109 年 國立臺灣大學農業化學系碩士班甲組《專業英文(F)》

第 1 題25 分

Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese (英翻中)(25%)

Organic farming is supposed to be environmentally friendly due to abandonment of external inputs such as mineral fertilizers or pesticides. Albeit conversion to organic farming frequently comes along with a decline in crop yields, proponents of organic farming emphasize the sustainability of that system particularly because of improving organic matter-related soil quality. Based on recent research on mechanisms driving soil organic matter turnover, however, it rather appears that low-input agro-ecosystems may convert to smaller efficiency in terms of substrate use by heterotrophs which may affect soil organic matter storage in the long run. A compilation of field data confirms an inferior use efficiency in some organic soils and thus questions the claim of an overall sustainable use of the soil resource in organic farming systems. (From J. Leifeld (2012) Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 150:121-122).

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這一題的完整詳解

這是一題翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。翻譯的重點在於準確傳達原文的學術意涵,並使用流暢的中文表達。

翻譯步驟與考量:

  1. 理解核心概念: 段落討論有機農業的環境友善性,強調其對土壤有機質的益處,但也質疑低投入的有機農業在底物利用效率和長期土壤有機質儲存方面的聲稱。
  2. 逐句翻譯與潤飾:
    • "Organic farming is supposed to be environmentally friendly due to abandonment of external inputs such as mineral fertilizers or pesticides."
      • "supposed to be":應被視為、被認為。
      • "abandonment of external inputs":放棄使用外部投入物。
      • 翻譯:有機農業應被視為環境友善的,因為它放棄使用礦物肥料或農藥等外部投入物。
    • "Albeit conversion to organic farming frequently comes along with a decline in crop yields, proponents of organic farming emphasize the sustainability of that system particularly because of improving organic matter-related soil quality."
      • "Albeit":雖然。
      • "comes along with":伴隨而來。
      • "proponents":支持者。
      • "sustainability":永續性、可持續性。
      • "organic matter-related soil quality":與有機質相關的土壤品質。
      • 翻譯:雖然轉向有機農業常伴隨著作物產量下降,但有機農業的支持者強調該系統的可持續性,特別是因為其改善了與有機質相關的土壤品質。
    • "Based on recent research on mechanisms driving soil organic matter turnover, however, it rather appears that low-input agro-ecosystems may convert to smaller efficiency in terms of substrate use by heterotrophs which may affect soil organic matter storage in the long run."
      • "mechanisms driving soil organic matter turnover":驅動土壤有機質轉化的機制。
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第 2 題25 分

Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese (英翻中)(25%)

Agricultural chemistry is most often linked to food and fiber production, specifically for human consumption. Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs, and Steel argues quite convincingly that it was our ability to domesticate crops and eliminate the need for hunting and gathering that allowed for the establishment of permanent settlements and the development of technologically advanced societies. The ensuing increase in human population has led to tremendous pressure to produce additional food from finite resources. Increased agricultural production, in combination with additional resource consumption and waste generation, has caused environmental degradation. By understanding key concepts in agricultural chemistry, we can utilize the soil resource to produce an adequate food supply and protect the environment. (From M. J. Morra, Chemistry Encyclopedia)

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這一題的完整詳解

這是一題翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。翻譯的重點在於準確傳達原文的學術意涵,並使用流暢的中文表達。

翻譯步驟與考量:

  1. 理解核心概念: 段落闡述農業化學與糧食纖維生產的關聯,引用 Jared Diamond 的觀點說明農業發展對人類社會的影響,並強調農業生產增加對環境的壓力,最後指出農業化學在解決這些問題中的作用。
  2. 逐句翻譯與潤飾:
    • "Agricultural chemistry is most often linked to food and fiber production, specifically for human consumption."
      • "linked to":與……連結、相關。
      • "food and fiber production":糧食與纖維生產。
      • 翻譯:農業化學最常與糧食和纖維生產連結,特別是為了人類消費。
    • "Jared Diamond in Guns, Germs, and Steel argues quite convincingly that it was our ability to domesticate crops and eliminate the need for hunting and gathering that allowed for the establishment of permanent settlements and the development of technologically advanced societies."
      • "argues quite convincingly":非常有說服力地論證。
      • "domesticate crops":馴化農作物。
      • "eliminate the need for hunting and gathering":消除狩獵採集的需求。
      • "establishment of permanent settlements":永久定居點的建立。
      • "technologically advanced societies":技術先進的社會。
      • 翻譯:Jared Diamond 在《槍炮、病菌與鋼鐵》一書中,非常有說服力地論證,是我們馴化農作物和消除狩獵採集需求的能力,才使得永久定居點的建立以及技術先進社會的發展成為可能。
    • "The ensuing increase in human population has led to tremendous pressure to produce additional food from finite resources."
      • "ensuing":隨之而來的。
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第 3 題25 分

Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese (英翻中)(25%)

Biofilms are a major form of microbial life in which bacteria form dense surface-associated communities, typically enclosed in a matrix of self-produced exopolymeric substances (EPS). Bacteria within biofilms are up to 1,000 times more tolerant to antibiotics, disinfectants, mechanical removal, and other stresses, and this tolerance heavily impedes antimicrobial treatment. Hence, persistent biofilm infections and contaminations widely occur and cause a tremendous amount of problems in various sectors, including medicine, food industry and agriculture. This urges the need for strategies that inhibit biofilm formation and render microbes susceptible to treatment. Several approaches have been proposed ranging from blocking bacterial attachment, to inhibiting or destabilizing EPS, and interfering with quorum sensing. Given the limited permeability of established biofilms, particular promise comes from strategies that continually treat surfaces to prevent the formation of biofilms. (From Dieltjens L. et. al., (2020) Nature Communications 11:107).

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這一題的完整詳解

這是一題翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。翻譯的重點在於準確傳達原文的學術意涵,並使用流暢的中文表達。

翻譯步驟與考量:

  1. 理解核心概念: 段落介紹生物膜(Biofilms)的特性,說明其結構、細菌在其中表現出的高耐受性,以及這對抗菌治療的阻礙。接著指出生物膜感染的廣泛性及其帶來的問題,並探討抑制生物膜形成與使其易於治療的策略。
  2. 逐句翻譯與潤飾:
    • "Biofilms are a major form of microbial life in which bacteria form dense surface-associated communities, typically enclosed in a matrix of self-produced exopolymeric substances (EPS)."
      • "major form of microbial life":微生物生命的主要形式。
      • "dense surface-associated communities":緻密的附著於表面的群落。
      • "enclosed in a matrix":被基質包圍。
      • "self-produced exopolymeric substances (EPS)":自身產生的胞外多聚物(EPS)。
      • 翻譯:生物膜是微生物生命的主要形式,其中細菌形成緻密的附著於表面的群落,通常被自身產生的胞外多聚物(EPS)基質所包圍。
    • "Bacteria within biofilms are up to 1,000 times more tolerant to antibiotics, disinfectants, mechanical removal, and other stresses, and this tolerance heavily impedes antimicrobial treatment."
      • "up to 1,000 times more tolerant to":對……的耐受性高達 1,000 倍。
      • "mechanical removal":機械清除。
      • "heavily impedes":嚴重阻礙。
      • "antimicrobial treatment":抗菌治療。
      • 翻譯:生物膜內的細菌對抗生素、消毒劑、機械清除和其他壓力源的耐受性高達 1,000 倍,這種耐受性嚴重阻礙了抗菌治療。
    • "Hence, persistent biofilm infections and contaminations widely occur and cause a tremendous amount of problems in various sectors, including medicine, food industry and agriculture."
      • "persistent biofilm infections and contaminations":持續性的生物膜感染和污染。
      • "widely occur":廣泛發生。
      • "tremendous amount of problems":大量的問題。
      • "various sectors":各種領域。
      • 翻譯:因此,持續性的生物膜感染和污染廣泛發生,並在包括醫學、食品工業和農業在內的各個領域造成大量問題。
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