113 年 國立臺灣大學農業化學系碩士班甲組《專業英文（F）》
第 2 題10 分
Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
Microbes can contribute to slowing down the depletion of non-atmospheric carbon reservoirs, in particular, the use of fossil fuels. Microbes can be harnessed to produce fuel compounds (e.g., hydrocarbons and ), precursors of fuel (e.g., fats and fatty acids), or other diverse chemicals conventionally produced from petroleum (e.g., plastics and other building block chemicals of petrochemical industries) consuming renewable carbon sources derived from biomass or waste materials or even from and . Such microbial cell factories facilitate the sustainable flow of carbon within the terrestrial reservoir or between the terrestrial and atmospheric reservoirs, providing an alternative route for manufacturing products instead of pumping out carbon from the Earth's crust (i.e., petroleum) to the atmosphere.
(Adapted from Environmental Microbiology, 2023, 25, 17–25)
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核心觀念
本題考查科學英文長句的中譯能力，重點包括：
- 專有名詞：carbon reservoir、biomass、renewable carbon sources。
- 分詞片語與介系詞片語的修飾關係。
e.g.所引出的例子。instead of所表示的替代關係。- 長句中「微生物的功能—原料來源—環境效益」的邏輯。
文中的「碳庫」可理解為儲存碳元素的環境系統，包含大氣碳庫、陸地碳庫，以及地殼中的化石燃料等非大氣碳庫。
解題方法
翻譯時依照「先掌握主幹，再處理修飾語」的順序：
- 找出每句主詞與主要動詞。
- 將例示內容放在相對應名詞後。
- 將過長的英文修飾結構轉換成符合中文習慣的分句。
- 保留原文的因果與對比關係，不逐字硬譯。
第一句主幹為：
Microbes can contribute to slowing down the depletion of non-atmospheric carbon reservoirs.
可譯為「微生物有助於減緩非大氣碳庫的耗竭」。
第二句主幹為：
Microbes can be harnessed to produce fuel compounds, precursors of fuel, or other diverse chemicals.
其中 can be harnessed to 不是「被利用來駕馭」，而是「可加以利用來」。句末的 consuming renewable carbon sources 修飾前面的生產過程，表示「以再生碳源作為原料」。
第三句主幹為：
Such microbial cell factories facilitate the sustainable flow of carbon.
Such 指前句所述的微生物細胞工廠；instead of 引導替代方案，說明使用微生物製造產品，可以取代從地殼抽取石油並將碳排入大氣的傳統途徑。
關鍵詞語與片語
microbes：微生物contribute to：有助於、促成slow down：減緩depletion：耗竭、枯竭non-atmospheric carbon reservoirs：非大氣碳庫be harnessed to：被加以利用來fuel compounds：燃料化合物precursors of fuel：燃料前驅物conventionally produced from petroleum：傳統上由石油製造的
第 5 題30 分
Please translate the following paragraph into Chinese.
The continuous rice–wheat (R–W) system is the predominant cropping practice in South Asia, currently facing sustainability challenges. These challenges encompass nutrient mining, degradation of soil quality, and depletion of groundwater resources. The continuous cereal–cereal rotations without species diversification and prudent fertilizer application have raised serious concerns regarding nutrient use efficiency.
Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are crucial nutrients for crop cultivation. In Indian agriculture, P is often regarded as the “king-pin” and an indispensable component of the “energy currency” within plants. Despite its significance, P deficiency substantially constrains crop yields, particularly in tropical agro-regions, with N as another limiting factor. In particular, P deficiency is widespread in R–W systems and P recovery efficiency is often documented to be below 30%.
Soil samples collected from 257 districts out of 500 districts (51%) across India showed low available P. Furthermore, the critical limit of P in rice and wheat ranges between 10.6–11.8 mg kg and 3.3–7.9 mg kg in the alluvial soil, respectively, and the soil's inability to supply the required P level leads to lower crop yield.
The availability of P in the soil and its dynamic composition have been linked to several soil chemical properties, including pH, as well as the relative abundance of calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) compounds. Additionally, microbial activity and moisture conditions play important roles in determining soil P bioavailability. In alkaline soils, the primary determinant of soil P availability is often the presence of various Ca compounds, such as calcium carbonate.
The speciation of P in the soil solid phase is a vital method for assessing the relative abundance of inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po), particularly in calcareous soils where Po constitutes the dominant pool, accounting for approximately 80% of the total P content. In lowland rice systems, where flooding-induced P dissolution is a common phenomenon, soil-P fractionation would be an excellent approach for examining the inter-conversion among different Pi and Po fractions and their relationships with P availability.
Given the compelling evidence from previous studies, an insight into soil processes related to long-term soil/crop management practices in rice production systems is vital for developing crop/nutrient management options to sustain soil fertility.
(Adapted from Scientific Reports 2024, 14, 65)
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核心觀念
本題考查學術英文段落的中譯，重點包括：
- 農業與土壤科學專有名詞的正確翻譯。
- 長句中的主詞、動詞、修飾語與因果關係判讀。
- 被動語態、分詞片語及關係子句的處理。
- 數據、單位與學術語氣的忠實呈現。
- 專有名詞首次出現時保留英文縮寫，如氮（N）、磷（P）、無機磷（Pi）與有機磷（Po）。
解題方法
翻譯時依照「先確定句子骨架，再處理專有名詞與修飾語」的順序：
- 先找出每句的主詞與主要動詞。
- 將英文被動語態改寫成符合中文習慣的主動或自然被動句。
- 依中文邏輯調整長句順序，清楚呈現因果、轉折與補充關係。
- 專業名詞採用土壤學、作物學常用譯法。
- 數字、百分比、範圍及單位完整保留，不任意增刪資訊。
重要詞語與句型
- continuous rice–wheat system：連續稻麥系統。
- predominant cropping practice：主要的耕作方式。
- nutrient mining：養分掠奪／土壤養分耗竭。
- depletion of groundwater resources：地下水資源枯竭。
- nutrient use efficiency：養分利用效率。
- indispensable component：不可或缺的組成部分。
- limiting factor：限制因子。
- critical limit：臨界值。
- available P：有效磷。
- bioavailability：生物有效性。
- speciation：化學形態分析／物種分布。
- soil-P fractionation：土壤磷分級分析。
- sustain soil fertility：維持土壤肥力。
參考翻譯
連續稻麥（R–W）系統是南亞地區最主要的耕作方式，目前正面臨永續性方面的挑戰。這些挑戰包括土壤養分耗竭、土壤品質惡化，以及地下水資源枯竭。缺乏物種多樣化且未審慎施用肥料的連續禾本科作物輪作，已引發人們對養分利用效率的嚴重疑慮。
氮（N）與磷（P）是作物栽培不可或缺的養分。在印度農業中，磷通常被視為「關鍵要素」，也是植物內部「能量貨幣」不可或缺的組成部分。儘管磷十分重要，磷缺乏仍會大幅限制作物產量，尤其是在熱帶農業區域；氮則是另一項限制因子。特別是在稻麥系統中，磷缺乏相當普遍，而磷回收效率的文獻紀錄通常低於 。
在印度全國 500 個行政區中，有 257 個行政區（）採集的土壤樣本顯示有效磷含量偏低。