109 年 國立成功大學會計學研究所甲組《成本與管理會計》
第 1 題
Which of the following statements related to cost accounting and financial accounting is TRUE?
(A) The primary users of cost accounting are the investors, whereas the primary users of financial accounting are the managers.
(B) Cost accounting deals with product design, production, and marketing strategies, whereas financial accounting deals mainly with pricing of the products.
(C) Cost accounting measures only the financial information related to the costs of acquiring fixed assets in an organization, whereas financial accounting measures financial and nonfinancial information of a company's business transactions. Thus, costing is part of both management and financial accounting systems.
(D) Cost accounting measures information related to the costs of acquiring or using resources in an organization, whereas financial accounting measures a financial position of a company to investors, banks, and external parties.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
這題主要在探討成本會計與財務會計的區別與關聯。
- 成本會計 (Cost Accounting):主要為企業內部管理層提供決策所需資訊,內容涵蓋產品成本計算、生產效率分析、預算編制、績效評估等,以協助管理階層進行規劃、控制與決策。其使用者主要是內部管理者。
- 財務會計 (Financial Accounting):主要提供企業外部使用者(如投資人、債權人、政府機關等)關於企業財務狀況與經營成果的資訊。其資訊需遵循公認會計原則,並編製成財務報表。
第 2 題
When using a normal costing system, manufacturing overhead is allocated using the ______ manufacturing overhead rate and the ______ quantity of the allocation base.
(A) budgeted; actual
(B) budgeted; budgeted
(C) actual; budgeted
(D) actual; actual
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查的是正常成本法 (normal costing) 下,製造費用 (manufacturing overhead) 的分攤方式。
正常成本法使用預先計算的標準費率來分攤製造費用,以避免實際製造費用在期末才確定的延遲問題,並提供更穩定的單位成本資訊。
製造費用的分攤公式為:
製造費用分攤額 = 標準製造費用率 實際的分配基礎數量
其中:
- 標準製造費用率 (Predetermined Manufacturing Overhead Rate):通常是根據預算資料預先計算出來的。計算公式為:
第 3 題
Which of the following is TRUE with activity-based cost accounting?
(A) In activity-based costing systems, limiting cost-allocation bases to only units of output strengthens the cause-and-effect relationship between the cost-allocation base and the costs in a cost pool.
(B) Although using activity-based costing can guarantee more accurate costs, ABC system can only be used in manufacturing firms but cannot be used in merchandising firms.
(C) Activity-based costing is more suited to companies with high product diversity than companies with single product line.
(D) Using department indirect-cost rates to allocate costs to products results in similar information as activity-based cost rates if significant costs are incurred on different activities within a department and each activity has different cost driver and therefore cost-allocation base.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查活動基礎成本法 (Activity-Based Costing, ABC)。ABC 是一種更精確的成本分攤方法,它將間接成本追溯到特定的活動,然後再將這些活動的成本分攤到產品或服務上。
分析選項:
(A) 這是錯誤的。ABC 的核心在於識別並使用多個與成本相關的「活動」作為成本分配基礎,而不是僅限於產出單位。限制為產出單位會削弱其識別不同活動成本的優勢,並回到傳統成本法的概念。ABC 強調的是識別導致成本發生的「活動」及其「成本動因」(cost driver)。
(B) 這是錯誤的。ABC 不僅適用於製造業,也廣泛應用於服務業、金融業、零售業等,只要存在複雜的間接成本分配問題,ABC 都可以提供更精確的成本資訊。
(C) 這是正確的。
第 4 題
Which of the following statements related to process costing and job costing is most accurate?
(A) Job-costing systems separate costs into cost categories according to when costs are introduced into the process of manufacture.
(B) Job costing includes materials, labor and overhead while process costing only considers conversion costs.
(C) The principal difference between process costing and job costing is that in process costing an averaging process is used to compute the unit costs of products or services.
(D) Job costing measures the variable cost of identical jobs while process costing measures the cost of identical products using average unit costs of materials and conversion costs, some of which are fixed costs.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查製程成本法 (process costing) 與 job costing (個別或分批成本法) 的比較。
- Job Costing:適用於生產獨特、個別差異大的產品或服務,例如客製化訂單、特殊專案。成本是針對每一個 job 或 batch 來累積。
- Process Costing:適用於大量、同質性產品的生產,例如化學品、飲料、紙張。成本是按部門或製程來累積,然後平均分攤到所有產出的單位。
分析選項:
(A) 這是錯誤的。這是製程成本法 (process costing) 的特色,它會依據製程階段來累計成本。Job costing 則是依據個別 job 的發生來累計。
(B) 這是錯誤的。
第 5 題
Throne Corporation manufactures two models of office chairs, a standard and a deluxe model. The following activity and cost information has been compiled:
| Product | Number of Setups | Number of Components | Number of Direct Labor Hours |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | 11 | 6 | 295 |
| Deluxe | 29 | 14 | 205 |
| Overhead costs | $60,000 | $58,900 |
Number of setups and number of components are identified as activity-cost drivers for overhead. Assuming an activity-based costing system is used, what is the total amount of overhead costs assigned to the deluxe model?
(A) 84,730
(C) 86,202
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題的核心考點為**作業基礎成本制(Activity-Based Costing, ABC)**之製造費用分攤計算。
在作業基礎成本制下,製造費用的分攤依循「作業消耗資源、產品消耗作業」的兩階段原則:
- 第一階段(建立成本庫與動因):將各項製造費用(Overhead costs)依不同作業項目歸集至各作業成本庫(Activity Cost Pool),並選定能反映資源消耗關係之作業成本動因(Activity-Cost Driver)。
- 第二階段(計算分攤率並分配成本):
- 作業分攤率(Activity Rate):
- 特定產品分攤之製造費用:
解題方法
題目已明確指出採用作業基礎成本制(ABC),且以「整備次數(Number of Setups)」與「零件數量(Number of Components)」為製造費用之成本動因。解題步驟如下:
步驟一:計算各成本動因之全廠總耗用量
- 整備作業(Setups)總次數:
- 零件處理作業(Components)總數量:
步驟二:計算各作業成本庫之作業分攤率
- 整備作業分攤率:
- 零件處理作業分攤率:
第 6 題
Which of the following is TRUE of just-in-time (JIT) production?
(A) a push-through system that manufactures finished goods for inventory on the basis of demand forecasts.
(B) a push-through system in which each component in a production line is produced immediately as needed by the next step in the production line.
(C) a demand-pull system in which each component in a production line is produced immediately as needed by the next step in the production line.
(D) a demand-pull system that manufactures finished goods for inventory on the basis of demand forecasts.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查的是即時生產 (Just-In-Time, JIT) 的概念。JIT 是一種生產管理哲學,強調「在需要的時候,生產需要的東西,生產需要的數量」。
JIT 的核心是「拉動式系統」(demand-pull system)。在拉動式系統中,生產流程是根據後續製程或最終客戶的需求來觸發的。當某個製程需要零件時,它會「拉動」前一製程的零件。
第 7 題
The Holstein Company processes unprocessed milk up to the split-off point where two products, condensed milk and skim milk result. The following information was collected for the month of February:
Direct Materials processed: 105,500 gallons (after shrinkage)
Production:
Condensed milk: 46,000 gallons
Skim milk: 59,500 gallons
Sales:
Condensed milk: 4.50 per gallon
The costs of purchasing the unprocessed milk and processing it up to the split-off point to yield a total of 105,500 gallons of saleable product was $186,480. There were no inventory balances of either product.
Condensed milk may be processed further to yield 45,000 gallons (the remainder is shrinkage) of a medicinal milk product, FeCa Plus, for an additional processing cost of 19 per gallon.
Skim milk can be processed further to yield 57,200 gallons of ice cream, for an additional processing cost per usable gallon of 9 per gallon. There are no beginning and ending inventory balances.
Using estimated net realizable value, what amount of the joint costs would be allocated to FeCa Plus and the skim ice cream? (Round intermediary percentage calculations to the nearest hundredth.)
(A) 286,000
(B) 55,496
(C) 93,240
(D) 100,032
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題評量聯合成本之分攤方法——估計淨變現價值法(Estimated Net Realizable Value Method, 簡稱 Estimated NRV Method)。
-
估計淨變現價值法(Estimated NRV Method):
當主要聯產品在分離點(Split-off Point)尚無法出售,或企業選擇將其進一步加工至最終完成品才出售時,需以最終銷售價值扣除分離點後的進一步加工成本(可分離成本),作為分攤聯合成本的基礎。 -
加工耗損(Shrinkage)之數量處理:
在計算進一步加工成本與最終銷貨價值時,必須採用經過加工耗損後實際產出的「可用產量(usable gallons)」,而非分離點時的投入數量。
解題方法
本題分離點產生的兩種聯產品(煉乳 Condensed milk 與脫脂牛奶 Skim milk)均進一步加工為最終產品(FeCa Plus 與 冰淇淋 Ice cream),因此採用估計淨變現價值法分攤聯合成本 $186,480。
步驟一:計算各產品之最終銷貨價值(Final Sales Value)
- FeCa Plus:
- 脫脂冰淇淋(Skim Ice Cream):
步驟二:計算各產品之可分離加工成本(Separable Costs)
- FeCa Plus:
- 脫脂冰淇淋(Skim Ice Cream):
步驟三:計算各產品之估計淨變現價值(Estimated NRV)與分攤比例
- FeCa Plus 估計 NRV:
- 脫脂冰淇淋 估計 NRV:
第 8 題
Poseidon Inc. operates two divisions: (1) a management division that owns and manages bulk carriers and (2) a repair division that operates a dry dock. The repair division works on company ships and outside large-hull ships. The repair division has an estimated variable cost of 80.00 per hour for labor, which is standard for this type of work. The management division complained that it could hire its own repair workers for 51.00.
(B) 55.00.
(D) $80.00.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查內部轉讓價格 (transfer price) 的設定,特別是在部門產能滿載 (operating at capacity) 的情況下。
核心觀念:
當供應部門 (transfer-out division) 處於產能滿載時,其最低轉讓價格應等於其機會成本 (opportunity cost)。機會成本是指供應部門放棄外部獲利的潛在收益。
分析:
- 修理部門 (Repair Division):這是供應部門。
- 其變動成本 (variable cost) 為 $47/小時。
- 它有外部客戶,並收取 $80/小時 的費用。
- 它目前處於產能滿載 (capacity)。
- 管理部門 (Management Division):這是接收部門 (transfer-in division)。
- 它可以從外部以 $55/小時 的價格獲得維修服務(包含工作區域租賃)。
決定最低轉讓價格:
由於修理部門處於產能滿載,如果它為管理部門提供服務,就必須放棄為外部客戶服務的機會。
- 外部機會成本:修理部門為外部客戶提供服務,每小時可賺取 $80。
- 內部成本:修理部門為內部客戶提供服務,其變動成本為
第 9 題
NCKU Manufacturing Inc. has two support departments, Maintenance and Personnel. Maintenance Department costs of 110,000 are allocated based on the number of employees. The costs of operating departments X and Y are 282,000, respectively. Data on budgeted maintenance-hours and number of employees are as follows:
| Support Departments | Operating Departments | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maintenance Dept. | Pers. Dept. | X | Y | |
| Budgeted costs | $360,000 | $110,000 | $188,000 | $282,000 |
| Budgeted maint.-hours | NA | 880 | 1120 | 680 |
| Number of employees | 60 | NA | 290 | 630 |
Using the direct method, what amount of Maintenance Department costs will be allocated to Department Y? (Do not round any intermediary calculations.)
(A) 136,000
(C) 167,330
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題評量服務部門成本分攤(Support Department Cost Allocation)中的直接法(Direct Method)。
- 直接法之定義:完全忽略服務部門之間互相提供的服務(Support-to-Support services),直接將各服務部門所發生的成本,全數按各「營運部門(Operating Departments)」相對耗用該服務的比例進行分攤。
- 計算公式:
解題方法
步驟一:鎖定待分攤成本與分攤基礎
- 題目要求計算:**維修部門(Maintenance Dept.)分攤至營運部門 Y(Dept. Y)**之成本。
- 維修部門待分攤總成本:$360,000。
- 維修部門分攤基礎:預算維修小時(Budgeted maintenance-hours)。
步驟二:計算有效分攤基礎總額(排除服務部門)
在直接法下,人事部門(Personnel Dept.)耗用的 880 維修小時不予考慮,分母僅加總營運部門(X 與 Y)的維修小時:
步驟三:計算部門 Y 應分攤之維修成本
部門 Y 佔全體營運部門之維修小時比例為:
第 10 題
Aurora Inc. is a distributor of CDs. Polaris Mart is a local retail outlet which sells blank and recorded CDs. Polaris Mart purchases CDs from Aurora at $29.00 per CD; CDs are shipped in packages of 65. Aurora pays all incoming freight, and Polaris Mart does not inspect the CDs due to Aurora's reputation for high quality. Annual demand is 321,000 CDs at a rate of 6800 CDs per week. Polaris Mart earns 15% on its cash investments. The purchase-order lead time is one week. The following cost data are available:
Relevant ordering costs per purchase order 9.50
What are the annual relevant carrying costs?
(A) 9,209
(C) 6,511
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題測驗存貨管理決策中的**經濟訂購量模型(Economic Order Quantity, EOQ)與全年相關持有成本(Annual Relevant Carrying Costs)**之計算。解題時需掌握以下核心要點:
- 計量單位一致性:題目給定訂購與運送是以「包(package)」為單位(每包 65 片),保管成本亦以「每包每年」計價,因此各項參數(需求量、單位持有成本)皆須統一換算為以「包」為單位。
- 單位持有成本(Unit Carrying Cost, 或 )的構成:
- 實體持有成本:如保險、搬運、損耗等外顯成本(Out-of-pocket costs)。
- 資金機會成本(Opportunity Cost of Capital):存貨佔用資金之應計利息或期望報酬率,計算方式為「每包購買價格 資金報酬率()」。
- 相關公式:
- 經濟訂購量公式:
- 全年相關持有成本公式(假設無安全存量):
- 在 最佳訂購量下,全年持有成本亦可直接簡化為:
- 經濟訂購量公式:
解題方法
步驟一:換算基本參數至「每包」單位
- 年需求量():
- 每筆訂購成本():
- 每包購入成本:
- 每包每年之單位持有成本():
- 實體持有成本 $
- 資金機會成本 $$
- 總單位持有成本:
**步驟二:計算經濟訂購量($EOQ
第 11 題
Midas Inc., whose tax rate is 40%, has two sources of funds: long-term debt with a market value of 14,000,000 and a cost of equity of 13%. Midas Inc. has two operating divisions, the Sliver division and the Gold division, with the following financial measures for the current year:
| Total Assets | Current Liabilities | Operating Income | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Silver Div. | $9,500,000 | $2,500,000 | $1,155,000 |
| Gold Div. | $12,000,000 | $2,900,000 | $1,600,000 |
Calculate EVA for the Gold Division. (Round intermediary calculations to four decimal places.)
(A) 10,970
(C) -629,030
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查 EVA(Economic Value Added) 的計算。
EVA 的公式:
其中
- NOPAT = Operating Income (稅後營業淨利)
- Invested Capital = 總資產 – 流動負債(即事業部實際投入的長期資本)
- WACC(加權平均資本成本)需以 稅後 的負債成本計算:
為市場價值的長期債務, 為市場價值的股權,。
解題方法
- 計算公司層級的 WACC(此值適用於全部事業部)。
- 計算 Gold Division 的投資資本
第 12 題
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(A) Reducing the investment base to improve ROI involves decreasing idle cash, paying down debt, determining proper inventory levels, and spending carefully on long-term assets.
(B) Return on investment can be calculated by multiplying return on assets by investment turnover.
(C) A major weakness of comparing two companies using only operating incomes as the basis of comparison is that it ignores the differences in the size of the investment and therefore any concept of yield or return on investment.
(D) Required rate of return multiplied by the investment is the weighted average cost of the investment.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
- 投資報酬率 (ROI):
投資基礎通常指營運資產(存貨、應收、固定資產等),不包括負債的資金成本。 - 營業利益 (Operating Income):只衡量營運績效,未考慮投入資本的規模。
- 投資週轉率 (Investment Turnover):
- 必要報酬率 (Required Rate of Return):投資人或公司對資本的期望報酬率,與 加權平均資本成本 (WACC) 的概念不同,後者是各資金來源成本的加權平均。
解題方法
本題為四選一的概念判斷題。須逐一檢驗每個敘述是否符合會計與財務管理的基本定義與公式,特別注意以下常見陷阱:
- 混淆「投資基礎」與「資金來源」——ROI 的分母是資產而非負債;
- 公式錯位——如把「ROA × 投資週轉率」與 ROI 混為一體;
- 單一指標比較的局限——僅看營業利益會忽略資本規模差異。
依此檢視四個選項的正確性。
選項分析
| 選項 | 判斷 | 說明 |
|---|---|---|
| (A) | ❌ | ROI 的提升確實可以透過 降低營運資產基礎(減少閒置現金、適化存貨、謹慎投資長期資產)達成,然而「償還債務」屬於資金結構的調整,並不會直接減少 營運投資基礎,且償還債務同時會減少現金,使投資基礎未必下降,故此敘述把財務動作錯列為提升 ROI 的手段,屬於概念性錯誤。 |
第 13 題
Apollo Manufacturing Inc, makes a product with the following costs per unit:
Direct materials 20
Manufacturing overhead (variable) 130
Marketing costs $75
What would be the inventoriable cost per unit under variable costing and what would it be under absorption costing?
(A) 305 under absorption costing
(B) 435 under absorption costing
(C) 360 under absorption costing
(D) 360 under absorption costing
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
- 變動成本法(Variable Costing):僅將變動製造成本(直接材料、直接人工、變動製造間接費)計入存貨成本,固定製造間接費列為期間費用。
- 全額成本法/吸收成本法(Absorption Costing):將全部製造成本(變動 + 固定製造間接費)皆列入存貨成本,固定製造間接費不列入當期費用。
- 可辨認成本:直接材料、直接人工、變動製造間接費皆為可辨認之製造成本;行銷成本則屬於期間費用,永遠不列入存貨。
解題方法
-
先列出每單位的成本構成:
- 直接材料 $180
- 直接人工 $20
- 變動製造間接費 $30
- 固定製造間接費 $130
- 行銷費用 $75(非製造成本)
-
變動成本法:
- 存貨成本 = 直接材料 + 直接人工 + 變動製造間接費
- 存貨成本 = 直接材料 + 直接人工 + 變動製造間接費
-
吸收成本法:
- 存貨成本 = 直接材料 + 直接人工 + 變動製造間接費 + 固定製造間接費
- 存貨成本 = 直接材料 + 直接人工 + 變動製造間接費 + 固定製造間接費
-
行銷成本 $75 與本題無關,因為它不屬於「inventoriable cost」的範疇。
選項分析
- (A) 305 under absorption costing
- 變動成本法的結果僅列 20 及變動製造間接費
第 14 題
Practical capacity is the denominator-level concept that
(A) reduces theoretical capacity for unavoidable operating interruptions
(B) is the maximum level of operations at maximum efficiency
(C) is based on the level of capacity utilization that satisfies average customer demand over periods generally longer than one year
(D) is based on anticipated levels of capacity utilization for the coming budget period
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查產能水準的定義,特別是「實際產能」(practical capacity) 的概念。
在成本會計中,有幾種不同的產能水準概念,用於計算製造費用的分配率:
- 理論產能 (Theoretical Capacity):在沒有任何中斷(如設備故障、休息時間、缺料等)的情況下,設備可以達到的最高產能。這是理想狀態下的最大產能。
- 實際產能 (Practical Capacity):理論產能扣除不可避免的生產中斷(如例行維護、員工休息、機器故障排除等)後所能達到的產能。它代表了一個實際可行的最高產能水準。
- 正常產能 (Normal Capacity):考慮到季節性變動、經濟週期等因素,預計在未來幾年內平均能達到的產能水準。它通常基於過去的經驗和對未來的預測。
- 主預算產能 (Master-Budget Capacity Utilization):基於當前預算期間預計的產能利用水準。
分析選項:
(A) reduces theoretical capacity for unavoidable operating interruptions - 這正是實際產能 (practical capacity) 的定義。
第 15 題
Which of the following measures capacity levels in terms of demand for the output of the plant?
(A) practical capacity and theoretical capacity
(B) theoretical capacity and normal capacity utilization
(C) normal capacity utilization and master-budget capacity utilization
(D) master-budget capacity utilization and practical capacity
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查不同產能水準衡量指標的定義,特別是哪些指標與「產出需求」有關。
核心觀念:
- 理論產能 (Theoretical Capacity):最高可能產量,不考慮實際需求。
- 實際產能 (Practical Capacity):理論產能扣除不可避免中斷後的產量,仍不直接與「需求」掛鉤。
- 正常產能 (Normal Capacity):基於長期平均「客戶需求」和產能利用率來預測的產能。它反映了公司預期滿足的平均客戶需求。
- 主預算產能 (Master-Budget Capacity Utilization):基於「當前預算期間」預計的產能利用率,這也與當前的生產計劃和預期需求相關。
分析選項:
(A) practical capacity and theoretical capacity - 這兩者衡量的是潛在的生產能力,而不是基於實際的產出需求。
第 16 題
The Cinderella Shoes Company uses flexible budgeting for cost control. Cinderella produced 10,800 units of product during February, incurring indirect material costs of 180,000 at a production volume of 144,000 units. What was the indirect material cost variance for February?
(A) 500 favorable
(C) 500 unfavorable
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
- 彈性預算(Flexible Budget):
彈性預算是依據「實際產出水準(Actual Output Level)」與「每單位標準(預算)變動成本」所編製的預算。在成本控制與績效評估時,必須將預算調整至實際作業水準,才能進行同基準的差異分析(Apple-to-Apple Comparison)。 - 間接材料成本習性(Cost Behavior):
間接材料通常屬於變動製造費用(Variable Overhead),其總額隨著生產數量呈等比例變動,單位變動成本維持固定。 - 彈性預算成本差異(Flexible-Budget Variance):
- 不利差異(Unfavorable, U):實際成本 彈性預算成本(成本超支,對營業利益產生負面影響)。
- 有利差異(Favorable, F):實際成本 彈性預算成本(成本節省,對營業利益產生正面影響)。
解題方法
本題要求計算 2 月份間接材料的成本差異,解題步驟如下:
步驟一:計算每單位產品之預算間接材料成本(Budgeted Variable Cost per Unit)
由總預算(Master Budget)資料可知:
步驟二:計算 2 月份實際產量下之彈性預算成本(Flexible Budget Cost)
2 月份實際生產 單位,其所允許的彈性預算成本為:
步驟三:計算間接材料成本差異(Cost Variance)
第 17 題
Sustainability is the balancing of short and long term goals in all three dimensions of the company's performance. Those three areas are:
(A) Economic, social, and environmental.
(B) Economic, social, and financial.
(C) Economic, environmental, and political.
(D) Social, environmental, and financial.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查永續性 (Sustainability) 的定義,特別是其三個核心面向。
永續性是一個經營理念,強調企業在追求利潤的同時,也要考慮對社會和環境的影響,並確保企業能夠長期穩健發展。其核心概念通常被稱為「三重底線」(Triple Bottom Line, TBL),包含以下三個面向:
- 經濟 (Economic):企業的獲利能力、財務穩健性、效率、創新等,確保企業能夠生存和發展。
- 社會 (Social):企業對員工、客戶、社區、供應商等利害關係人的責任,包括勞工權益、公共健康、社區發展、公平交易等。
- 環境 (Environmental):企業對自然環境的影響,包括污染防治、資源節約、生物多樣性保護、氣候變遷應對等。
第 18 題
To complete the first setup on a new machine took an employee 320 minutes. Using a 70% cumulative average-time learning curve indicates that the second setup on the new machine is expected to take
(A) 112 minutes
(B) 128 minutes
(C) 272 minutes
(D) 224 minutes
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查學習曲線 (learning curve) 的應用,特別是累積平均時間模型 (cumulative average-time model)。
核心概念:
學習曲線理論認為,隨著生產或操作的重複次數增加,單位產出所需的時間會逐漸減少。累積平均時間模型假設,當累積產量加倍時,平均每單位所需的時間會以一個固定的比率下降。
公式:
累積平均時間 () =
其中:
- = 第 x 次重複操作的平均時間
- = 第一次操作所需的時間 (單位時間)
- = 操作的累積次數
- = 學習曲線指數,其值由學習曲線比率 (learning curve rate) 決定。
題目資訊:
- 第一次設定 (x=1) 所需時間 (a) = 320 分鐘
- 累積平均時間學習曲線比率 = 70% (即 0.70)
- 我們需要計算第二次設定 (x=2) 所需的時間。
步驟 1:計算學習曲線指數 b
學習曲線比率是 70%,表示當產量加倍時,平均時間下降到原來的 70%。
使用計算機:,
步驟 2:計算第二次設定 (x=2) 的平均時間
我們要求的是第二次設定的時間,而不是平均時間。
累積平均時間模型給出的是「平均」時間。
第 19 題
Which of the following statements best defines a product differentiation strategy?
(A) It describes how an organization can increase customer base by differentiating its' product prices from its competitors.
(B) It is an organization's ability to achieve lower costs relative to competitors through productivity and efficiency improvements, elimination of waste, and tight cost control.
(C) It describes how an organization can decrease product prices by differentiating its' raw materials from its competitors.
(D) It is an organization's ability to offer products or services its customers perceive to be superior and unique relative to the products or services of its competitors.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查產品差異化策略 (product differentiation strategy) 的定義。
產品差異化策略是一種競爭策略,旨在透過提供與競爭對手不同的產品或服務,來吸引客戶並建立競爭優勢。這種差異可以體現在多個方面,例如品質、設計、功能、品牌形象、客戶服務等。
分析選項:
(A) It describes how an organization can increase customer base by differentiating its' product prices from its competitors. - 這描述的是價格競爭或成本領導策略 (cost leadership strategy) 的一部分,而非產品差異化。產品差異化不一定透過降低價格來實現,有時甚至可以透過提供更高價值的產品來支持更高的價格。
第 20 題
Which of the following statements concerning value chain analysis is FALSE?
(A) The goal of value chain analysis is to find areas where a company can either add value or reduce cost.
(B) The value chain focuses on the entire production process, as well as the sale of the product and service after the sale.
(C) If a company cannot compete in a specific area of the value chain, it might consider the option of outsourcing that portion of the value chain to someone who can perform it better.
(D) Throughout most industries, the most successful firms are the ones that operate within the entire value chain, thereby overseeing every aspect of the value chain for the customer.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查價值鏈分析 (value chain analysis) 的概念,並要求找出錯誤的陳述。
價值鏈分析由 Michael Porter 提出,它將企業的活動分解為一系列能為客戶創造價值的活動,並分析這些活動的成本和潛在的差異化機會。價值鏈包含主要活動 (primary activities) 和支援活動 (support activities)。
主要活動包括:
- 進項物流 (Inbound Logistics)
- 作業 (Operations)
- 銷貨物流 (Outbound Logistics)
- 行銷與銷售 (Marketing and Sales)
- 服務 (Service)
支援活動包括:
- 採購 (Procurement)
- 技術發展 (Technology Development)
- 人力資源管理 (Human Resource Management)
- 企業基礎設施 (Firm Infrastructure)
分析選項:
(A) The goal of value chain analysis is to find areas where a company can either add value or reduce cost. - 這是價值鏈分析的關鍵目標之一。透過分析各個環節,企業可以尋找如何提升產品或服務的價值,或如何降低成本,以獲得競爭優勢。此陳述為真。
第 一、1 題
Monsters Manufacturing Corporation uses a process-costing system. For February 2020, the company had the following activities:
Beginning work-in-process inventory (2/3 complete) 7,200 units
Units placed in production 28,800 units
Good units completed 21,600 units
Ending work-in-process inventory 12,000 units
Cost of beginning work in process 21,600
Conversion costs, current $14,400
Direct materials are placed into production at the beginning of the process. All spoilage is normal and is detected at the end of the process. Ending WIP is 80% completed as to conversion.
Required:
Prepare a production cost worksheet for February 2020 using the FIFO method.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
-
分步成本制(Process Costing)五步驟架構:
- 步驟一:分析實體數量流程(Physical Flow of Units)。
- 步驟二:計算約當產量(Equivalent Units of Production, EUP)。
- 步驟三:彙總應交代成本(Total Costs to Account For)。
- 步驟四:計算每單位約當成本(Cost per Equivalent Unit)。
- 步驟五:分攤成本至完工轉出產品與期末在製品(Assign Total Costs)。
-
先進先出法(FIFO Method)之核心精神:
- 嚴格區分「前期投入」與「本期投入」。
- 期初在製品之完工程度視為前期已完成部分,本期僅計算「為完工尚須補足之工作量」。
- 單位約當成本僅以「本期投入成本」除以「本期約當產量」計算,期初在製品成本不納入平均計算。
-
損壞品(Spoilage)與檢驗點(Inspection Point)觀念:
- 正常損壞品(Normal Spoilage):視為生產過程中無法避免的耗損,其成本為不可避免之生產成本,應由通過檢驗點之存貨承擔。
- 檢驗點判定:
- 本題檢驗點位於製程結束()。
- 本期完工之期初在製品(由 推進至 )與本期開工並完工之產品均已通過檢驗點。
- 期末在製品完工程度為 ,尚未通過檢驗點(),因此不分攤任何正常損壞成本。
- 故全部之正常損壞成本,應全數分攤至本期完工之良品。
解題方法
步驟一:分析實體數量流程(Physical Units)
-
應交代數量:
- 期初在製品(Beginning WIP): 單位
- 本期投入/開工(Units placed in production): 單位
- 應交代總數量 單位
-
已交代數量:
- 完工良好單位(Good units completed): 單位
- 來自期初在製品: 單位
- 來自本期開工並完工(Started & Completed): 單位
- 正常損壞品(Normal Spoilage):
- 期末在製品(Ending WIP): 單位
- 已交代總數量 單位
- 完工良好單位(Good units completed): 單位
步驟二:計算約當產量(FIFO 約當產量)
- 原料於製程開始時()一次全數投入;加工成本隨製程進度均勻投入。
- 損壞品於製程結束時()檢驗發現,故損壞品耗用 原料與 加工。
-
直接原料(Direct Materials, DM):
- 期初在製品完工投入:
- 本期開工並完工:
- 正常損壞品:
- 期末在製品:
- 原料約當產量合計 EUP
-
加工成本(Conversion Costs, CC):
- 期初在製品完工投入:
- 本期開工並完工:
- 正常損壞品:
- 期末在製品:
- 加工成本約當產量合計 EUP
步驟三&四:彙總成本與計算每單位約當成本
- 本期投入成本:
- 直接原料:$21,600
- 加工成本:$14,400
- 本期投入總成本 $$$36,000
- 每單位約當成本:
- 直接原料單位約當成本:
- 加工成本單位約當成本:
- 合計單位約當成本 $$$1.25
步驟五:分攤成本(Cost Assignment)
-
正常損壞品成本(Normal Spoilage Cost):
- 原料:$$1,800
- 加工:$$1,200
- 正常損壞品總成本 $$$3,000
- (全數轉由本期完工轉出良品負擔)
-
完工轉出良品成本(Good Units Completed and Transferred Out):
- 期初在製品完工部分( 單位):
- 期初前期已投入成本:$6,000
- 本期補足加工成本($0.50):$1,200
- 小計:$7,200
- 本期開工並完工部分( 單位):
- 原料成本($0.75):$10,800
- 加工成本($0.50):$7,200
- 小計:$18,000
- 加計分攤之正常損壞成本:$3,000
- 完工轉出良品總成本 $$$$28,200
- 期初在製品完工部分( 單位):
-
期末在製品成本(Ending WIP, 單位):
- 原料成本($0.75):$9,000
- 加工成本($0.50):$4,800
- 期末在製品總成本 $\
第 二、2 題
Howl's Moving Company desires to buy a new machine to help move and install modular buildings. The machine sells for 10,000. Its estimated useful life is six years and it will have a salvage value of 10,000 at the end of its useful life. Annual cash savings from the purchase of the machine will be $20,000.
Required:
a. Compute the net present value at a 12% required rate of return. (6%)
b. Compute the internal rate of return. (6%)
c. Determine the payback period of the investment. (3%)
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題評估長期資本支出方案(Capital Budgeting),主要測試管理會計中三種核心評估工具的計算與現金流量之處理:
- 各期現金流量辨認:
- 期初現金流出():包含購置設備成本與期初投入之營運資金(Working Capital)。
- 營業期間現金流入():設備帶來的每年營業現金節省額(Annual Cash Savings),視為等額普通年金。
- 專案結束現金流入():設備殘值(Salvage Value)及全額收回之營運資金(Recovery of Working Capital)。
- 淨現值法(Net Present Value, NPV):
將未來各期現金流量依目標報酬率(資金成本)折現至第 0 期,扣除期初投資額: - 內部報酬率法(Internal Rate of Return, IRR):
使專案未來現金流入總現值恰好等於期初投資額(即 )的折現率 。 - 回收期間法(Payback Period):
專案累積營業現金流入量足以回收期初淨現金投資額所需之年數。
解題方法與步驟
步驟一:彙整各期現金流量(Cash Flows)
-
第 0 期(期初淨投資額):
- 購置機器支出:$75,000
- 營運資金投入:$10,000
- 期初現金總流出 $$$85,000
-
第 1 至 6 年(營業期間):
- 每年營業現金節省流入 $20,000
-
第 6 年底(期末處分與收回):
- 機器殘值流入:$17,560
- 營運資金收回:$10,000
- 期末單筆現金流入合計 $$$27,560
小題 a:計算 12% 要求報酬率下之淨現值(NPV)
給定折現率 , 年:
- 6 年期 12% 之普通年金現值因子:
- 第 6 年 12% 之複利現值因子:
計算未來現金流入之總現值(PV):
- 每年營業現金節省之現值:
- 期末殘值與收回營運資金之現值:
- 未來現金流入總現值:
第 二、3 題
Shepherd Coffee Shop sells two types of coffee, Hawaii Kona and Blue Mountain. The monthly budget for U.S. coffee sales is based on a combination of last year's performance, a forecast of industry sales, and the company's expected share of the U.S. market. The following information is provided for February:
| Actual | Budget | |
|---|---|---|
| Blue Mountain | Hawaii Kona | |
| Sales in pounds | 15,000 lbs. | 17,000 lbs. |
| Price per pound | $13.00 | $16.00 |
| Variable cost per pound | $7.00 | $9.00 |
| Contribution margin | $6.00 | $7.00 |
Budgeted and actual fixed corporate-sustaining costs are 72,000, respectively.
Required:
a. Calculate (4%)
(1) the actual contribution margin for the month
(2) the contribution margin for the static budget
(3) the contribution margin for the flexible budget.
b. Determine the total static-budget variance, the total flexible-budget variance, and the total sales-volume variance in terms of the contribution margin. (6%)
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題考查差異分析 (variance analysis),特別是針對貢獻邊際 (contribution margin) 的靜態預算差異、彈性預算差異和銷售量差異。
基本資訊:
- 固定公司維持成本 (Fixed corporate-sustaining costs):
- 預算 (Budgeted):$80,000
- 實際 (Actual):$72,000
- 兩個產品:Blue Mountain (BM) 和 Hawaii Kona (HK)
a. 計算貢獻邊際 (Contribution Margin)
(1) 實際貢獻邊際 (Actual Contribution Margin for the month)
這是根據實際銷售量和實際單價、實際變動成本計算的。
- Blue Mountain (BM):
- 實際銷售量 = 15,000 磅
- 實際貢獻邊際/磅 = $6.00
- 實際貢獻邊際 (BM) = 15,000 磅 90,000$
- Hawaii Kona (HK):
- 實際銷售量 = 17,000 磅
- 實際貢獻邊際/磅 = $7.00
- 實際貢獻邊際 (HK) = 17,000 磅 119,000$
- 實際總貢獻邊際 = 119,000 = $209,000
(2) 靜態預算貢獻邊際 (Contribution Margin for the Static Budget)
靜態預算 (Static Budget) 是基於預算的銷售量和預算的單位貢獻邊際計算的。
- Blue Mountain (BM):
- 預算銷售量 = 13,500 磅
- 預算貢獻邊際/磅 = $6.50
- 預算貢獻邊際 (BM) = 13,500 磅 87,750$
- Hawaii Kona (HK):
- 預算銷售量 = 18,000 磅
- 預算貢獻邊際/磅 = $7.00
- 預算貢獻邊際 (HK) = 18,000 磅 126,000$
- 靜態預算總貢獻邊際 = 126,000 = $213,750
(3) 彈性預算貢獻邊際 (Contribution Margin for the Flexible Budget)
彈性預算 (Flexible Budget) 是根據「實際銷售量」和「預算的單位貢獻邊際」計算的。
- Blue Mountain (BM):
- 實際銷售量 = 15,000 磅
- 預算貢獻邊際/磅 = $6.50
- 彈性預算貢獻邊際 (BM) = 15,000 磅 97,500$
- Hawaii Kona (HK):
- 實際銷售量 = 17,000 磅
- 預算貢獻邊際/磅 = $7.00
- 彈性預算貢獻邊際 (HK) = 17,000 磅 119,000$
- 彈性預算總貢獻邊際 = 119,000 = **