115 年 國立成功大學會計學研究所《成本與管理會計》
第 1 題
Honey Store currently sells cookies. During a typical month, the store reports a profit of 50,000, fixed costs of 0.8 per cookie. Next year, the company plans to start selling cupcakes for 1.25 and new equipment and personnel to produce cupcakes will increase monthly fixed costs by $8,800. Initial sales of cupcakes should total at least 5,000 units. Most of the cupcake sales are anticipated to come from current cupcake purchasers; therefore, monthly sales of cookies are expected to decline. Assume a constant sales mix of 2 cookies and 1 cupcake. Which of the following is FALSE?
A) Before adding cupcakes, the contribution margin is 20,036
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核心觀念
- 貢獻邊際 (Contribution Margin, CM):每單位銷售額減去變動成本,。
- 總貢獻邊際:。
- 損益兩平點 (Breakeven Point, B/E):。
- 混合產品損益兩平:若產品間維持固定比例,先算「每組」的貢獻邊際,再以固定成本除之得到「每組」的必要產量;再換算成單一產品的產量或營收。
1. 目前僅販賣 Cookies 的情況
已知
- 月利潤
- 銷售額
- 固定成本
- 變動成本/個
求每月售出 Cookie 數量
單位售價
單位貢獻邊際
總貢獻邊際
2. 加入 Cupcakes 後的狀況
- Cupcake 售價
- 變動成本/個
- 追加固定成本 →
單位貢獻邊際
假設 固定的銷售組合 為「2 個 Cookies + 1 個 Cupcake」(比例 2:1)。
設每組產量為 (即每組包含 1 盒 Cupcake),則
2.1 損益兩平的組數
第 2 題
If the contribution ratio is 0.4, the targeted operating income is 300,000, then the total fixed costs are:
A) 112,500
C) 45,000
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本題考驗對貢獻毛益率、目標利潤與損益兩平點關係的理解。
我們可以使用以下公式:
目標營業利潤 = (目標銷售額 * 貢獻毛益率) - 固定成本
已知:
貢獻毛益率 (Contribution Margin Ratio) = 0.4
目標營業利潤 (Target Operating Income) = 300,000
我們需要計算總固定成本 (Total Fixed Costs)。
第 3 題
NCKU Manufacturing Inc. ends the month with two jobs still in progress. Job 128 has 2,000 of direct labor and 36,000 of materials, 10,000 of manufacturing overhead allocated. The cost of goods sold for the month was 10,000, which of the following choices would be the correct way to prorate it, assuming the proration is based on the allocated overhead in the ending balances of work-in-process, finished goods, and cost of goods sold? (Round any allocation percentages to one decimal place, X.X%.)
A) Cost of goods sold should be increased by 6,250
C) Cost of goods sold should be increased by 7,000
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本題考驗對製造費用分配、未分配製造費用(underallocated/overallocated overhead)處理,以及分攤(proration)方法的理解。
首先,我們需要釐清各項目的成本構成,並計算分攤的基礎。
已知:
- 製造費用未分配金額 (Underallocated Manufacturing Overhead) = $10,000
- 銷售成本 (Cost of Goods Sold, COGS) 中的製造費用比例 = 30%
- 沒有期末製成品存貨 (Finished Goods Inventory)
計算各項目的製造費用:
-
在製品 (Work-in-Process, WIP) 的已分配製造費用:
- Job 128 的已分配製造費用 = $5,000
- Job 129 的已分配製造費用 = $10,000
- WIP 的總已分配製造費用 = 10,000 = $15,000
-
銷售成本 (COGS) 中的已分配製造費用:
- COGS 總額 = $30,000
- COGS 中的已分配製造費用 = 9,000
-
製成品 (Finished Goods) 的已分配製造費用:
- 已知期末沒有製成品存貨,因此製成品中的已分配製造費用為 $0。
分攤基礎:
分攤是根據在製品、製成品和銷售成本中已分配的製造費用比例來進行。
第 4 題
A company only manufactures one product. The following shows the data related to the product:
Direct materials standard: 10 square yards at 10 per labor-hour
During the last quarter of 2025, the company made 1,650 units of product and used 15,000 square yards of direct materials costing 91,200. Which of the following is correct?
A) Direct material efficiency variance is 16,500 favorable
C) Direct manufacturing labor price variance is 6,500 unfavorable
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本題考驗對標準成本與實際成本差異的計算,包括材料價格差異、材料效率差異、人工價格差異和人工效率差異。
首先,我們需要釐清標準成本與實際發生的數據。
標準成本 (Standard Costs):
- 直接材料標準:每單位產品需要 10 平方碼,每平方碼價格 $6。
- 直接人工標準:每單位產品需要 5 小時,每小時工資 $10。
實際數據 (Actual Data):
- 實際產量:1,650 單位
- 實際使用的直接材料:15,000 平方碼
- 實際直接材料成本:$75,000
- 實際直接人工工時:7,600 小時
- 實際直接人工總成本:$91,200
計算標準成本:
- 標準材料量 (Standard Quantity of Materials, SQM):1,650 單位 * 10 平方碼/單位 = 16,500 平方碼
- 標準單價 (Standard Price, SP):$6 / 平方碼
- 標準工時 (Standard Hours, SH):1,650 單位 * 5 小時/單位 = 8,250 小時
- 標準單價 (Standard Rate, SR):$10 / 小時
計算實際成本:
- 實際材料量 (Actual Quantity of Materials, AQM):15,000 平方碼
- 實際單價 (Actual Price, AP):5 / 平方碼
- 實際工時 (Actual Hours, AH):7,600 小時
- 實際單價 (Actual Rate, AR):12 / 小時
計算各種差異:
1. 直接材料差異 (Direct Material Variances):
- 價格差異 (Price Variance, PPV):
* 公式:
* 5 -
* 1)PPV = -16,500 有利。我們的計算是
第 5 題
NCKU Company uses the traditional costing method to allocate its overhead costs based on direct labor hours. However, the manager of NCKU is considering transferring to activity-based costing because the manager thinks that ABC system can provide more accurate cost information. The following is the ABC costing information provided by the accountant:
| Activities | Total Costs | Activity-cost drivers |
|---|---|---|
| Supervision | $450,000 | 10,000 direct labor-hours |
| Machine Maintenance | $240,000 | 30,000 machine-hours |
| Facility Rent | $180,000 | 7,500 square feet of area |
| Total Costs | $870,000 |
The accounting records show that Job 213 and Job 214 consumed the following resources:
| Cost driver | Job 213 (Actual level) | Job 214 (Actual level) |
|---|---|---|
| Direct labor-hours | 270 | 200 |
| Machine-hours | 1,600 | 3,000 |
| Square feet of area | 50 | 75 |
Based on the information above, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Under the traditional costing system, the amount of total overhead costs allocated to Job 213 is more than that allocated to Job 214.
B) Under the ABC system, the amount of total overhead costs allocated to Job 213 is more than that allocated to Job 214.
C) Under the ABC system, the amount of Machine maintenance costs allocated to Job 213 is 24,000.
D) The total overhead costs allocated to Job 213 under the traditional costing system are less than those allocated to Job 213 under the ABC system.
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本題考驗對傳統成本法與作業基礎成本法 (ABC) 下的製造費用分攤計算與比較。
第一步:計算傳統成本法的總體製造費用分攤率。
傳統成本法以直接人工時數 (Direct Labor Hours, DLH) 作為分攤基礎。
總的已分配製造費用 (Total Manufacturing Overhead) = 870,000 / 10,000 DLH = $87 / DLH
第二步:計算傳統成本法下 Job 213 和 Job 214 分攤的製造費用。
Job 213 使用的 DLH = 270 小時
Job 213 分攤的製造費用 = 270 DLH * 23,490
Job 214 使用的 DLH = 200 小時
Job 214 分攤的製造費用 = 200 DLH * 17,400
第三步:計算 ABC 成本法的各項活動費率。
- Supervision:
- 總成本 = $450,000
- 活動基礎 = 10,000 DLH
- 費率 = 45 / DLH
- Machine Maintenance:
- 總成本 = $240,000
- 活動基礎 = 30,000 Machine-hours
- 費率 = 8 / MH
- Facility Rent:
- 總成本 = $180,000
- 活動基礎 = 7,500 sq ft
- 費率 = 24 / sq ft
第四步:計算 ABC 成本法下 Job 213 和 Job 214 分攤的製造費用。
Job 213:
- Supervision: 270 DLH * 12,150
- Machine Maintenance: 1,600 MH * 12,800
- Facility Rent: 50 sq ft * 1,200
- Job 213 的總 ABC 製造費用 = 12,800 + 26,150
第 6 題
Beauty Inc. can produce 1,200 pairs of shoes per hour, at maximum efficiency. There are three eight-hour shifts each day. Due to unavoidable operating interruptions, production averages 975 pairs per hour. The plant actually operates only 24 days per month. Based on the current budget, Beauty Inc. estimates that it will be able to sell only 515,000 pairs due to the entry of a competitor with aggressive marketing capabilities. But the demand is unlikely to be affected in future and will be around 520,000. Assume the month has 30 days. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) The theoretical capacity for the month is 691,200 pairs of shoes, while the practical capacity is 561,600 pairs of shoes. These two measure capacity in terms of what a company can supply.
B) The theoretical capacity for the month is 702,000 pairs of shoes, while the normal capacity is 515,000 pairs of shoes.
C) The practical capacity is 561,600 pairs of shoes, and the normal capacity is 520,000 pairs of shoes. Both of these two measure capacity in terms of demand for the output of the company.
D) The master-budget capacity utilization is 515,000 pairs of shoes, while the theoretical capacity for the month is 864,000.
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核心觀念
-
Theoretical Capacity(理論產能):在無任何停頓、設備完全滿負荷且以最大效率(Maximum Efficiency)運作時,於給定的可利用時間內可產出的最大數量。計算公式
-
Practical Capacity(實際產能):已考慮必然的營運中斷與非可控因素,以平均產出率(Average Production Rate)計算可達到的產量。
-
Normal Capacity(正常產能):企業在「正常」營運條件下(通常以預算或預期需求為基礎)所預計的產出水平,屬於需求面的衡量。
-
Master‑Budget Capacity Utilization(總預算產能利用率):
為比例(%),非絕對數量。
解題方法
-
算出可利用的總小時數
- 每天 3 班 × 8 小時/班 = 24 小時。
- 本月實際營運天數 = 24 天(題目已限定)。
-
計算理論產能(使用最大產出率 1,200 雙/小時)
-
計算實際產能(使用平均產出率 975 雙/小時)
第 7 題
The NCKU Factory has two departments that process all the products. During February, the beginning work in process in the first department was 50% complete as to conversion and 100% complete as to direct materials. The beginning inventory included 18,000 for conversion costs. Ending work-in-process inventory in the first department was 40% complete. Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process.
Beginning work in process in the second department was 75% complete as to conversion. Beginning inventories included 10,080 for conversion costs. Ending inventory was 40% complete.
Additional information about the two departments follows:
| First Dep. | Second Dep. | |
|---|---|---|
| Beginning work-in-process units | 5,000 | 4,000 |
| Units started this period | 14,000 | ? |
| Units transferred this period | 16,000 | 18,000 |
| Ending work-in-process units | ? | 2,000 |
| Material costs added | $18,000 | ? |
| Conversion costs | $32,000 | $20,000 |
| Transferred-out cost | 50,000 | ? |
If NCKU uses weighted-average costing, which of the following is/are correct for the second department?
a. The units started in December are 16,000
b. The equivalent units of conversion cost are 15,800 units.
c. The equivalent units of transferred-in cost are 16,000 units.
d. The equivalent-unit cost of conversion cost is 3.125
f. The total cost of transferred out is $80,100
A) c, d, f
B) a, d, f
C) b, c, e, f
D) a, c, d, e, f
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核心觀念
本題屬於製程成本會計(Process Costing)中 加權平均法(Weighted‑average costing) 的應用。
主要概念包括:
- 等效單位(Equivalent Units):將在製品未完成的部分換算成全額完成的單位。
- 加權平均法的等效單位 = 已轉出(完成)單位 + 期末在製品的等效單位。
- 成本池(Cost Pools):本題有兩個成本池
- 轉入成本(Transferred‑in cost)=第一部門完成後轉入第二部門的成本。
- 轉換成本(Conversion cost)=加工成本(直接人工+製造間接費)。
- 單位成本計算:
- 轉出成本:已完成並轉出的單位之總成本 = (轉入單位成本 + 轉換單位成本) × 轉出單位數。
解題步驟
-
求第二部門的生產數量
依題意,第二部門的單位平衡式為
代入已知值
因此 本期開始單位 = 16,000(即選項 a 正確)。
-
計算等效單位
- 轉換成本等效單位
- 轉入成本等效單位(轉入成本在每單位進入部門時即全額計入)
故選項 b (15,800) 與 c (16,000) 皆不正確。
-
建立成本池
- 期初轉入成本
- 期初轉換成本
- 本期新增轉入成本 =第一部門的「轉出成本」
- 本期新增轉換成本
第 8 題
ABC Company sells its products for 6.00
Direct manufacturing labor: 6.50
Total fixed manufacturing costs: 4.00 per unit, plus $120,000 per year
Which of the following is correct?
A) The contribution margin is 440,000
B) The contribution margin is 476,000
C) The operating income under absorption costing is lower than that under variable costing.
D) The contribution margin is 160,000 under variable costing.
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本題考驗對變動成本法 (Variable Costing) 與吸收成本法 (Absorption Costing) 下的損益計算,特別是貢獻毛益、毛利和營業利潤的差異。
首先,我們需要區分變動成本法和吸收成本法的成本組成。
-
變動成本法 (Variable Costing): 只將變動製造費用視為產品成本。
- 變動製造成本 (Variable Manufacturing Cost per unit) = 直接材料 + 直接人工 + 變動製造費用
- = 10.00 + 22.50 / 單位
-
吸收成本法 (Absorption Costing): 將所有製造費用(包括變動和固定)都視為產品成本。
- 固定製造費用 (Fixed Manufacturing Overhead) = $180,000
- 固定製造費用率 (Fixed MOH per unit) = 3.60 / 單位
- 吸收製造成本 (Absorption Manufacturing Cost per unit) = 變動製造成本 + 固定製造費用率
- = 3.60 = $26.10 / 單位
其他成本:
- 銷售價格 (Selling Price) = $38 / 單位
- 變動行銷費用 (Variable Marketing Expense) = $4.00 / 單位
- 固定行銷費用 (Fixed Marketing Expense) = $120,000 / 年
預計銷售量 (Anticipated Sales Volume): 40,000 單位
實際生產量 (Current Production Level): 50,000 單位
期末庫存: 50,000 (生產) - 40,000 (銷售) = 10,000 單位。
由於期末有庫存,吸收成本法下的營業利潤會高於變動成本法。
計算各種指標:
1. 變動成本法 (Variable Costing):
- 銷售收入 (Sales Revenue): 40,000 單位 * 1,520,000
- 銷貨成本 (Cost of Goods Sold, COGS): 40,000 單位 * 900,000
- 貢獻毛益 (Contribution Margin):
- 銷售收入 - 變動銷售成本 (變動製造成本 + 變動行銷費用)
- 變動銷售成本 = (40,000 單位 * 4.00/單位) = 160,000 = $1,060,000
- 貢獻毛益 = 1,060,000 = $460,000
- 或者,貢獻毛益 = (銷售價格 - 變動總成本) * 銷售量
- 單位貢獻毛益 = 22.50 + 38 - 11.50
- 貢獻毛益 = 40,000 單位 * $11.50/單位 =
第 9 題
Smart Custom Company manufactures products in its Processing Department. Direct materials are incorporated at the start of the production cycle and must be packaged individually into single kits for each unit. Conversion costs are incurred evenly throughout the production cycle. Inspection takes place as units are placed into production. After inspection, some units are spoiled due to undetectable material defects. Spoiled units generally constitute 5% of the good units. Data provided for February 2026 are as follows:
WIP, beginning inventory 2/1/2026: 32,000 units
Direct materials (100% complete)
Conversion costs (90% complete)
Started during February: 70,500 units
Completed and transferred out: 80,500 units
WIP, ending inventory 2/28/2026: 17,700 units
Direct materials (100% complete)
Conversion costs (80% complete)
Costs:
WIP, beginning inventory:
Direct materials: 40,500
Direct materials added: 158,160
What are the normal and abnormal spoilage units, respectively, for February when using FIFO?
A) 4,025 units; 275 units
B) 4,300 units; 0 units
C) 3,525 units; 775 units
D) 2,425 units; 1,875 units
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核心觀念
- FIFO 處理程序:在 FIFO 法下,先完成的單位先被視為已完成,期初在製(WIP)先被追蹤至完工。
- 正常損耗 (Normal Spoilage):屬於預期之損耗,視為製造成本的一部份,計算方式常為 良品數量 × 預估損耗率。
- 異常損耗 (Abnormal Spoilage):超過正常損耗的部份,須另列為期外費用。
解題方法
- 先求總損耗單位
未列於期末或完工的單位即為損耗單位:
- 計算正常損耗
正常損耗比例為 5%(題目敘述「Spoiled units generally constitute 5% of the good units」),
「好品」即本期實際完工且轉出的單位:
- 分離異常損耗
第 10 題
The following shows the production data of 2025 for the mixed costs incurred by NCKU company.
| Month | Cost | Units |
|---|---|---|
| January | $5,110 | 4,100 |
| February | $5,550 | 3,500 |
| March | $6,760 | 5,530 |
| April | $10,200 | 8,500 |
| May | $5,900 | 5,010 |
| June | $7,440 | 6,530 |
| July | $8,200 | 6,700 |
| August | $9,750 | 8,315 |
| September | $5,750 | 4,980 |
| October | $6,500 | 5,200 |
| November | $5,800 | 5,000 |
| December | $10,050 | 8,200 |
The accountant also ran a regression to estimate the association between cost and the product units:
Cost = 1.08 × Units
Based on the data, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) If the manager predicts that the company will produce and sell 9,500 units of product, the estimated cost will be 11,075 based on the high-low method.
C) The cost function based on the high-low method Cost=0.93×Units
D) To estimate the cost more precisely, it is better to use the regression model than to use the high-low method.
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本題考驗對混合成本的估計方法,包括迴歸分析法 (Regression Analysis) 與高低點法 (High-Low Method) 的應用與比較。
第一步:確定迴歸分析法的成本函數。
題目已給出迴歸模型的結果:
Cost = 1.08 × Units
這是迴歸分析法得出的成本函數。
第二步:根據迴歸分析法計算預測成本 (選項 A)。
- 預測生產和銷售 9,500 單位。
- 使用迴歸模型:Cost = 1.08 * 9,500
- Cost = 10,260
- Cost = $11,045
- 選項 A 說基於迴歸模型,預計成本為 $11,045。此敘述是 TRUE。
第三步:應用高低點法 (High-Low Method) 找出成本函數。
高低點法是找出數據中最高單位數和最低單位數的月份,然後計算變動成本率和固定成本。
-
找出最高點和最低點:
- 最高單位數:8,500 單位 (April),成本 $10,200。
- 最低單位數:3,500 單位 (February),成本 $5,550。
-
計算變動成本率 (Variable Cost Per Unit):
- 變動成本率 = (最高點成本 - 最低點成本) / (最高點單位 - 最低點單位)
- 變動成本率 = (5,550) / (8,500 - 3,500)
- 變動成本率 = $4,650 / 5,000
- 變動成本率 = $0.93 / 單位
-
計算固定成本 (Fixed Cost):
- 使用最高點或最低點代入公式:Cost = Fixed Cost + (Variable Cost Per Unit * Units)
第 11 題
Candy Shop currently makes chocolates and a variety of decorative jars used for packaging. Currently, an outside supplier has offered to supply all of the needed decorative jars. For this decision, a cost analysis revealed the following unit costs for the decorative jars:
Direct materials: 0.06
Unit-related support costs: 0.25
Product-sustaining support costs: 0.60
Total cost per jar: $2.17
Even if the decorative jars are manufactured by an outside supplier, facility-sustaining support costs remain unavoidable. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) The maximum price that Candy Shop should be willing to pay for the decorative jars is 1.57.
C) The shop should only consider the cost of direct materials, direct labor, and unit-related support costs because these costs can be traced.
D) The maximum price that Candy Shop should be willing to pay for the decorative jars is $1.13
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本題考驗相關成本 (Relevant Costs) 的判斷。在做決策時,我們應該只考慮那些未來會發生且在不同方案之間存在差異的成本。
分析各項成本:
- Direct materials ($0.52): 如果外購,這項成本會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Direct labor ($0.06): 如果外購,這項人工成本也會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Unit-related support costs ($0.30): 這些成本與每個單位的生產直接相關,如果外購,這些成本也會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Batch-related support costs ($0.25): 這些成本與生產批次相關,如果外購,生產批次將消失,這些成本也會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Product-sustaining support costs ($0.44): 這些成本與產品的生產和維護相關。如果外購,這些成本可能也會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Facility-sustaining support costs ($0.60): 這些成本是與設施相關的固定成本,例如租金、管理費用等。題目明確指出,「Even if the decorative jars are manufactured by an outside supplier, facility-sustaining support costs remain unavoidable.」這意味著即使外購,這項成本仍然存在,不會因為外購而節省。因此,這是不相關成本 (Irrelevant Cost)。
計算相關成本總額:
相關成本 = Direct materials + Direct labor + Unit-related support costs + Batch-related support
第 12 題
NCKU has two departments, the Processing Department and the Testing Department. The Processing Department produces products and transfers them to the Testing Department for testing. The following shows the information on these two departments:
| Processing | Testing | |
|---|---|---|
| Annual capacity | 330 units per year | 295 units per year |
| Units produced | 295 units per year | 295 units per year |
NCKU sells its products for 26,000. All costs other than direct material costs are fixed. Which of the following is TRUE?
A) NCKU should find ways to increase the units produced in the Processing Department because it has unused capacity.
B) If the NCKU's manager finds a way to reduce processing time, which would cost 267,000 each year, NCKU should implement the new testing technique.
D) If NCKU's designers have proposed a change in direct materials that would increase direct material costs by $3,500 per unit, which would enable NCKU to test 320 units of product each year, NCKU should use the new direct materials.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查「限制因素下的短期決策」與「瓶頸管理」。當企業存在產能限制時,應先找出限制整體產出的瓶頸部門,再以瓶頸產出所增加的邊際貢獻判斷方案是否值得採用。
題目指出:
- Processing Department 年產能為 330 單位,實際生產 295 單位。
- Testing Department 年產能為 295 單位,實際測試 295 單位。
因此,Testing Department 是瓶頸部門。即使 Processing Department 尚有 35 單位的閒置產能,產品仍須通過 Testing Department 才能完成銷售。
每增加銷售一單位產品所產生的單位貢獻為:
由於其他成本均為固定成本,短期決策時不因產量改變而增加,因此判斷方案時,重點在於:
解題方法
先確認 Testing Department 的產能為 295 單位,而目前已測試 295 單位,表示 Testing Department 已滿載。
所以:
- Processing Department 的閒置產能不能直接增加銷售量。
- 能夠提高銷售量的方案,必須增加 Testing Department 的產能。
- 若方案增加直接材料成本,該成本會發生在每一單位產品上,必須對全部受影響的產品計算。
選項分析
A) Processing Department 尚有閒置產能,因此應增加其生產量
Processing Department 的閒置產能為:
但 Testing Department 已達滿載:
Processing Department 即使多生產 35 單位,也無法全部通過 Testing Department 測試,因而無法增加完成品銷售量。
因此,增加 Processing Department 的產量並不能帶來額外收入,選項 A 錯誤。
第 7 題
The NCKU Factory has two departments that process all the products. During February, the beginning work in process in the first department was 50% complete as to conversion and 100% complete as to direct materials. The beginning inventory included 18,000 for conversion costs. Ending work-in-process inventory in the first department was 40% complete. Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process.
Beginning work in process in the second department was 75% complete as to conversion. Beginning inventories included 10,080 for conversion costs. Ending inventory was 40% complete.
Additional information about the two departments follows:
| First Dep. | Second Dep. | |
|---|---|---|
| Beginning work-in-process units | 5,000 | 4,000 |
| Units started this period | 14,000 | ? |
| Units transferred this period | 16,000 | 18,000 |
| Ending work-in-process units | ? | 2,000 |
| Material costs added | $18,000 | ? |
| Conversion costs | $32,000 | $20,000 |
| Transferred-out cost | 50,000 | ? |
If NCKU uses weighted-average costing, which of the following is/are correct for the second department?
a. The units started in December are 16,000
b. The equivalent units of conversion cost are 15,800 units.
c. The equivalent units of transferred-in cost are 16,000 units.
d. The equivalent-unit cost of conversion cost is 3.125
f. The total cost of transferred out is $80,100
A) c, d, f
B) a, d, f
C) b, c, e, f
D) a, c, d, e, f
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核心觀念
本題屬於製程成本會計(Process Costing)中 加權平均法(Weighted‑average costing) 的應用。
主要概念包括:
- 等效單位(Equivalent Units):將在製品未完成的部分換算成全額完成的單位。
- 加權平均法的等效單位 = 已轉出(完成)單位 + 期末在製品的等效單位。
- 成本池(Cost Pools):本題有兩個成本池
- 轉入成本(Transferred‑in cost)=第一部門完成後轉入第二部門的成本。
- 轉換成本(Conversion cost)=加工成本(直接人工+製造間接費)。
- 單位成本計算:
- 轉出成本:已完成並轉出的單位之總成本 = (轉入單位成本 + 轉換單位成本) × 轉出單位數。
解題步驟
-
求第二部門的生產數量
依題意,第二部門的單位平衡式為
代入已知值
因此 本期開始單位 = 16,000(即選項 a 正確)。
-
計算等效單位
- 轉換成本等效單位
- 轉入成本等效單位(轉入成本在每單位進入部門時即全額計入)
故選項 b (15,800) 與 c (16,000) 皆不正確。
-
建立成本池
- 期初轉入成本
- 期初轉換成本
- 本期新增轉入成本 =第一部門的「轉出成本」
- 本期新增轉換成本
第 8 題
ABC Company sells its products for 6.00
Direct manufacturing labor: 6.50
Total fixed manufacturing costs: 4.00 per unit, plus $120,000 per year
Which of the following is correct?
A) The contribution margin is 440,000
B) The contribution margin is 476,000
C) The operating income under absorption costing is lower than that under variable costing.
D) The contribution margin is 160,000 under variable costing.
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本題考驗對變動成本法 (Variable Costing) 與吸收成本法 (Absorption Costing) 下的損益計算,特別是貢獻毛益、毛利和營業利潤的差異。
首先,我們需要區分變動成本法 (Variable Costing) 和吸收成本法 (Absorption Costing) 下的產品成本。
-
變動成本法 (Variable Costing): 只將變動製造費用視為產品成本。
- 變動製造成本 (Variable Manufacturing Cost per unit) = 直接材料 + 直接人工 + 變動製造費用
- = 10.00 + 22.50 / 單位
-
吸收成本法 (Absorption Costing): 將所有製造費用(包括變動和固定)都視為產品成本。
- 固定製造費用 (Fixed Manufacturing Overhead) = $180,000
- 生產量 (Production Volume) = 50,000 單位
- 固定製造費用率 (Fixed MOH per unit) = 3.60 / 單位
- 吸收製造成本 (Absorption Manufacturing Cost per unit) = 變動製造成本 + 固定製造費用率
- = 3.60 = $26.10 / 單位
其他成本:
- 銷售價格 (Selling Price) = $38 / 單位
- 變動行銷費用 (Variable Marketing Expense) = $4.00 / 單位
- 固定行銷費用 (Fixed Marketing Expense) = $120,000 / 年
預計銷售量 (Anticipated Sales Volume): 40,000 單位
實際生產量 (Current Production Level): 50,000 單位
庫存變動: 由於生產量 (50,000) > 銷售量 (40,000),期末庫存增加 10,000 單位。
在這種情況下,吸收成本法下的營業利潤會高於變動成本法,因為一部分固定製造費用被遞延到期末庫存中。
計算各種指標:
1. 變動成本法 (Variable Costing):
- 銷售收入 (Sales Revenue): 40,000 單位 * 1,520,000
- 銷貨成本 (Cost of Goods Sold, COGS) - 變動成本法: 40,000 單位 * 900,000
- 貢獻毛益 (Contribution Margin):
- 銷售收入 - 總變動成本 (製造成本 + 行銷費用)
- 總變動製造成本 = 40,000 單位 * 900,000
- 總變動行銷費用 = 40,000 單位 * 160,000
- 總變動成本 = 160,000 = $1,060,000
第 9 題
Smart Custom Company manufactures products in its Processing Department. Direct materials are incorporated at the start of the production cycle and must be packaged individually into single kits for each unit. Conversion costs are incurred evenly throughout the production cycle. Inspection takes place as units are placed into production. After inspection, some units are spoiled due to undetectable material defects. Spoiled units generally constitute 5% of the good units. Data provided for February 2026 are as follows:
WIP, beginning inventory 2/1/2026: 32,000 units
Direct materials (100% complete)
Conversion costs (90% complete)
Started during February: 70,500 units
Completed and transferred out: 80,500 units
WIP, ending inventory 2/28/2026: 17,700 units
Direct materials (100% complete)
Conversion costs (80% complete)
Costs:
WIP, beginning inventory:
Direct materials: 40,500
Direct materials added: 158,160
What are the normal and abnormal spoilage units, respectively, for February when using FIFO?
A) 4,025 units; 275 units
B) 4,300 units; 0 units
C) 3,525 units; 775 units
D) 2,425 units; 1,875 units
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核心觀念
- FIFO 處理程序:在 FIFO 法下,先完成的單位先被視為已完成,期初在製(WIP)先被追蹤至完工。
- 正常損耗 (Normal Spoilage):屬於預期之損耗,視為製造成本的一部份,計算方式常為 良品數量 × 預估損耗率。
- 異常損耗 (Abnormal Spoilage):超過正常損耗的部份,須另列為期外費用。
解題方法
- 先求總損耗單位
未列於期末或完工的單位即為損耗單位:
- 計算正常損耗
正常損耗比例為 5%(題目敘述「Spoiled units generally constitute 5% of the good units」),
「好品」即本期實際完工且轉出的單位:
- 分離異常損耗
第 10 題
The following shows the production data of 2025 for the mixed costs incurred by NCKU company.
| Month | Cost | Units |
|---|---|---|
| January | $5,110 | 4,100 |
| February | $5,550 | 3,500 |
| March | $6,760 | 5,530 |
| April | $10,200 | 8,500 |
| May | $5,900 | 5,010 |
| June | $7,440 | 6,530 |
| July | $8,200 | 6,700 |
| August | $9,750 | 8,315 |
| September | $5,750 | 4,980 |
| October | $6,500 | 5,200 |
| November | $5,800 | 5,000 |
| December | $10,050 | 8,200 |
The accountant also ran a regression to estimate the association between cost and the product units:
Cost = 1.08 × Units
Based on the data, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) If the manager predicts that the company will produce and sell 9,500 units of product, the estimated cost will be 11,075 based on the high-low method.
C) The cost function based on the high-low method Cost=0.93×Units
D) To estimate the cost more precisely, it is better to use the regression model than to use the high-low method.
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本題考驗對混合成本的估計方法,包括迴歸分析法 (Regression Analysis) 與高低點法 (High-Low Method) 的應用與比較。
第一步:確定迴歸分析法的成本函數。
題目已給出迴歸模型的結果:
Cost = 1.08 × Units
這是迴歸分析法得出的成本函數。
第二步:根據迴歸分析法計算預測成本 (選項 A)。
- 預測生產和銷售 9,500 單位。
- 使用迴歸模型:Cost = 1.08 * 9,500
- Cost = 10,260
- Cost = $11,045
- 選項 A 說基於迴歸模型,預計成本為 $11,045。此敘述是 TRUE。
第三步:應用高低點法 (High-Low Method) 找出成本函數。
高低點法是找出數據中最高單位數和最低單位數的月份,然後計算變動成本率和固定成本。
-
找出最高點和最低點:
- 最高單位數:8,500 單位 (April),成本 $10,200。
- 最低單位數:3,500 單位 (February),成本 $5,550。
-
計算變動成本率 (Variable Cost Per Unit):
- 變動成本率 = (最高點成本 - 最低點成本) / (最高點單位 - 最低點單位)
- 變動成本率 = (5,550) / (8,500 - 3,500)
- 變動成本率 = $4,650 / 5,000
- 變動成本率 = $0.93 / 單位
第 11 題
Candy Shop currently makes chocolates and a variety of decorative jars used for packaging. Currently, an outside supplier has offered to supply all of the needed decorative jars. For this decision, a cost analysis revealed the following unit costs for the decorative jars:
Direct materials: 0.06
Unit-related support costs: 0.25
Product-sustaining support costs: 0.60
Total cost per jar: $2.17
Even if the decorative jars are manufactured by an outside supplier, facility-sustaining support costs remain unavoidable. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) The maximum price that Candy Shop should be willing to pay for the decorative jars is 1.57.
C) The shop should only consider the cost of direct materials, direct labor, and unit-related support costs because these costs can be traced.
D) The maximum price that Candy Shop should be willing to pay for the decorative jars is $1.13
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題考驗相關成本 (Relevant Costs) 的判斷。在做決策時,我們應該只考慮那些未來會發生且在不同方案之間存在差異的成本。
分析各項成本:
- Direct materials ($0.52): 如果外購,這項成本會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Direct labor ($0.06): 如果外購,這項人工成本也會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Unit-related support costs ($0.30): 這些成本與每個單位的生產直接相關,如果外購,這些成本也會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Batch-related support costs ($0.25): 這些成本與生產批次相關,如果外購,生產批次將消失,這些成本也會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Product-sustaining support costs ($0.44): 這些成本與產品的生產和維護相關。如果外購,這些成本可能也會被節省,因此是相關成本。
- Facility-sustaining support costs ($0.60): 這些成本是與設施相關的固定成本,例如租金、管理費用等。題目明確指出,「Even if the decorative jars are manufactured by an outside supplier, facility-sustaining support costs remain unavoidable.」這意味著即使外購,這項成本仍然存在,不會因為外購而節省。因此,這是不相關成本 (Irrelevant Cost)。
計算相關成本總額:
相關成本 = Direct materials + Direct labor + Unit-related support costs + Batch-related support
第 12 題
NCKU has two departments, the Processing Department and the Testing Department. The Processing Department produces products and transfers them to the Testing Department for testing. The following shows the information on these two departments:
| Processing | Testing | |
|---|---|---|
| Annual capacity | 330 units per year | 295 units per year |
| Units produced | 295 units per year | 295 units per year |
NCKU sells its products for 26,000. All costs other than direct material costs are fixed. Which of the following is TRUE?
A) NCKU should find ways to increase the units produced in the Processing Department because it has unused capacity.
B) If the NCKU's manager finds a way to reduce processing time, which would cost 267,000 each year, NCKU should implement the new testing technique.
D) If NCKU's designers have proposed a change in direct materials that would increase direct material costs by $3,500 per unit, which would enable NCKU to test 320 units of product each year, NCKU should use the new direct materials.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題考查「限制因素下的短期決策」與「瓶頸管理」。當企業存在產能限制時,應先找出限制整體產出的瓶頸部門,再以瓶頸產出所增加的邊際貢獻判斷方案是否值得採用。
題目指出:
- Processing Department 年產能為 330 單位,實際生產 295 單位。
- Testing Department 年產能為 295 單位,實際測試 295 單位。
因此,Testing Department 是瓶頸部門。即使 Processing Department 尚有 35 單位的閒置產能,產品仍須通過 Testing Department 才能完成銷售。
每增加銷售一單位產品所產生的單位貢獻為:
由於其他成本均為固定成本,短期決策時不因產量改變而增加,因此判斷方案時,重點在於:
解題方法
先確認 Testing Department 的產能為 295 單位,而目前已測試 295 單位,表示 Testing Department 已滿載。
所以:
- Processing Department 的閒置產能不能直接增加銷售量。
- 能夠提高銷售量的方案,必須增加 Testing Department 的產能。
- 若方案增加直接材料成本,該成本會發生在每一單位產品上,必須對全部受影響的產品計算。
選項分析
A) Processing Department 尚有閒置產能,因此應增加其生產量
Processing Department 的閒置產能為:
但 Testing Department 已達滿載:
Processing Department 即使多生產 35 單位,也無法全部通過 Testing Department 測試,因而無法增加完成品銷售量。
因此,增加 Processing Department 的產量並不能帶來額外收入,選項 A 錯誤。
第 13 題
A company manufactures and sells products and expects to sell 1,350 units in 2026. The following estimates are given for 2026:
Selling price: 7
Direct labor: 13
The company had an inventory of 115 units of products at the end of 2025. It has decided that as a measure to counter stock outages, it will maintain an ending inventory of 250 units of product. Each product requires 2 units of a specific component, CRT, and has to be imported at a cost of 6,150
B) 5,690
D) $2,720
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本題考驗存貨規劃與採購預算編製,特別是關於生產與製成品及零組件存貨的關係。
第一步:計算 2026 年預計的生產量。
- 預計銷售量 (Expected Sales Volume) = 1,350 單位
- 期末製成品存貨目標 (Desired Ending Finished Goods Inventory) = 250 單位
- 期初製成品存貨 (Beginning Finished Goods Inventory) = 115 單位
- 預計生產量 = 預計銷售量 + 期末製成品存貨 - 期初製成品存貨
- 預計生產量 = 1,350 + 250 - 115 = 1,485 單位
第二步:計算生產 1,485 單位產品所需的 CRT 總量。
- 每個產品需要 2 個 CRT 組件。
- 所需 CRT 總量 = 1,485 單位產品 * 2 個 CRT/單位產品 = 2,970 個 CRT。
第 14 題
The following table shows a company's information with lost data:
| Analysis | Actual Results | Flexible Variances | Flexible Budget | Sales-Volume Variances | Static Budget |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Units Sold | 112,500 | 112,500 | 103,125 | ||
| Revenues | $42,080 | $1,000 F | $1,400 U | ||
| Variable Costs | $200 U | $15,860 | $18,200 | ||
| Fixed Costs | $8,280 | $9,140 | |||
| Operating Income | $17,740 | $16,080 | $15,140 |
Which of the following is TRUE?
A) The amount of flexible-budget revenues is 0 and the sales volume variance is 15,660 and the sales volume variances of variable costs is 1,660F and the total statistic-budget variance is $2,600 F
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
- 彈性預算(Flexible Budget):以實際銷售量為基礎,重新編製的預算。
- 固定預算(Static Budget):以原先計畫的銷售量(單位)編製的預算。
- 彈性預算差異(Flexible‑budget variance)
有利(F)=實際 > 預算(營收)或實際 < 預算(成本)。 - 銷售量差異(Sales‑volume variance)
有利(F)=彈性預算 > 固定預算(營收)或彈性預算 < 固定預算(成本)。 - 營業利益
解題方法
- 先利用「彈性預算差異」求出彈性預算的營收、變動成本與固定成本。
- 再利用「銷售量差異」求出固定預算的營收與變動成本(固定成本不受量變)。
- 由實際營業利益公式求得實際變動成本與固定成本。
- 計算各項差異的合計,驗證選項敘述。
步驟細節
- 營收
- 變動成本
- 固定成本(不隨量變)
彈性預算=固定預算=$9{,}140。
由營業利益公式
第 15 題
NCKU Company manufactures 27,500 units of products during February 2026. The total overhead budget is 10 per hour
Actual costs: $371,250 for 41,250 hours
Which of the following is incorrect?
A) Variable overhead spending variance is 82,500 favorable
C) Total flexible-budget variance for variable overhead is 228,000
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本題考驗變動製造費用差異 (Variable Overhead Variances) 和固定製造費用預算的計算。
1. 計算標準變動製造費用 (Standard Variable Overhead, SVOH)。
- 標準工時 per unit = 1.8 小時/單位
- 標準費率 (Standard Rate, SR) = $10 / 小時
- 實際產量 = 27,500 單位
- 標準工時 (Standard Hours, SH) = 實際產量 * 標準工時 per unit = 27,500 單位 * 1.8 小時/單位 = 49,500 小時。
- 標準變動製造費用 (SVOH) = SH * SR = 49,500 小時 * 495,000。
2. 計算實際變動製造費用 (Actual Variable Overhead, AVOH)。
- 實際工時 (Actual Hours, AH) = 41,250 小時
- 實際費率 (Actual Rate, AR) = 實際成本 / 實際工時 = 9 / 小時。
- 實際變動製造費用 (AVOH) = 實際成本 = $371,250。
3. 計算變動製造費用差異:
-
支出差異 (Spending Variance, VOSV):
- 公式:
- 9 -
- 1)$
- 41,250 (有利,Favorable)
- 選項 A 說支出差異是 41,250 有利 (favorable)。因此,選項 A 是 INCORRECT。
-
效率差異 (Efficiency Variance, VOEV):
- 公式:
- 10 * (41,250 - 49,500)$
- 10 * (-8,250)
第 16 題
Sales-mix variance = 515,000 (U), flexible-budget variance = 134,000 (U), calculate the market-share variance.
A) 887,000 (F)
C) 619,000(F)
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核心觀念
在營業變異分析中,總的營業差異(flexible‑budget variance)可分解為四個子變異:
- Market‑size variance:實際市場總需求與預算需求的差額(全部產品)。
- Market‑share variance:實際市場佔有率與預算佔有率的差額(以實際市場規模衡量)。
- Sales‑mix variance:實際產品組合與預算組合的差額(在相同總銷量下)。
- Sales‑volume variance:實際銷量(以預算組合)與預算銷量的差額。
在此題中,已知前三項與 FlexBudget,要求 Market‑share variance。
解題方法
將公式兩邊同時減去已知的三個子變異,即可求得未知的 Market‑share variance。
第 17 題
A company needs to upgrade its computer system or buy a new one. The information on the two alternatives is shown below:
| Current System | New System | |
|---|---|---|
| Purchase price | \120{,}500$ | \162{,}500$ |
| Current book value | \40{,}500$ | |
| Upgrade costs | \30{,}250$ | |
| Annual cash operating costs | \69{,}300$ | \53{,}800$ |
| Current salvage value | \44{,}000$ | |
| Salvage value in five years | \8{,}000$ | \33{,}000$ |
Assume the current required rate of return is . Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) The NPV of buying a new system is \left(\326{,}437\right)$.
(B) The NPV of upgrading the current system is \left(\262{,}544\right)$.
(C) The company should buy a new computer system based on the results of NPV.
(D) The NPV of upgrading the current system is \23{,}869$ higher than that of buying a new one.
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核心觀念
本題考「資本預算」與「相關現金流量」:以各方案未來現金流量的現值,扣除初始投資,計算淨現值(NPV)。比較替代方案時,帳面價值是已發生的沉沒成本,不列入決策;若買新系統時出售舊系統,出售收入則是相關現金流量,應計入。
解題方法
原卷表中,升級成本為 30,250,升級後每年現金營運成本為 69,300,五年後殘值為 8,000;新系統購入成本為 162,500,每年現金營運成本為 53,800,五年後殘值為 33,000。買新系統時可出售舊系統,取得 44,000;舊系統帳面價值 40,500 不列入計算。
依 15% 折現率及五年期現值表,年金現值因子約為 3.352,單筆現值因子約為 0.497。營運成本為每年流出,殘值與出售舊系統的收入為流入。
買新系統的淨現值:
升級舊系統的淨現值:
第 18 題
NCKU Company has two supporting departments, Equipment Maintenance and Data Processing, and two operating departments, Machining and Capping. The following shows the data collected for analysis.
Budgeted manufacturing overhead costs:
- Equipment Maintenance (EM): \350{,}000$
- Data Processing (DP): \75{,}000$
- Machining (M): \250{,}000$
- Capping (C): \135{,}000$
Services furnished:
| Service department | Equipment Maintenance | Data Processing | Machining | Capping |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equipment Maintenance (labor-hours) | 3,500 | 5,000 | 8,500 | |
| Data Processing (computer-hours) | 1,100 | 3,900 | 500 |
Which of the following linear equations is correct?
(A) DP=\75{,}000+\left(\frac{3{,}500}{17{,}000}\right)EM$
(B) DP=\75{,}000+\left(\frac{1{,}100}{5{,}500}\right)EM$
(C) EM=\350{,}000+\left(\frac{3{,}500}{17{,}000}\right)DP$
(D) EM=\350{,}000+\left(\frac{1{,}100}{4{,}600}\right)EM$
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核心觀念
本題考「互惠分攤法」的成本分攤方程式。兩個服務部門彼此提供服務,因此各自的總成本都包含:
- 本部門原有的預算製造費用。
- 由另一服務部門分攤進來的成本。
分攤比例的分母是「該服務部門提供服務的總量」,分子則是「接受服務的部門所使用的服務量」。
解題方法
先計算每個服務部門提供服務的總量:
- 設備維修部門(EM)提供的勞動小時合計為 小時。
- 資料處理部門(DP)提供的電腦小時合計為 小時。
令 、 分別表示互惠分攤後兩個服務部門的總成本。
DP 使用 EM 的服務 小時,因此 EM 成本分攤給 DP 的比例為:
EM 使用 DP 的服務 小時,因此 DP 成本分攤給 EM 的比例為:
兩個成本方程式為:
第 19 題
A company produces two products, LCT and HCT. Both products use the same direct materials and undergo identical processing procedures before the split-off point. The following information presents the production and sales data for February:
- Direct materials processed: 125,000 kilograms
- Production of LCT: 50,000 kilograms
- Production of HCT: 75,000 kilograms
LCT can be sold for \8$4.50$257{,}500$. There were no inventory balances of either product.
LCT may be further processed into 45,000 kilograms of advanced products, MCT, for an additional processing cost of \11$30$7$15$ per kilogram. There are no beginning and ending inventory balances.
Using the estimated net realizable value, what amount of the joint costs would be allocated to MCT and ICT? Round intermediary percentage calculations to the nearest hundredth.
(A) \153{,}856$103{,}644$
(B) \143{,}067$114{,}433$
(C) \139{,}668$117{,}832$
(D) \99{,}035$158{,}465$
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核心觀念
本題考「估計淨變現價值法」(estimated net realizable value method,NRV)分攤聯合成本。當聯合產品在分離點後還需個別加工時,先以各最終產品的銷售價值扣除分離點後的個別加工成本,求出各產品的估計淨變現價值,再按各產品的淨變現價值比例分攤分離點前的聯合成本。
公式如下:
解題方法
先分別計算 MCT 與 ICT 的最終銷售價值,再扣除各自分離點後的加工成本。
MCT 的估計淨變現價值
MCT 可銷售 45,000 公斤,每公斤售價 30 元;每公斤可用產品的後續加工成本為 11 元:
ICT 的估計淨變現價值
ICT 可銷售 72,000 公斤,每公斤售價 15 元;每公斤可用產品的後續加工成本為 7 元:
估計淨變現價值總額為:
因此,MCT 與 ICT 的分攤比例分別為:
第 20 題
A company is required to decrease its carbon emissions and wants to use the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a strategic management tool to achieve the target. Which of the following measures should be classified as the measure of the internal-business-process perspective?
(A) Carbon cost per unit of output
(B) The percentage of customers satisfied with carbon performance
(C) Employee engagement on sustainability
(D) The percentage of processes using low-carbon technology
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核心觀念
平衡計分卡(Balanced Scorecard, BSC)將策略目標轉化為不同構面的衡量指標。傳統四大構面如下:
- 財務構面:衡量策略對成本、收入、獲利等財務結果的影響。
- 顧客構面:衡量顧客滿意度、忠誠度與顧客價值。
- 內部企業流程構面:衡量企業內部流程的效率、品質與改善成果。
- 學習與成長構面:衡量員工能力、投入程度、資訊系統與組織文化等長期發展基礎。
本題將減碳納入策略管理,判斷指標所衡量的對象,應看它是在衡量財務結果、顧客反應、內部流程,還是員工與組織能力。
解題方法
逐一辨認指標的衡量焦點:
- 衡量成本或財務結果,歸入財務構面。
- 衡量顧客滿意度或顧客反應,歸入顧客構面。
- 衡量員工參與、能力或組織文化,歸入學習與成長構面。
- 衡量企業內部流程如何執行或改善,歸入內部企業流程構面。
題目問的是內部企業流程構面,因此要找直接描述企業流程及其低碳改善的指標。
選項分析
第 21 題
The following is a strategic analysis of the profitability with lost data.
| Income Statement Amounts in 2025 | Revenue and Cost Effects of Growth Component in 2026 | Revenue and Cost Effects of Price-Recovery Component in 2026 | Effect of Productivity Component in 2026 | Income Statement Amounts in 2026 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revenues ($) | 52,000 | 14,000 F | 1,700 U | ||
| Costs | 27,500 | 600 U | 29,900 | ||
| Operating income | 24,500 | 9,600 F | 2,300 U | 2,600 F |
Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) The cost effect of the productivity component is \0$.
(B) The amount of revenues in 2026 is \66{,}900$.
(C) The cost effect of the growth component is \4{,}400$ F.
(D) The operating income amount for 2026 is \34{,}400$.
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核心觀念
本題考「策略分析中的獲利變動分析」,將營業利益變動拆成成長效果、價格回收效果與生產力效果:
- 成長效果:銷售量增加帶來的收入與成本變動。
- 價格回收效果:售價或投入價格變動帶來的收入與成本變動。
- 生產力效果:投入資源使用效率改變所造成的成本變動。
有利(F)表示使營業利益增加,不利(U)表示使營業利益減少。因此,收入增加通常為有利、收入減少通常為不利;成本增加通常為不利、成本減少通常為有利。
各效果的營業利益影響可用下式判斷:
解題方法
先利用成長效果的收入與營業利益效果,求出成長帶來的成本增加額。接著依各效果的有利、不利方向,推算 2026 年收入與營業利益。
一、成長效果的成本影響
成長使收入增加 $14,000,對營業利益的淨效果為有利 $9,600。成長帶來的成本增加會抵銷部分收入利益,因此:
成本增加使營業利益減少,所以此成本效果為 $4,400 U。
二、生產力效果的成本影響
題目未列生產力效果的收入影響,因此生產力效果的營業利益增加 $2,600,來自成本減少:
所以生產力的成本效果為 $2,600 F,並非 $0。
三、2026 年收入
第 22 題
NCKU Corp. manufactures smartphone cases. It takes 75 minutes for the manufacturing department to receive order details after a customer places an order. The waiting time before the start of production is 68 minutes, and the manufacturing lead time is 178 minutes per case. It takes 24 hours to deliver the finished product to customers. What is NCKU’s manufacturing cycle efficiency? Round to the nearest whole percent.
(A) 11%
(B) 44%
(C) 62%
(D) 72%
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核心觀念
製造週期效率(Manufacturing Cycle Efficiency, MCE)衡量製造期間有多少時間用於增值加工:
題目給定的製造前等待時間屬於非增值時間;製造前接收訂單資料的時間與完工後配送時間,則在製造期間之外,不列入本題的製造週期效率計算。
解題方法
製造週期時間為每件產品的製造前置時間,即 分鐘。扣除生產開始前等待的 分鐘,剩餘時間為加工時間:
代入公式:
第 23 題
XYZ Company has the following information available concerning its inventory items:
- Relevant ordering costs per purchase order: \550$
- Relevant carrying costs per year for each product:
- Required annual return on investment: 11%
- Required other costs per year: \8$
Annual demand is 50,000 products per year. The purchase price per product is \50$. Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) The unit carrying costs are equal to \8$.
(B) The Economic-Order-Quantity (EOQ) is 2,622 units.
(C) The annual relevant carrying costs are equal to \13{,}628$.
(D) The total annual relevant costs are \13{,}628$.
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核心觀念
本題考查經濟訂購量(EOQ)模型。每單位每年的相關持有成本,須計入資金報酬要求與其他持有成本:
EOQ 及其相關成本公式如下:
其中 為年需求量、 為每次訂購成本、 為每單位年持有成本。於 EOQ 下,年訂購成本與年持有成本相等。
解題方法
先計算每單位年持有成本:
代入 EOQ 公式:
因此,以最接近的整數訂購量 單位計算,年持有成本為:
若用未四捨五入的 EOQ 計算,年持有成本約為:
第 24 題
An inventory item of NCKU Company has an average daily demand of 36 units with a maximum daily demand of 45 units. The economic order quantity (EOQ) is 630 units. Without safety stocks, the reorder point is 252 units. Safety stocks are set at 200 units. Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) Average lead time is 13 days.
(B) The reorder point with safety stocks is 830 units.
(C) The maximum inventory level of NCKU is 830 units.
(D) The minimum inventory level of NCKU is zero units.
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核心觀念
本題考查存貨管理中的再訂購點、安全存量、最高存貨量與最低存貨量。
-
未考慮安全存量的再訂購點:平均每日需求量乘以平均前置時間。
-
含安全存量的再訂購點:未含安全存量的再訂購點加上安全存量。
-
在本題採用的存貨水準設定下,最高存貨量為經濟訂購量加安全存量,最低存貨量為安全存量。
解題方法
先利用題目提供的「未含安全存量再訂購點」推算平均前置時間:
因此平均前置時間為 7 天,不是 13 天。
再將安全存量加到未含安全存量的再訂購點:
第 25 題
NCKU Company is highly decentralized, so each division is empowered to make its own sales decisions. The Taipei Division can purchase IC, a key component, from the Tainan Division or from external suppliers. The Tainan Division has been the major supplier of IC in recent years. The Taipei Division has announced that two external suppliers will be used to purchase the IC at \40$55$35$22$85$33$ per pound, which of the following is correct?
(A) There is no opportunity cost for the Tainan Division to produce and sell IC to the Taipei Division.
(B) If the external supplier increased its price to \85$537{,}200$.
(C) If the external supplier increased its price to \85$1{,}422{,}000$.
(D) Taipei Division should purchase IC from the external supplier because purchasing the goods externally can save more costs for NCKU.
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核心觀念
本題考查自製或外購決策與機會成本。判斷公司整體利益時,要比較各方案的相關成本;部門間的移轉價格屬於內部交易,合併計算時會互相抵銷。
若自製會占用可用於其他用途的產能,該替代用途可帶來的利益就是自製的機會成本:
固定成本若不因自製或外購而改變,就不是相關成本。
解題方法
題目設定外部供應商將單價提高至每磅 $85,且台南部門若不生產 IC,可將設備用於其他作業,每磅節省 $33 現金營運成本。因此,內部生產會放棄這項節省,應將每磅 $33 列為機會成本。
每磅自製相關成本為:
每磅外購成本為 $85,所以內部採購每磅可為公司節省:
台北部門每月採購 31,600 磅,故每月內部採購的營運利益為:
因此,外購相較於內購,每月會增加 $537,200 的營運成本;公司應選擇內購。
第 26 題
NCKU Company has two sources of funds:
- Long-term debt with a market and book value of \5{,}500{,}000$ issued at an interest rate of 14%.
- Equity capital with a market value of \4{,}500{,}000$2{,}500{,}000$).
NCKU has profit centers in the following locations with the following information:
| Revenues | Operating Income | Assets | Current Liabilities | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaohsiung | \1{,}300{,}000$ | \500{,}000$ | \2{,}100{,}000$ | \125{,}000$ |
| Tainan | \1{,}950{,}000$ | \630{,}000$ | \4{,}000{,}000$ | \350{,}000$ |
| Taipei | \4{,}250{,}000$ | \1{,}150{,}000$ | \7{,}500{,}000$ | \600{,}000$ |
The cost of equity capital is 12% and the tax rate is 35%. Which of the following is TRUE?
(A) The EVA for Kaohsiung is \66{,}275$.
(B) The ROI of Tainan is 48.75%.
(C) The ROS of Taipei is 15%.
(D) Kaohsiung has the highest EVA, ROI, and ROS.
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核心觀念
本題考查經濟附加價值(EVA)、投資報酬率(ROI)與銷貨報酬率(ROS)的計算。
- 加權平均資金成本(WACC):以長期資金的市場價值計算權數;利息費用可抵稅,因此債務成本須乘上稅後因子。
- EVA:稅後營業淨利扣除投入資本的資金成本。
- ROI:營業利益除以營業資產。
- ROS:營業利益除以營業收入。
解題方法
先算公司整體的 WACC,再以各地區的稅後營業淨利減去投入資本的資金成本,求出 EVA。計算 EVA 時,投入資本以資產減流動負債衡量。
一、計算 WACC
長期資金總市值為 1,000 萬,債務與權益的市場價值權數分別為 55% 與 45%。稅後債務成本為:
因此:
二、計算各地區 EVA
- 高雄:投入資本為 $1,975,000;稅後營業淨利為 $325,000。
- 台南:投入資本為 $3,650,000;稅後營業淨利為 $409,500。
第 27 題
After conducting a market research study, ACC Manufacturing decided to produce a new product to complement its existing product line. It is estimated that the new product can be sold at a target price of \270$. The annual target sales volume for the new product is 20,000. ACC Manufacturing has target operating income of 30% of sales. What is the target cost for each new product?
(A) \351$
(B) \270$
(C) \189$
(D) \81$
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核心觀念
本題考查目標成本法。企業先依市場需求訂定產品售價,再扣除目標利潤,求得可接受的產品成本:
題目給的營業利益率是銷貨收入的 30%,因此須先以單位售價計算每件產品的目標營業利益。
解題方法
每件產品的目標售價為 $270,目標營業利益率為 30%,所以每件產品的目標營業利益為:
每件產品的目標成本為:
因此,單位目標成本是 $189。年銷售量 20,000 件可用來計算年度總額,但不影響單位目標成本。
選項分析
第 28 題
XYZ Shop sells two products: chocolate bars and cupcakes. A box of chocolate bars sells for \25$16$37$ as a bundle. What is the revenue allocated to cupcakes if chocolate bars are termed as the primary product in the bundle?
(A) \12$
(B) \14$
(C) \16$
(D) \19$
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核心觀念
本題考「主要產品與次要產品組合銷售時的收入分攤」。當巧克力棒被指定為主要產品,組合售價先分配給主要產品,金額以其單獨售價為基準;組合售價扣除主要產品分得的收入後,剩餘部分分配給杯子蛋糕。
設:
- 組合售價為
- 主要產品單獨售價為
- 次要產品分得收入為
則:
解題方法
題目給定巧克力棒單獨售價為 $25,杯子蛋糕單獨售價為 $16,兩者組合售價為 $37。巧克力棒是主要產品,因此先將 $25 分配給巧克力棒,再把組合售價的剩餘金額分配給杯子蛋糕:
$37 − $25 = $12
因此,杯子蛋糕分得的收入為 $12。
選項分析
第 29 題
A company is considering eliminating product LCT from its product line because of losses over the past quarter. The past three months of information for LCT are summarized below:
- Sales (1,000 units): \246{,}000$
- Manufacturing costs:
- Direct materials: \87{,}000$
- Direct labor (\15$75{,}000$
- Support: \100{,}000$
- Operating loss: \left(\16{,}000\right)$
Support costs are 60% variable, and the remaining 40% is depreciation of special equipment for LCT that has no resale value. Should the company eliminate LCT from its product line?
(A) Yes, because LCT incurred a loss of \16{,}000$.
(B) Yes, because the cost of \162{,}000$ incurred in producing LCT will be eliminated.
(C) No, because the contribution margin of LCT is \84{,}000$.
(D) No, because LCT contributes \24{,}000$ toward fixed costs and profits.
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核心觀念
產品是否應停產,應比較「停產後可避免的成本」與「產品停產後失去的貢獻毛益」,不能只看產品分攤後的營業損益。
本題中,支援成本的 是專用設備折舊,且設備沒有轉售價值;既然停產後折舊仍會發生,這筆成本屬於不可避免成本。支援成本其餘 為變動成本,會隨產品停產而避免。
解題方法
先將支援成本拆分:
計算 LCT 的貢獻毛益時,扣除會隨產品停產而避免的變動成本:
LCT 每季帶來 $24,000 貢獻毛益,用以支應固定成本並增加利潤。停產會失去這筆貢獻毛益,但 $40,000 的設備折舊仍會發生,因此公司整體利潤將減少 $24,000。LCT 不應停產。
也可驗算題目所列營業損失:
第 30 題
A company produces two products, LCT and HCT. Weekly demand is estimated to be 150 units of LCT and 65 units of HCT. The following presents the per-unit data:
| LCT | HCT | |
|---|---|---|
| Contribution margin per unit | \27$ | \35$ |
| Number of machine-hours required | 3 | 5 |
If there are 450 machine-hours available per week, how many units of each product should the company produce to maximize profits?
(A) Only 150 units of LCT
(B) 150 units of LCT and 65 units of HCT
(C) 41 units of LCT and 65 units of HCT
(D) 100 units of LCT and 30 units of HCT
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核心觀念
本題考的是限制資源下的產品組合決策。每週機器工時只有 450 小時,因此應比較各產品「每單位限制資源可帶來的邊際貢獻」,並在需求上限與工時限制內,優先生產每機器小時貢獻較高的產品。
計算公式為:
解題方法
先計算兩種產品每機器小時可帶來的邊際貢獻:
- LCT:$27 ÷ 3 小時 = 每機器小時 $9
- HCT:$35 ÷ 5 小時 = 每機器小時 $7
LCT 每機器小時的邊際貢獻較高,因此先滿足 LCT 需求。每週生產 150 單位 LCT 所需工時為:
正好用完每週可用的 450 小時,且 LCT 的預估需求上限為 150 單位。因此最佳生產組合為 150 單位 LCT、0 單位 HCT。
選項分析
- (A) Only 150 units of LCT:正確。 生產 150 單位 LCT 使用 450 小時,並將工時投入每小時邊際貢獻較高的產品。
- **(B) 150 units of LCT and 65 units of HCT:錯誤。
第 二、申論題 題10 分
某零售商面臨嚴重虧損,CEO 召集有關部門主管開會檢討,並要求策略部門提出解決方案。策略部門分析各部門主管提出的各樣看法後,得出造成虧損的原因在於營業額成長緩慢,且因物價及工資率上漲造成營運成本快速增加,公司營運成本亦高於主要競爭對手,因此提出兩個方案:
方案一:先執行裁減員工降低人事成本,接著進行流程改善,減少非人事相關成本,最後以重整後新組織型態進行管理規劃,以提高營業額。
方案二:首先針對營運問題提出解決方案以提高營業額,接著再透過流程改善以減少非人事相關成本,最後才進行裁員降低人事成本。
如果你是公司的 CEO,會採行哪個方案?請詳細說明原因。
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核心觀念
本題考查策略性成本管理:企業面對虧損時,不能只看單一期間的人事費用,而要同時處理營收、營運流程與資源配置。改善目標是提升長期獲利能力,而非只求短期帳面成本下降。
管理者應先辨認成本與營運問題的來源,再重新設計流程、降低浪費,並依改善後的工作需求配置人力。裁員雖能降低薪資支出,但若在流程尚未改善前就執行,可能削弱銷售、服務與改善能力,反而使營收進一步下滑。
解題方法
依題目資訊,虧損原因包括:
- 營業額成長緩慢:須改善營運問題,以提升顧客價值與銷售表現。
- 物價及工資率上漲:成本壓力增加,須檢討流程及人力使用效率。
- 營運成本高於主要競爭對手:顯示公司有競爭力落差,須分析成本來源及成本動因,找出可改善的作業。
因此,判斷方案時應比較其先後順序是否有助於同時改善營收與成本,以及是否保留足夠的人力和組織能力完成改善。
方案分析
方案一:先裁員,再改善流程,最後提高營業額
先裁員可以立即降低人事成本,但裁員發生在流程改善之前,公司尚未釐清哪些作業真正必要、哪些作業存在浪費,也尚未掌握改善後所需的人力。若裁減到關鍵人員,可能造成工作負荷增加、服務品質下降、員工士氣降低,進一步妨礙流程改善及營收成長。