP<TP < $18),可降低成本並提升其 ROI。兩部門皆有誘因促成內部交易,符合公司整體利潤最大化目標。

第 2 小題

  • 情境分析:
    • 公司高層決策:AX 部門轉撥 350,000 單位給製造部門,剩餘 650,000 單位售予外部零售市場。
    • 原外部銷量為 850,000 單位,現降為 650,000 單位,代表犧牲外部銷售 200,000 單位(850,000−650,000850,000 - 650,000)。
    • 轉撥的 350,000 單位來源包含兩部分:
      1. 閒置產能提供:150,000 單位150,000\text{ 單位}
      2. 犧牲外部零售提供:200,000 單位200,000\text{ 單位}
  • 價格推導:
    • 賣方總最低可接受補償收入:
      • 閒置產能 150,000 單位:每單位變動成本 $13,需補償 150,000×150,000 \times $13=13 = $1,950,000。
      • 放棄零售 200,000 單位:原售價 $20(每單位變動成本 \$$13 加上放棄之邊際貢獻 $7),需補償7),需補償 200,000 \times $20 = \4,000,000。
      • 總最低補償金額 == $1,950,000+1,950,000 + $4,000,000=4,000,000 = $5,950,000。
    • 賣方平均每單位最低轉撥價格:
      最低 TP=$5,950,000350,000 單位=$17\text{最低 } TP = \frac{\$5,950,000}{350,000\text{ 單位}} = \$17
      亦即:
      最低 TP=VC+總放棄邊際貢獻轉撥總數量=$13+200,000×($20−$13)350,000=$13+$4=$17\text{最低 } TP = VC + \frac{\text{總放棄邊際貢獻}}{\text{轉撥總數量}} = \$13 + \frac{200,000 \times (\$20 - \$13)}{350,000} = \$13 + \$4 = \$17
    • 買方最高價格:外部採購價 $18。
  • 結論與理由:
    • 建議轉撥價格介於 **$17 至 \$$18 之間**($17 \le TP \le \18)。
    • 理由:轉撥價格若訂於 $17 至 \$$18 之間,AX 部門能全額彌補其增額生產成本及因減產零售所損失之邊際貢獻,且有多餘利潤提升 ROI;製造部門購料成本亦低於外購價 \18,使兩部門利潤與 ROI 同步成長,達成目標一致性。

第 3 小題

  • 情境分析:
    • AX 部門現已於外部市場全產能銷售 1,000,000 單位(售價 $20),完全無閒置產能。
    • 若轉撥 350,000 單位給製造部門,必須全數犧牲外部零售銷量(350,000 單位)。
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第 四 題15 分

NCKU Company uses a flexible budget for its indirect manufacturing costs. At the end of 2021, NCKU anticipated that it would produce 30,000 units with 5,600 machine-hours and 8,750 employee days for 2022. The indirect costs and cost drivers are shown in the following:

FixedVariableCost driver
Product packaging$15,000$0.50per unit
Product custody$55,000$0.25per unit
Product shifting$45,000$75.00per 100 unit batch
Inspection$12,000$12.00per 100 unit batch
Maintenance$1,250$0.25per machine-hour
Supplies$5.00per employee day

During 2022, the company produced and sold 29,000 units with 5,250 machine-hours and 8,500 employee days. The actual costs for 2022 were shown as follows:

Product packaging 40,000Productshifting40,000 Product shifting 67,500
Product custody 60,000Inspection60,000 Inspection 16,000
Maintenance 2,470Supplies2,470 Supplies 51,000

Required:
Prepare the static budget and the flexible budget using the overhead items above and compute the static-budget variances, flexible-budget variances and sales-volume variances.

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查製造間接成本的:

  1. 靜態預算(Static Budget):依原先預計產量與成本動因編製。
  2. 彈性預算(Flexible Budget):依實際產量、機器小時及員工日重新計算預算成本。
  3. 靜態預算差異:實際成本與原始靜態預算的差異。
  4. 彈性預算差異:實際成本與實際活動量下應有成本的差異。
  5. 銷貨量差異(Sales-volume variance):原始靜態預算與實際活動量下彈性預算的差異。

本題以成本觀點計算,約定:

  • 實際成本高於預算:不利差異(U)
  • 實際成本低於預算:有利差異(F)

基本公式如下:

靜態預算=固定成本+單位成本動因率×預計成本動因\text{靜態預算} = \text{固定成本} + \text{單位成本動因率} \times \text{預計成本動因} 彈性預算=固定成本+單位成本動因率×實際成本動因\text{彈性預算} = \text{固定成本} + \text{單位成本動因率} \times \text{實際成本動因} 靜態預算差異=實際成本−靜態預算\text{靜態預算差異} = \text{實際成本} - \text{靜態預算} 彈性預算差異=實際成本−彈性預算\text{彈性預算差異} = \text{實際成本} - \text{彈性預算} 銷貨量差異=彈性預算−靜態預算\text{銷貨量差異} = \text{彈性預算} - \text{靜態預算}

解題方法

一、先換算實際成本動因

產品移動與檢驗的成本動因是「每 100 單位批次」,因此:

預計批次:

30,000÷100=300 批30,000 \div 100=300\text{ 批}

實際批次:

29,000÷100=290 批29,000 \div 100=290\text{ 批}

其他成本動因直接使用題目給定的單位:

  • 預計機器小時:5,600
  • 實際機器小時:5,250
  • 預計員工日:8,750
  • 實際員工日:8,500

二、編製靜態預算與彈性預算

1. 產品包裝

靜態預算:

15,000+0.50(30,000)=30,00015,000+0.50(30,000)=30,000

彈性預算:

15,000+0.50(29,000)=29,50015,000+0.50(29,000)=29,500

2. 產品保管

靜態預算:

55,000+0.25(30,000)=62,50055,000+0.25(30,000)=62,500

彈性預算:

55,000+0.25(29,000)=62,25055,000+0.25(29,000)=62,250

3. 產品移動

靜態預算:

45,000+75(300)=67,50045,000+75(300)=67,500

彈性預算:

45,000+75(290)=66,75045,000+75(290)=66,750

4. 檢驗

靜態預算:

12,000+12(300)=15,60012,000+12(300)=15,600

彈性預算:

12,000+12(290)=15,48012,000+12(290)=15,480

5. 維修

靜態預算:

1,250+0.25(5,600)=2,6501,250+0.25(5,600)=2,650

彈性預算:

1,250+0.25(5,250)=2,562.501,250+0.25(5,250)=2,562.50

6. 耗用品

題目未列固定成本,視為固定成本為 0。

靜態預算:

5(8,750)=43,7505(8,750)=43,750

彈性預算:

5(8,500)=42,5005(8,500)=42,500

三、預算與差異計算表

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第 五 題10 分

The 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 26) held in Glasgow in November, 2021, aims to reduce the carbon emissions to slowdown the climate change. Not only the climate change but also a lot of other environmental issues (e.g., marine conservation) have become the focus of attention of the governments, investors, and corporations. In fact, a lot of companies have had incur significant costs to clean up the environmental damage that was caused by their previous actions. To be more environmentally friendly, some companies have started to re-design their manufacturing process, to improve their product, or to use more renewable energy. Therefore, the environmental cost has become important and cannot be ignored when making decisions. Based on your knowledge of cost classification and cost assignment, please explain how to deal with such environmental costs when making decisions like product manufacturing, pricing, sales mix or other decisions that might incur environmental costs. (Explain your answer as detailed as possible and answer in English)

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核心觀念

  1. 成本分類

    • 直接成本 vs. 間接成本:直接成本能明確追溯至特定產品(如環保材料費),間接成本則屬於企業整體或部門(如污染防治設施折舊)。
    • 變動成本 vs. 固定成本:變動成本隨產量變化(如再製程的能源費),固定成本不隨產量變化(如環保設備的固定資產折舊)。
    • 沉沒成本 (Sunk Cost):已發生且不可回收的支出(過去污染清理費用)在決策時不應列入考量。
    • 機會成本 (Opportunity Cost):選擇環保方案所放棄的其他收益(如使用傳統工藝可節省的成本)。
  2. 成本指派原則

    • 直接指派:若環境成本能直接歸屬於特定產品或部門,則以直接指派方式列入該產品成本。
    • 分攤指派:無法直接歸屬時,以合理基礎(產量、機械小時、能源使用量等)將間接環境成本分攤至各產品。
    • 全成本概念 (Full Costing):將環境成本視為產品全成本的一部份,納入定價與損益分析。

解題方法

  1. 辨識環境成本項目

    • 預防成本:避免污染的投入(環保設計、再生能源設備、流程改造)。
    • 內部控制成本:監測、報告與合規相關費用。
    • 清理成本:因過往污染所產生的修復費用(已發生屬沉沒成本)。
    • 外部成本:社會因企業污染所承擔的成本(如罰款、社會責任支出),若企業自行承擔則列入成本。
  2. 決策情境之成本計算步驟

    • Step 1:界定決策範圍(製程改變、產品定價、銷售組合)。
    • Step 2:列出相關環境成本,分別標示為直接或間接、變動或固定。
    • Step 3:選擇指派基礎,若為直接成本則直接計入;若為間接成本,選擇最能反映因果關係的分攤基礎(如每單位產品所耗能源量)。
    • Step 4:計算完整單位成本
      Cunit=Cdirect+Cindirect基礎量C_{unit}=C_{direct}+ \frac{C_{indirect}}{基礎量}
    • Step 5:與決策目標比較
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第 六 題15 分

Some companies are considering to get rid of their Information Technology (IT) Department. If doing so, there won't be an independent IT Department to support all other departments' IT-related tasked in the company. As a substitution, some of them are considering to outsource their IT-related tasks to an external IT company. Some of them are considering to authorize individual department to hire IT employees if necessary. In your opinion, is it a good idea to get rid of IT Department? What would be the relevant information when considering to close IT Department? What should be considered when looking for an optimal alternative to the original functions provided by the IT Department? (Explain your answer as detailed as possible and answer in English)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念解析

本題屬於成本與管理會計中**特殊決策分析(Special Decision Analysis)與服務部門策略管理(Strategic Service Department Management)**的綜合題型,核心考點包含:

  1. 自製與委外決策(Make-or-Buy / Outsourcing Decision):評估企業內部服務部門(IT 部門)轉為外部委外(Outsourcing)或分權化至各部門(Decentralization)的成本效益。
  2. 相關資訊分析(Relevant Cost and Information Analysis):區分關閉部門時的可免成本(Avoidable Costs)、增量成本(Incremental Costs)與沉沒成本/不可免成本(Sunk / Unavoidable Costs)。
  3. 質的因素與策略性考量(Qualitative and Strategic Factors):評估核心競爭力(Core Competencies)、資訊安全風險(Data Security)、服務水準協議(SLA)、規模經濟(Economies of Scale)與組織目標一致性(Goal Congruence)。

解題過程與詳細分析

(a) 是否為廢除 IT 部門的好主意?(Is it a good idea to get rid of IT Department?)

分析與理論說明:
廢除獨立 IT 部門並非絕對的「好」或「壞」,取決於企業的核心競爭力定位(Strategic Positioning)與營運規模:

  1. 支持廢除的理由(當 IT 非核心業務時):
    • 成本結構優化:若企業為中小型企業或 IT 僅為日常維護,維持專職 IT 部門的固定薪資與設備開銷高昂。廢除 IT 部門改為委外或按需聘用,可將固定成本轉換為變動成本(Pay-per-use),並享有外部廠商的**規模經濟(Economies of Scale)**與專業技術。
  2. 反對廢除的理由(當 IT 攸關策略與資安時):
    • 核心技術與商業機密流失:若 IT 系統涉及企業的核心競爭力(如高科技製造、電商平台、金融科技),完全依賴外包將增加營業秘密外洩與策略被控制的風險。
    • 資源重複與相容性危機:若授權各部門自由聘用 IT 人員,會造成重複設置(Redundancy)、系統介面不相容(Incompatibility)以及缺乏統一資安標準等問題,總成本可能反而高於原有的獨立 IT 部門。

因此,最合理的判斷是:若 IT 僅提供非核心的標準化輔助功能,關閉獨立 IT 部門並適度委外是好主意;但若 IT 屬於企業的核心競爭力或資安關鍵,完全廢除獨立 IT 部門並非明智之舉。


(b) 考慮關閉 IT 部門時的相關資訊(Relevant Information when considering to close IT Department)

分析與理論說明:
管理會計在評估關閉部門時,僅應考量未來且因決策而異的相關資訊(Relevant Information),並分為定量與定性兩大維度:

  1. 定量/財務相關資訊(Relevant Financial Information):

    • 未來可免成本(Avoidable Costs, 相關流出減少):
      • IT 部門專屬員工薪資、福利與培訓費。
      • IT 專屬軟硬體租賃費、維護合約費及電力/材料費。
    • 未來增量成本(Incremental Costs, 相關新增支出):
      • 委外服務合約費用(Outsourcing service fees)。
      • 各部門自行聘用 IT 人員的新增薪資與管理費用。
      • 系統切換與轉型成本(Switching / Transition costs)。
    • 機會成本與相關收入(Opportunity Costs & Relevant Revenues):
      • 原 IT 部門佔用之辦公空間出租或轉作其他生產用途的租金價值。
      • 原專屬設備處分所產生的淨處分價值(Net disposal value)。
    • 不相關成本(Irrelevant Costs - 應排除於決策之外):
      • 沉沒成本(Sunk Costs):已購入且無殘值的 IT 設備與軟體帳面價值(Book value and depreciation)。
      • 不可免分攤成本(Unavoidable Allocated Costs):全公司總部共用的一般管理費用分攤金額。
  2. 定性/非財務相關資訊(Relevant Qualitative Information):

    • 資訊安全與隱私風險(Data Security & Privacy):外部廠商或個別員工的資安防護是否達標。
    • 服務品質與反應速度(Service Quality & Response Time):委外廠商的即時支援能力與 SLA 履約率。
    • 供應商依賴與鎖定風險(Vendor Lock-in):轉換供應商的門檻與議價能力衰退風險。

(c) 尋求最佳替代方案時的考量因素(Considerations when looking for an optimal alternative)

分析與理論說明:
在比較「外部委外(Outsourcing)」與「各部門分散自行聘用(Decentralized In-house IT)」等替代方案時,企業必須評估以下關鍵構面:

  1. 規模經濟與總擁有成本(Economies of Scale vs. Total Cost of Ownership, TCO):
    • 委外可享有外包商集中採購與專業分工帶來的規模經濟;而各部門分散聘用則可能因採購數量小、人員重疊而大幅增加總成本。
  2. 組織控制與目標一致性(Organizational Control & Goal Congruence):
    • 分散式架構容易導致各部門「自專私利」(Suboptimization),購買不符合公司整體標準的軟硬體;集中式外包或混合式管理較能維持公司整體 IT 策略一致。
  3. 服務水準協議與履約保證(Service Level Agreement, SLA & Accountability):
    • 評估外部廠商的服務水準契約(SLA),確保系統故障時有明確的回覆時間與賠償條款。
  4. 系統相容性與標準化(System Compatibility & Standardization):
    • 確保跨部門間的數據能流暢整合與共享,避免產生「資訊孤島(Information Silos)」。
  5. 靈活性與彈性擴充能力(Scalability & Flexibility):
    • 替代方案能否隨著企業業務成長迅速擴充 IT 算力與技術支援。

分小題作答與【答案】

由於題目特別註明 (Explain your answer as detailed as possible and answer in English),以下提供精準專業的英文擬答供試卷作答使用:

(a) Is it a good idea to get rid of the IT Department?

It depends on whether IT functions constitute the company's core competencies. If IT tasks are routine, non-core, and standardized, eliminating the independent IT department in favor of strategic outsourcing can be a good idea, as it lowers fixed overhead, reduces training costs, and leverages the provider's economies of scale. However, if IT capabilities are critical to strategic competitive advantage, proprietary technology, or confidential data protection, completely el

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第 七 題25 分

NCKU Manufacturing Co. produces similar products and has three departments that process all products. The first department is Producing Department, which produces the component parts of their products. The completed component parts will then transfer to the Assembly Department to assemble products from component parts. After assembling, the products will transfer to the final department, Finishing Department. NCKU has always adopted process costing to measure the costs of products. During February, the beginning work in process in the Producing Department was 40% complete as to conversion and 100% complete as to direct materials. The beginning inventory included 13,000formaterialsand13,000 for materials and 7,080 for conversion costs. Overhead is applied at the rate of 50% of direct manufacturing labor costs. Ending work-in-process inventory in the Producing Department was 60% complete. All spoilage is considered normal and is detected at the end of the process. The following shows the information related to Producing Department and Assembly Department:

ProducingAssembly
Beginning work-in-process units25,00024,000
Units started this period40,00053,000
Units completed and transferred this period53,00054,000
Ending work-in-process units8,00023,000
Material costs added$48,750$38,000
Direct manufacturing labor$20,000$45,000

Required:

  1. Prepare a production cost worksheet using weighted-average method for the Producing Department. (10%)
  2. NCKU decides to manufacture some new products that are very different with their original products. Although these new products are still processed from Producing Department to Assembly department, and then to the Finishing Department, the overall production process of these new product types will be very different with original process. These new products will incur more types of indirect cost for their manufacturing process than before. Additionally, NCKU decides to provide customized products to their clients in order to obtain more orders. Does NCKU's current costing system? If yes, how will you suggest NCKU to adjust and why? (Explain your answer as detailed as possible and answer in English) (15%)

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第七題

一、核心觀念

本題考查兩大主題:

  1. 製程成本制(Process Costing)與加權平均法(Weighted-average Method)
  2. 傳統成本制度與作業基礎成本制(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)的適用性

生產部門的成本分為:

  • 直接材料成本
  • 直接人工成本
  • 製造費用

題目規定製造費用按直接人工成本的 50%50\% 計算,因此:

製造費用=$20,000×50%=$10,000製造費用=\$20,000 \times 50\%=\$10,000

轉換成本為直接人工加製造費用:

轉換成本=$20,000+$10,000=$30,000轉換成本=\$20,000+\$10,000=\$30,000

加上期初在製品所包含的轉換成本,生產部門本期應分配成本如下:

成本項目金額
期初材料成本$13,000
本期投入材料成本$48,750
材料成本合計$61,750
期初轉換成本$7,080
本期直接人工$20,000
本期製造費用$10,000
轉換成本合計$37,080
總成本$98,830

二、生產部門單位數量分析

1. 實物流量

本期可供處理單位數:

25,000+40,000=65,000 單位25,000+40,000=65,000\text{ 單位}

本期分配單位數:

53,000+8,000=61,000 單位53,000+8,000=61,000\text{ 單位}

題目所列單位數並未完全平衡:

65,000−61,000=4,000 單位65,000-61,000=4,000\text{ 單位}

因此,依照題目給定數字,尚有 4,0004,000 單位未交代。若假設題目中的單位資料存在漏列,且要求依照「完成並轉出 53,000 單位、期末在製品 8,000 單位」計算成本,則成本分配仍依下列兩類成本的約當產量進行。

正常損壞品在製程末端才被發現,若題目未提供損壞品數量,則無法另行計算損壞品成本;本題依已提供的完成品及期末在製品資料處理。


三、約當產量計算

加權平均法將期初在製品成本與本期投入成本合併,不區分期初在製品以前已完成的工作。

1. 直接材料約當產量

期初在製品材料完成度為 100%100\%,且題目對期末在製品只說明整體完成度 60%60\%,依製程成本題的通常假設,材料於製程開始時投入,因此期末在製品材料完成度視為 100%100\%。

材料約當產量=53,000+(8,000×100%)=61,000 單位材料約當產量 =53,000+(8,000\times100\%) =61,000\text{ 單位}

2. 轉換成本約當產量

完成並轉出產品的轉換成本均已完成,期末在製品的轉換成本完成度為 60%60\%。

轉換成本約當產量=53,000+(8,000×60%)轉換成本約當產量 =53,000+(8,000\times60\%) =53,000+4,800=57,800 單位=53,000+4,800 =57,800\text{ 單位}

四、每一約當單位成本

1. 材料成本率

材料成本率=$61,75061,000=$1.0123/約當單位材料成本率 =\frac{\$61,750}{61,000} =\$1.0123 \text{/約當單位}

2. 轉換成本率

轉換成本率=$37,08057,800=$0.6415/約當單位轉換成本率 =\frac{\$37,080}{57,800} =\$0.6415 \text{/約當單位}

五、生產成本工作表

生產部門成本分配表

成本項目成本總額約當產量每約當單位成本完成並轉出期末在製品
直接材料$61,75061,000$1.0123$53,652$8,098
轉換成本$37,08057,800$0.6415$34,001$3,079
合計$98,830$87,653$11,177

1. 完成並轉出成本

材料部分:

53,000×$1.0123=$53,65253,000\times\$1.0123 =\$53,652

轉換成本部分:

53,000×$0.6415=$34,00153,000\times\$0.6415 =\$34,001

因此,完成並轉出成本為:

$53,652+$34,001=$87,653\$53,652+\$34,001 =\$87,653

2. 期末在製品成本

材料部分:

8,000×$1.0123=$8,0988,000\times\$1.0123 =\$8,098

轉換成本部分:

8,000×60%×$0.6415=$3,0798,000\times60\%\times\$0.6415 =\$3,079

因此,期末在製品成本為:

$8,098+$3,079=$11,177\$8,098+\$3,079 =\$11,177

3. 成本驗算

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