112 年 國立成功大學財務金融研究所《財務管理》
第 1 題4 分
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Since accounts payable and accrued liabilities must eventually be paid off, as these accounts increase, AFN as calculated by the AFN equation must also increase.
(B) Suppose a firm is operating its fixed assets at below 100% of capacity, but it has no excess current assets. Based on the AFN equation, its AFN will be larger than if it had been operating with excess capacity in both fixed and current assets.
(C) If a firm retains all of its earnings, then it cannot require any additional funds to support sales growth.
(D) Additional funds needed (AFN) are typically raised using a combination of notes payable, long-term debt, and common stock. Such funds are non-spontaneous in the sense that they require explicit financing decisions to obtain them.
(E) If a firm has a positive free cash flow, then it must have either a zero or a negative AFN.
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此題考查額外財務需求 (AFN) 的概念與 AFN 公式中各項目的影響。
選項 (A) 錯誤。AFN 公式中,應付帳款與應計負債是負債項目,它們的增加會減少 AFN 的需求,而非增加。
選項 (B) 錯誤。當固定資產未滿載運作且無額外流動資產時,銷貨成長對固定資產的需求增加會更顯著,因此 AFN 會較大。反之,若有超額設備,則對固定資產的需求減少,AFN 會較小。
選項 (C) 錯誤。即使公司保留所有盈餘,若銷貨成長率超過由盈餘所能支持的程度,仍可能需要額外資金。保留盈餘是內部資金來源,但不足以完全支應成長。
第 2 題4 分
Assuming that the term structure of interest rates is determined as posited by the pure expectations theory, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) In equilibrium, long-term rates must be equal to short-term rates.
(B) An upward-sloping yield curve implies that future short-term rates are expected to decline.
(C) The maturity risk premium is assumed to be zero.
(D) Inflation is expected to be zero.
(E) Consumer prices as measured by an index of inflation are expected to rise at a constant rate.
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此題考查純粹預期理論 (Pure Expectations Theory) 對於利率期限結構的解釋。純粹預期理論認為遠期利率反映了市場對未來短期利率的預期。
選項 (A) 錯誤。在純粹預期理論下,長期利率是未來短期利率的預期平均值。若預期未來短期利率會上升,則長期利率會高於短期利率;若預期未來短期利率會下降,則長期利率會低於短期利率。只有當預期未來短期利率不變時,長期利率才會等於短期利率。
選項 (B) 錯誤。根據純粹預期理論,向上傾斜的殖利率曲線 (upward-sloping yield curve) 表示市場預期未來的短期利率將會上升。反之,若預期未來短期利率下降,殖利率曲線應為向下傾斜。
選項 (C) 錯誤。純粹預期理論假設投資者對不同到期日證券沒有偏好,因此不考慮流動性或風險溢價。然而,其他理論(如流動性偏好理論或市場分割理論)則會納入期限風險溢價 (maturity risk premium)。
第 3 題4 分
Roenfeld Corp believes the following probability distribution exists for its stock. What is the coefficient of variation on the company's stock?
| State of the Economy | Probability of State Occurring | Stock's Expected Return |
|---|---|---|
| Boom | 0.45 | 25% |
| Normal | 0.50 | 15% |
| Recession | 0.05 | 5% |
(A) 0.2839
(B) 0.3069
(C) 0.3299
(D) 0.3547
(E) 0.3813
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此題考查變異係數 (Coefficient of Variation, CV) 的計算,這是衡量風險相對程度的指標。變異係數定義為標準差除以預期報酬率。
首先,計算股票的預期報酬率 ():
或
接著,計算股票報酬率的變異數 ():
第 4 題4 分
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Sinking fund provisions sometimes turn out to adversely affect bondholders, and this is most likely to occur if interest rates decline after the bond was issued.
(B) Most sinking funds require the issuer to provide funds to a trustee, who holds the money so that it will be available to pay off bondholders when the bonds mature.
(C) A sinking fund provision makes a bond more risky to investors at the time of issuance.
(D) Sinking fund provisions never require companies to retire their debt; they only establish "targets" for the company to reduce its debt over time.
(E) If interest rates increase after a company has issued bonds with a sinking fund, the company will be less likely to buy bonds on the open market to meet its sinking fund obligation and more likely to call them in at the sinking fund call price.
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此題考查公司債的償債基金 (sinking fund) 條款及其對債權人與發行人的影響。
選項 (A) 正確。若發行債券後市場利率下降,則已發行債券的市場價格會上升。此時,若發行人選擇透過公開市場購回債券來履行償債基金義務,將需要支付較高的市場價格。若發行人選擇按面值或較低的贖回價格 (call price) 進行贖回,則對債權人較為不利,因為他們無法在市場上以較高的價格賣出債券,反而可能被以較低的價格強制贖回。因此,利率下降時,償債基金條款可能對債權人不利。
選項 (B) 錯誤。償債基金通常要求發行人定期將資金存入信託人 (trustee) 的帳戶。信託人會管理這些資金,並在債券到期時用於償還債權人。但是,這個條款主要是在債券到期時償還,或者在合約規定的情況下(如部分贖回)使用。
第 5 題4 分
Savickas Petroleum's stock has a required return of 12%, and the stock sells for 1.00, and the dividend is expected to grow by 30% per year for the next 4 years, so $$2.8561. After t = 4, the dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate of X% per year forever. What is the stock's expected constant growth rate after t = 4, i.e., what is X?
(A) 5.17%
(B) 5.44%
(C) 5.72%
(D) 6.02%
(E) 6.34%
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核心觀念
本題評量非固定(多階段)成長股利折現模型(Non-constant / Multi-stage Dividend Discount Model, DDM)之反向求解能力。
股票的內在價值等於未來所有預期現金股利的現值總和。當公司經歷前期的非常態(高速)成長階段後,將進入永續固定成長階段。其定價架構可拆解為兩部分:
- 超額成長期之股利現值:將前 期的預期股利個別折現至第 0 期。
- 固定成長期之終值現值:自第 期起採用高登成長模型(Gordon Growth Model)計算第 期期末之股票內在價值(Terminal Value, ),再折現回第 0 期。
基本評價公式為:
其中,第 期之終值為:
- :股票目前市價
- :第 期預期發放之股利
- :必要報酬率(Required Return)
- :永續固定成長率(即本題之 )
解題方法
已知條件:
- 必要報酬率
- 目前市價 $40
- 甫發放股利 $1.00
- 前 4 年成長率
- 第 4 年後之永續成長率為
步驟一:計算前 4 年高速成長期的各期現金股利
- $1.3000
- $1.6900
- $2.1970
- $2.8561
步驟二:計算前 4 年現金股利的折現值總和()
將前 4 期股利以 折現至第 0 期:
合計前 4 年股利現值:
步驟三:反推第 4 期期末價值()
由股票評價公式:
帶入已知數值:
第 6 題4 分
Safeco Company and Risco Inc are identical in size and capital structure. However, the riskiness of their assets and cash flows are somewhat different, resulting in Safeco having a WACC of 10% and Risco a WACC of 12%. Safeco is considering Project X, which has an IRR of 10.5% and is of the same risk as a typical Safeco project. Risco is considering Project Y, which has an IRR of 11.5% and is of the same risk as a typical Risco project.
Now assume that the two companies merge and form a new company, Safeco/Risco Inc. Moreover, the new company's market risk is an average of the pre-merger companies' market risks, and the merger has no impact on either the cash flows or the risks of Projects X and Y. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) If the firm evaluates these projects and all other projects at the new overall corporate WACC, it will probably become riskier over time.
(B) If evaluated using the correct post-merger WACC, Project X would have a negative NPV.
(C) After the merger, Safeco/Risco would have a corporate WACC of 11%. Therefore, it should reject Project X but accept Project Y.
(D) Safeco/Risco's WACC, as a result of the merger, would be 10%.
(E) After the merger, Safeco/Risco should select Project Y but reject Project X. If the firm does this, its corporate WACC will fall to 10.5%.
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核心觀念
- 加權平均資本成本 (WACC):反映公司整體資金結構的平均資金成本,亦是同等風險資產的折現率。
- 內部報酬率 (IRR):使投資案的淨現值 (NPV) 為 0 的折現率。若 IRR > 所適用的折現率,NPV 為正,投資案應接受。
- 合併後的公司風險:題目假設合併後的 市場風險 為兩家公司市場風險的平均值,且合併不改變各個專案的現金流或風險。
- 專案折現率的選擇:專案的折現率應與該專案本身的風險相匹配,而非一定使用公司整體的 WACC。若合併後公司整體 WACC 改變,但專案的風險仍與原公司相同,則仍應以原公司的 WACC 作為該專案的折現率。
解題方法
-
計算合併後的公司 WACC
- 兩家公司規模相同,資本結構相同,故合併後的 WACC 為兩者的算術平均:
- 兩家公司規模相同,資本結構相同,故合併後的 WACC 為兩者的算術平均:
-
判斷各專案的正確折現率
- 專案 X 的風險與 Safeko 典型專案相同 → 正確折現率仍為 10%。
- 專案 Y 的風險與 Risco 典型專案相同 → 正確折現率仍為 12%。
-
比較 IRR 與正確折現率
- 專案 X: → NPV 正,應接受。
- 專案 Y: → NPV 負,應拒絕。
-
若錯誤地使用合併後的統一折現率 11% 評估
- 專案 X: → 會被錯誤地判定為 NPV 負,被拒絕。
- 專案 Y: → 會被錯誤地判定為 NPV 正,被接受。
-
風險變化的推論
- 正確的決策應保留低風險且正 NPV 的 X,剔除高風險且負 NPV 的 Y。
- 若公司全盤使用統一的 11% 折現率,會 拋棄低風險專案 X,保留較高風險專案 Y,使公司投資組合的平均風險上升,長期下來公司變得 更危險。
選項逐一分析
| 選項 | 判斷 | 理由 |
|---|---|---|
| **(A) If the firm evaluates these projects and all other projects at the new overall corporate WACC, it will probably become riskier |
第 7 題4 分
Projects S and L both have an initial cost of 20,000, while L's total undiscounted flows are $30,000. At a WACC of 10%, the two projects have identical NPVs. Which project's NPV is more sensitive to changes in the WACC?
(A) Project S.
(B) Project L.
(C) Both projects are equally sensitive to changes in the WACC since their NPVs are equal at all costs of capital.
(D) Neither project is sensitive to changes in the discount rate, since both have NPV profiles that are horizontal.
(E) The solution cannot be determined because the problem gives us no information that can be used to determine the projects' relative IRRs.
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此題考查淨現值 (NPV) 對折現率 (WACC) 變化的敏感度。NPV 對折現率的敏感度與專案的現金流量時間結構有關。一般而言,現金流量越晚發生的專案,其 NPV 對折現率的變化越敏感。
我們知道:
- 初始投資 (Initial Cost) = $10,000 (對 S 和 L 都一樣)
- 專案 S 的總現金流入 (Undiscounted Total Cash Inflows) = $20,000
- 專案 L 的總現金流入 (Undiscounted Total Cash Inflows) = $30,000
- 在 WACC = 10% 時,兩專案的 NPV 相同。
NPV 的公式為:
其中 是第 t 期現金流量, 是折現率 (WACC), 是專案的年期。
由於兩專案的初始投資相同 (),且在 10% WACC 下 NPV 相同,這意味著:
且
專案 L 的總現金流入 () 高於專案 S ($20,000
第 8 題4 分
Atlas Corp. is considering two mutually exclusive projects. Both require an initial investment of 6,000 and 4,373 at the end of each of the next 4 years. Each project has a WACC of 9.25%, and Project S can be repeated with no changes in its cash flows. The controller prefers Project S, but the CFO prefers Project L. How much value will the firm gain or lose if Project L is selected over Project S, i.e., what is the value of ?
(A) 62.15
(C) 75.21
(E) $82.73
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核心觀念
此題考查 淨現值 (NPV) 的計算與 專案可重複(repeatable) 的處理方式。
- NPV 定義:,其中 為每期的貼現率(連續貼現)。
- 若一個專案可以在原有壽命結束後 再次投資且現金流不變,則在計算 NPV 時必須把第二輪的現金流以 兩期之後的貼現因子 再折算回現在值。
解題方法
- 計算單次 S 專案的 NPV(不考慮重複)
- 加入第二次投資
第二次投資在第 2 年開始,所有現金流都必須再乘以 (即兩年的貼現因子)。
- 得到 S 專案在四年內(兩次循環)的總 NPV
- 計算 L 專案的 NPV(一次性四年)
第 9 題4 分
Lindley Corp. is considering a new product that would require an investment of 5 million at the end of each of the next 3 years (t = 1, 2, 3), but if the market did not like the product, then the cash flows would be only $2 million per year. There is a 50% probability that the market will be good. The firm could delay the project for a year while it conducts a test to determine if demand is likely to be strong or weak. The project's cost and expected annual cash flows would be the same whether the project is delayed or not. The project's WACC is 10.0%. What is the value (in thousands) of the project after considering the investment timing option?
(A) 807
(C) 996
(E) $1,106
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核心觀念
本題的核心考點為實質選擇權(Real Options)中的延後投資時機選擇權(Investment Timing Option / Option to Delay)與決策樹分析(Decision Tree Analysis)。
- 實質選擇權的非對稱性(Asymmetric Payoff):
傳統淨現值(NPV)法假設投資決策為「現在做或永遠不做(Now or Never)」,但若企業擁有等待並獲取市場資訊的權利,當一年後市場狀況良好(NPV > 0)時,公司選擇執行投資;當市場狀況不佳(NPV < 0)時,公司可選擇放棄投資(Abandon/Do not invest),使下檔損失鎖定為 $0。 - 普通年金現值因子(PVIFA)公式:
- 含選擇權之專案價值計算步驟:
- 評估 各情境下的決策與淨現值 。
- 計算 時點的期望專案價值 。
- 以加權平均資金成本(WACC)將 折現 1 期回 。
解題方法
步驟一:計算 3 年期年金現值因子()
步驟二:評估延後至 之各情境決策與價值
延後 1 年至 投資,投資成本 $10 百萬元於 支付,後續 3 年現金流入分別發生於 :
-
若市場反應良好(Good Market,機率 50%):
每年現金流量為 $5 百萬元。由於 ,公司選擇執行投資,價值為 $2,434.25 千元。
-
若市場反應不佳(Bad Market,機率 50%):
每年現金流量為 $2 百萬元。
第 10 題4 分
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Generally, debt ratios do not vary much among different industries, although they do vary among firms within a given industry.
(B) Electric utilities generally have very high common equity ratios because their revenues are more volatile than those of firms in most other industries.
(C) Airline companies tend to have very volatile earnings, and as a result they generally have high target debt-to-equity ratios.
(D) Wide variations in capital structures exist both between industries and among individual firms within given industries. These differences are caused by differing business risks and also managerial attitudes.
(E) Since most stocks sell at or very close to their book values, book value capital structures are typically adequate for use in estimating firms' weighted average costs of capital.
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此題考查產業別資本結構的差異與影響因素。
選項 (A) 錯誤。產業別的資本結構差異很大。例如,公用事業公司通常債務比率較高,而科技公司則可能較低。
選項 (B) 錯誤。電力公用事業公司通常有非常穩定的現金流和收入,因此它們能夠承受較高的債務比例,而非較高的股權比例。其收入的穩定性使其能更有效地管理債務,而非因為收入不穩定而需要高股權。
選項 (C) 錯誤。航空公司確實有較高的營運風險和較不穩定的獲利能力,但這通常導致它們傾向於較低的債務比例(或較保守的資本結構),以避免在經濟不景氣時面臨財務困境,而不是追求高債務股權
第 11 題4 分
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) If a company has a 2-for-1 stock split, its stock price should roughly double.
(B) Capital gains earned on shares repurchased are taxed less favorably than dividends, which is why companies typically pay dividends and avoid share repurchases.
(C) Very often, a company's stock price will rise when it announces that it plans to commence a share repurchase program. Such an announcement could lead to a stock price decline, but this does not normally happen.
(D) Stock repurchases increase the number of outstanding shares.
(E) The clientele effect is the best explanation for why companies tend to vary their dividend payments from quarter to quarter.
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此題考查股票分割、庫藏股、股利政策等股權相關議題。
選項 (A) 錯誤。股票分割 (stock split) 相當於將現有的股票拆成更多股,例如 2 換 1 的股票分割,意味著每持有 1 股的股東會變成持有 2 股。理論上,分割後總市值不變,因此每股價格會大致減半,而非翻倍。
選項 (B) 錯誤。在許多稅制下,資本利得(如股票賣出獲利)的稅率通常低於股利收入的稅率,或者至少不是「較不」有利。因此,公司進行庫藏股 (share repurchase) 可能是為了將價值返還給股東,相較於發放現金股利,有時對股東更有稅務上的優勢。這句話的敘述是相反的。
第 12 題
Swim Suits Unlimited is in a highly seasonal business, and the following summary balance sheet data show its assets and liabilities at peak and off-peak seasons (in thousands of dollars):
| Peak | Off-Peak | |
|---|---|---|
| Cash | $ 50 | $ 30 |
| Marketable securities | 0 | 20 |
| Accounts receivable | 40 | 20 |
| Inventories | 100 | 50 |
| Net fixed assets | 500 | 500 |
| Total assets | $690 | $620 |
| Payables and accruals | $ 30 | $ 10 |
| Short-term bank debt | 50 | 0 |
| Long-term debt | 300 | 300 |
| Common equity | 310 | 310 |
| Total claims | $690 | $620 |
From this data we may conclude that
(A) Swim Suits' current asset financing policy calls for exactly matching asset and liability maturities.
(B) Swim Suits' current asset financing policy is relatively aggressive; that is, the company finances some of its permanent assets with short-term discretionary debt.
(C) Swim Suits follows a relatively conservative approach to current asset financing; that is, some of its short-term needs are met by permanent capital.
(D) Without income statement data, we cannot determine the aggressiveness or conservatism of the company's current asset financing policy.
(E) Without cash flow data, we cannot determine the aggressiveness or conservatism of the company's current asset financing policy.
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此題考查公司流動資產融資政策的保守性或積極性。判斷依據在於公司如何融資其「永久性」和「季節性」的資產需求。
首先,分析資產結構的變化:
- 固定資產 (Net fixed assets) 在旺季和淡季均為 $500M。這代表了永久性資產。
- 流動資產的變化:
- 旺季流動資產總計:
- 淡季流動資產總計:
- 季節性資產需求 (Seasonal Asset Needs) = 旺季流動資產 - 淡季流動資產 =
- 永久性資產需求 (Permanent Asset Needs) = 淡季總資產 = (此處假設淡季總資產代表永久性資產,因為固定資產是 500M,剩餘 120M 是淡季時所需的流動資產,這部分也是永久性資產的一部分)。
更精確地說,永久性資產是固定資產加上淡季時所需的流動資產。
永久性資產 = 。
季節性資產 = 旺季流動資產 - 淡季流動資產 = 。
接下來,分析負債結構:
- 長期負債 (Long-term debt) 始終為 $300M。
- 普通股權益 (Common equity) 始終為 $310M。
- 永久性融資 (Permanent financing) = 長期負債 + 普通股權益 = 310M = 。
- 季節性融資 (Seasonal financing) 來自於短期銀行借款 (Short-term bank debt) 和應付帳款及應計費用 (Payables and accruals)。
- 旺季:短期銀行借款 30M = 。
- 淡季:短期銀行借款 10M = 。
現在判斷融資政策:
- 公司總永久性資產需求為 $620M。
- 公司永久性融資為 $610M。
- 公司季節性資產需求為 $70M。
- 公司季節性融資來源為短期負債。
第 13 題4 分
A riskless hedge can best be defined as
(A) A situation in which aggregate risk can be reduced by derivatives transactions between two parties.
(B) A hedge in which an investor buys a stock and simultaneously sells a call option on that stock and ends up with a riskless position.
(C) Standardized contracts that are traded on exchanges and are "marked to market" daily, but where physical delivery of the underlying asset is virtually never taken.
(D) Two parties agree to exchange obligations to make specified payment streams.
(E) Simultaneously buying and selling a call option with the same exercise price.
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此題考查無風險套利 (riskless hedge) 的定義。無風險套利是指透過金融衍生工具的操作,建立一個能夠鎖定利潤、規避市場風險的部位。
選項 (A) 錯誤。雖然衍生工具可以降低總體風險,但「無風險套利」有更精確的定義,不只是簡單的風險降低。
選項 (B) 正確。這描述了一種常見的無風險套利策略,即買入標的資產(股票),同時賣出該標的資產的買權(call option)。
第 14 題4 分
Suppose 6 months ago a Swiss investor bought a 6-month U.S. Treasury bill at a price of 10,000. The exchange rate at that time was 1.420 Swiss francs per dollar. Today, at maturity, the exchange rate is 1.324 Swiss francs per dollar. What is the annualized rate of return to the Swiss investor?
(A) -7.93%
(B) -7.13%
(C) -6.42%
(D) -5.78%
(E) -5.20%
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核心觀念
- 票面利率與持有期報酬:短期債券的持有期報酬率 (HPR) 定義為
其中 為該時點的美元金額。 - 匯率變動的影響:投資人實際的報酬以本位幣(本題為瑞士法郎)計算,必須同時考慮美元價格變動與美元/瑞士法郎的匯率變化。
- 年化報酬率:對於 個月的持有期,常以 單利 方式年化:
解題方法
- 計算購買時的瑞士法郎支出
- 計算到期時的瑞士法郎收回
- 求出以瑞士法郎計算的持有期報酬率
第 15 題4 分
Valdes Enterprises is considering issuing a 10-year convertible bond that would be priced at its 40.00 a share, has an expected dividend in the coming year of $2.00, and has an expected constant growth rate of 5.00%. What is the estimated floor price of the convertible at the end of Year 4?
(A) 924.39
(C) 972.41
(E) $996.72
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核心觀念
- 可轉換公司債的「Floor Price」:
- 可轉換公司債的價值 = 「普通債券的價值」 + 「轉換權的價值」。
- 轉換權不會是負值,故可轉換公司債的最低價格(floor price)必須同時滿足兩個限制:
- 因此 Floor Price = (普通債券現值, 轉換價值)。
-
普通債券的現值:
- 使用與同類非可轉換債券相同的要求報酬率 。
- 在第4 年末(已付完第4 期票息)剩餘 6 年的票息與本金,折現至第4 年末。
-
股票的未來價格與轉換價值:
- 股利折現模型:。已知 ,求得股票要求報酬率 。
- 以相同的 以恆定成長率 推算第4 年的股價:
- 轉換價值 = 每張可轉換成 20 股 第4 年的股價。
解題方法
- 計算普通債券在第4 年末的現值
- 票息 美元。
- 折現因子 。
- 年金現值因子
- 普通債券價值
第 16 題4 分
Which of the following statements is most CORRECT?
(A) Tax considerations often play a part in mergers. If one firm has excess cash, purchasing another firm exposes the purchasing firm to additional taxes. Thus, firms with excess cash rarely undertake mergers.
(B) The smaller the synergistic benefits of a particular merger, the greater the scope for striking a bargain in negotiations, and the higher the probability that the merger will be completed.
(C) Since mergers are frequently financed by debt rather than equity, a lower cost of debt or a greater debt capacity are rarely relevant considerations when considering a merger.
(D) Managers who purchase other firms often assert that the new combined firm will enjoy benefits from diversification, including more stable earnings. However, since shareholders are free to diversify their own holdings, and at what's probably a lower cost, research of U.S. firms suggests that in most cases, diversification through mergers does not increase the firm's value.
(E) Research of U.S. firms suggests that managers' personal motivations have had little, if any, impact on firms' decisions to merge.
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此題考查公司併購相關的理論與實證研究。
選項 (A) 錯誤。稅務考量確實是併購的重要因素,但「如果公司有額外現金,併購會暴露於額外稅負」這個論述不一定正確。例如,若被併購公司有虧損,則併購後可能可以利用這些虧損來抵稅,反而有稅務利益。此外,有額外現金的公司,併購是其現金運用的方式之一,並非「很少」進行。
選項 (B) 錯誤。通常而言,若併購的協同效應 (synergistic benefits) 越大,則併購雙方越有動力達成協議,因為潛在的價值增長空間更大。反之,若協同效應小,則談判空間可能較大,但完成併購的動機卻可能減弱,因為預期收益不高。
第 17 題4 分
Assume that you own an annuity that will pay you 120,000 for the annuity. If you sell it, what rate of return would your uncle earn on his investment?
(A) 6.85%
(B) 7.21%
(C) 7.59%
(D) 7.99%
(E) 8.41%
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核心觀念
-
期初年金(Annuity Due / 先付年金)現值:
當現金流量於每期期初發生(第一筆付款發生於 ), 期、每期金額為 、折現率為 的期初年金現值公式為:亦可視為「 立即收取 1 筆現金,加上往後 期的普通年金折現值」:
-
投資報酬率(內部報酬率 IRR):
買方(叔叔)投入的資金買價現值,等於其未來所收取之年金現金流量依投資報酬率 折現的總和。
解題方法
1. 整理題目已知條件:
- 投資成本(現值 ):$120,000
- 每年年金金額():$15,000
- 期數():12 年
- 支付時點:第一筆於今日支付(),屬於 12 期期初年金。
2. 建立現值方程式:
3. 化簡求年金現值因子:
將等號兩邊同減去今日立即收回的 $15,000:
4. 求解報酬率 :
將 代入 11 期普通年金現值因子公式驗證:
折現值正好為 $120,000,故叔叔可獲得的年化報酬率為 。
選項分析
- (A) 6.85% 錯誤:
若折現率為 ,則 。
第 18 題4 分
Niendorf Corporation's 5-year bonds yield 8.00%, and 5-year T-bonds yield 4.80%. The real risk-free rate is , the inflation premium for 5-year bonds is IP = 1.65%, the default risk premium for Niendorf's bonds is DRP = 1.20% versus zero for T-bonds, and the maturity risk premium for all bonds is found with the formula , where = number of years to maturity. What is the liquidity premium (LP) on Niendorf's bonds?
(A) 1.31%
(B) 1.46%
(C) 1.62%
(D) 1.80%
(E) 2.00%
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此題考查利率結構的構成要素,特別是針對公司債與公債之間的差異,找出流動性溢價 (Liquidity Premium, LP)。
利率的構成要素通常可以表示為:
名目利率 =
其中:
= 實質無風險利率 (Real risk-free rate)
IP = 通膨溢價 (Inflation Premium)
MRP = 到期風險溢價 (Maturity Risk Premium)
DRP = 違約風險溢價 (Default Risk Premium)
LP = 流動性溢價 (Liquidity Premium)
首先,我們需要計算 5 年期 T-bond 的名目殖利率。
T-bond 的 DRP = 0。
已知:
IP = 1.65%
年
MRP 公式:
第 19 題4 分
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) Collections Inc. is in the business of collecting past-due accounts for other companies, i.e., it is a collection agency. Collections' revenues, profits, and stock price tend to rise during recessions. This suggests that Collections Inc.'s beta should be quite high, say 2.0, because it does so much better than most other companies when the economy is weak.
(B) Suppose the returns on two stocks are negatively correlated. One has a beta of 1.2 as determined in a regression analysis using data for the last 5 years, while the other has a beta of -0.6. The returns on the stock with the negative beta must have been negatively correlated with returns on most other stocks during that 5-year period.
(C) Suppose you are managing a stock portfolio, and you have information that leads you to believe the stock market is likely to be very strong in the immediate future. That is, you are convinced that the market is about to rise sharply. You should sell your high-beta stocks and buy low-beta stocks in order to take advantage of the expected market move.
(D) You think that investor sentiment is about to change, and investors are about to become more risk averse. This suggests that you should rebalance your portfolio to include more high-beta stocks.
(E) If the market risk premium remains constant, but the risk-free rate declines, then the required returns on low-beta stocks will rise while those on high-beta stocks will decline.
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此題考查 Beta 係數、股票報酬與市場風險的關係,以及投資組合管理策略。
選項 (A) 錯誤。催收公司 (collection agency) 在經濟衰退時,由於企業倒閉和個人財務困難增加,應收帳款的逾期情況可能增多,這對催收公司有利,其營收和利潤可能上升。然而,Beta 衡量的是股票相對於整體市場的系統性風險。雖然催收公司在衰退期表現較好,但其 Beta 值是否會非常高(如 2.0)取決於其與市場整體報酬的相關性,而非僅僅是其在衰退期的相對表現。通常,Beta 值高意味著其報酬率對市場變動非常敏感。在經濟衰退時,如果整體市場報酬率下降得非常厲害,即使催收公司報酬率上升,其 Beta 值也未必會非常高。
選項 (B) 正確。Beta 係數衡量的是一項資產相對於市場投資組合的系統性風險。Beta 值為正表示該資產的報酬率與市場報酬率呈正相關;Beta 值為負表示該資產的報酬率與市場報酬率呈負相關。如果一個股票的 Beta 值為 -0.6,這意味著當市場報酬率上升 1% 時,該股票的預期報酬率會下降 0.6%,反之亦然。這表明該股票的報酬率與市場整體報酬率呈負相關。因此,該股票的報酬必須與「大多數其他股票」(也就是構成市場投資組合的股票)的報酬呈負相關。
第 20 題4 分
Which of the following statements is CORRECT?
(A) If a coupon bond is selling at par, its current yield equals its yield to maturity.
(B) If rates fall after its issue, a zero coupon bond could trade at a price above its maturity (or par) value.
(C) If rates fall rapidly, a zero coupon bond's expected appreciation could become negative.
(D) If a firm moves from a position of strength toward financial distress, its bonds' yield to maturity would probably decline.
(E) If a bond is selling at a premium, this implies that its yield to maturity exceeds its coupon rate.
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此題考查債券的基本概念,包括價格、殖利率、票面利率、零息債券的特性以及信用風險的影響。
選項 (A) 正確。當債券以面值 (par value) 交易時,表示債券的市場價格等於其面值。此時,債券的票面利率 (coupon rate) 等於其到期殖利率 (yield to maturity, YTM),也等於其目前殖利率 (current yield)。目前殖利率定義為年票息收入除以債券市價。若市價等於面值,則目前殖利率 = 年票息 / 面值 = 票面利率。而 YTM 也是在此情況下等於票面利率。
選項 (B) 錯誤。零息債券 (zero coupon bond) 的價格是其面值在到期日前的折現值。如果利率下降,則折現率降低,債券的現值(價格)會上升。但其價格永遠不會超過其面值,因為其面值是到期時唯一收到的現金。
第 1 題10 分
What is meant by the term limits to arbitrage? Please explicitly explain three causes of this phenomenon. Provide your answer in English ONLY. (10 marks)
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核心觀念
本題考查**行為財務學(Behavioral Finance)**的核心基石——套利限制(Limits to Arbitrage)。傳統效率市場假說(EMH)假設當資產價格偏離內在價值(Mispricing)時,理性套利者能透過無風險且無成本的套利交易即時校正價格。然而在真實市場中,套利通常充滿風險與成本。套利限制即指各種市場摩擦與風險限制了理性套利者的套利能力與意願,導致資產價格偏離得以長期持續。
特別提醒:本題題目要求「Provide your answer in English ONLY」(僅限英文作答)。在實際研究所考試作答時,答案卷上必須書寫全英文擬答;以下先進行觀念說明與解析,並提供高分標準英文擬答。
解題過程與細節分析
1. 套利限制之定義(What is Limits to Arbitrage?)
在教科書的理想世界中,套利(Arbitrage)定義為「不需要淨投資金額、不承擔風險,卻能獲得正報酬」的交易。但在實務中,真正的無風險套利幾乎不存在。套利限制是指:當價格偏離基本面價值時,理性套利者(如避險基金、機構法人)因面臨風險、資金斷鏈風險與交易成本,無法或不敢大量進行套利,導致市場無法在短期內恢復效率。
2. 三大成因剖析(Three Causes of Limits to Arbitrage)
根據行為財務學文獻(如 Barberis & Thaler, 2003;Shleifer & Vishny, 1997),套利受限的主要成因包含以下三項:
-
基本面風險(Fundamental Risk)
- 為什麼(Why):當套利者買進被低估的股票時,該公司隨時可能釋出未預期的個別利空消息(例如產品召回、財報不如預期),導致股價進一步下跌。在理想狀況下,套利者應賣空一檔「完全替代品(Perfect Substitute)」來對沖市場與產業風險,但實務上極難找到屬性完全相同的對沖標的。缺乏完美對沖工具使得套利者必須承擔未對沖的基本面風險。
-
雜訊交易者風險(Noise Trader Risk / Horizon Risk / Agency Costs)
- 為什麼(Why):由 De Long et al. (1990) 與 Shleifer & Vishny (1997) 提出。非理性投資人(雜訊交易者)的情緒與偏見具有持續性,可能在短期內將價格推向更為偏離基本面的極端位置(例如被低估的股票短期內變得更加低估)。
- 委託代理問題(Agency Problem):專業套利者(如基金經理人)管理的是顧客的資金(Delegated Portfolio Management)。若價格偏離在短期內惡化,資金提供者(客戶)因無法分辨是經理人選股錯誤還是短期市場失控,往往會選擇贖回資金(Performance-Based Redemptions)。這會迫使套利者在價格最為偏離、虧損最大的時刻被動平倉,無法堅守至價格回歸基本面的那天。
-
執行成本與賣空限制(Implementation Costs and Short-Sale Constraints)
- 為什麼(Why):將套利策略付諸實行需要支付各類交易摩擦成本,包含直接交易成本(手續費、買賣價差、市場衝擊成本)與資訊搜尋成本。
- 更重要的是賣空限制(Short-Sale Constraints):若資產價格被高估,套利必須透過「賣空」來平抑價格。但賣空面臨諸多實體限制:
- 借券成本(Stock Borrowing Fees):熱門或被高度高估的股票往往借券費用昂貴或根本借不到。
- 召回風險(Recall Risk)與軋空風險(Short Squeeze):出借股票者隨時可能要求召回股票,或價格暴漲迫使賣空者追繳保證金平倉。
- 法律與法規限制:許多市場設有禁賣令或嚴格的賣空限制。當賣空成本與風險超過套利預期利潤時,套利者便會選擇觀望。
3. 英文標準擬答(English Model Answer for Exam)
以下為考場實戰上應寫入答案卷的全英文解答(Model Answer):
Definition of Limits to Arbitrage:
"Limits to arbitrage" refers to the theory in behavioral finance that market frictions, risks, and costs prevent rational traders (arbitrageurs) from fully exploiting and
第 2 題10 分
Please explicitly list six costs of issuing securities and explain each of them carefully. Provide your answer in English ONLY. (10 marks)
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核心觀念點撥
本題考查公司財務學(Corporate Finance)中「資本募集與公開發行(Raising Capital)」章節的核心觀念——發行證券的六大成本結構(Costs of Issuing Securities)。當企業進行首次公開發行(IPO)或現金增資(SEO)時,發行成本絕非僅限於支付給投資銀行的承銷手續費,還包含法律與會計等直接開銷、管理層精力分散之間接開銷,以及因資訊不對稱與市場機制所引發的隱性機會成本(如 IPO 新股折價、SEO 宣告導致現有股價下跌、綠鞋條款財富轉移)。考生的解題重點在於完整列出六項成本,並清楚說明其背後的財務學原理與形成原因。
完整解題過程與關鍵步驟解析
由於題目明確提示「Provide your answer in English ONLY」,在實際研究所考試中,此題的作答內容必須完全使用英文呈現以符合評分規範。作為補教名師,此處先為同學進行中文觀念邏輯剖析,隨後給出符合高分標準的全英文考試作答範本。
一、 六大發行成本之觀念邏輯剖析(為什麼會產生這些成本?)
- Gross Spread(承銷商折價/差價):
- 為什麼產生:發行公司將證券以折扣價出售給承銷團,承銷團再以公開承銷價賣給大眾,中間的價差即為承銷手續費。這是支付給投資銀行提供承銷、包銷風險與通路行銷服務的直接報酬。
- Other Direct Expenses(其他直接費用):
- 為什麼產生:發行過程必須滿足法令監管與公開說明要求,因而產生的硬性第三方支出,包括律師費、會計師審計費、主管機關(如證期局/SEC)登記費、公開說明書印刷費及交易所上市費。
- Indirect Expenses(間接費用/管理層精力分散成本):
- 為什麼產生:屬隱性成本。公司高階管理階層在準備發行期間(如編撰說明書、參加全球路演 Roadshow、配合盡職調查 Due Diligence)必須投入大量時間,導致無暇顧及公司日常核心業務運作所產生的機會成本。
- Abnormal Returns(股價異常下跌/宣告效應成本):
- 為什麼產生:針對現金增資(SEO),根據 Myers-Majluf 之 Pecking Order Theory 與資訊不對稱理論,市場投資人往往將公司發行新股解讀為「管理層認為當前股價被高估」的負面訊號(Signaling Effect),導致宣告日當天現有股價異常下跌(平均下跌約 至 ),造成原股東財富損失。
- Underpricing(新股折價/未充分募集之機會成本):
- 為什麼產生:針對 IPO,為了降低承銷商銷售風險、吸引投資人並避免 winner's curse(勝者的詛咒),承銷價通常會低於上市首日之市場均衡價格。首日飆漲的價差代表發行公司「把錢留在了桌上(Money Left on the Table)」,是公司本可募集到卻未募集到的資金機會成本。
- Green Shoe Option(綠鞋條款/超額配售選擇權成本):
- 為什麼產生:發行公司賦予承銷商按承銷價額外認購最多 股票的權利。當上市後市場需求強勁、股價大漲時,承銷商會執行該選擇權以低價履約並於市場高價賣出,將本屬於原股東的潛在上漲權益轉移至承銷商手中。
二、 正式考試英文作答範本(English Answer)
When a firm raises capital by issuing securities to the public via an Initial Public Offering (IPO) or a Seasoned Equity Offering (SEO), it incurs six distinct types of costs, ranging from explicit fees to implicit opportunity costs:
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Gross Spread (Underwriter Discount)
The gross spread is the direct compensation paid to the underwriting syndicate for their investment banking services, risk-bearing, and distribution efforts. It is calculated as the difference between the public offering price () and the net price paid by the underwriter to the issuing firm (). For typical IPOs, this spread usually accounts for around to of the total issue size. -
Other Direct Expenses
These represent explicit administrative, legal, and operational expenses directly incurred during the security issuance process. Common examples include corporate legal counsel fees, independent auditing and accounting fees, regulatory filing and registration fees (e.g., paid to the SEC), prospectus printing and mailing costs, and stock exchange listing fees. -
Indirect Expenses
Indirect expenses are non-cash, implicit costs associated with the offering proc