112 年 國立臺灣大學森林環境暨資源學系碩士班丁組《專業英文(E)》
第 1 題10 分
As there is a direct relation between global average temperatures and the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, the key for the solution to the climate change problem rests in decreasing the amount of emissions released into the atmosphere and in reducing the current concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) by enhancing sinks (e.g. increasing the area of forests). Efforts to reduce emissions and enhance sinks are referred to as "mitigation”.
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本題為英文翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。
核心觀念:理解英文段落的語意,並精準地將其轉換為中文。
解題過程:
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分析原文結構與詞彙:
- "direct relation between A and B":A 與 B 之間有直接關係。
- "global average temperatures":全球平均溫度。
- "concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere":大氣中溫室氣體的濃度。
- "the key for the solution to the climate change problem rests in...":氣候變遷問題解決的關鍵在於...。
- "decreasing the amount of emissions released into the atmosphere":減少排放到大氣中的排放量。
- "reducing the current concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2)":降低目前二氧化碳 (CO2) 的濃度。
- "by enhancing sinks (e.g. increasing the area of forests)":透過增強「匯」(sink,例如增加森林面積)。
- "Efforts to reduce emissions and enhance sinks are referred to as 'mitigation'.":減少排放和增強匯的努力被稱為「減緩」(mitigation)。
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進行翻譯,並確保語意通順與準確:
- "As there is a direct relation between global average te
第 2 題20 分
Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are animals and plants that are introduced accidentally or deliberately into a natural environment where they are not normally found, with serious negative consequences for their new environment. They represent a major threat to native plants and animals in Europe, causing damage worth billions of Euros to the European economy every year. As invasive alien species do not respect borders, coordinated action at the European level will be more effective than individual actions at the Member State level.
The core of the IAS Regulation is the list of the invasive alien species. Three distinct types of measures are envisaged, which follow an internationally agreed hierarchical approach to combatting IAS:
• Prevention: a number of robust measures aimed at preventing the intentional or unintentional introduction of IAS of Union concern into the EU.
• Early detection and rapid eradication: Member States must put in place a surveillance system to detect the presence of IAS of Union concern as early as possible and take rapid eradication measures to prevent them from establishing.
• Management: some IAS of Union concern are already established in certain Member States. Concerted management action is needed to prevent them from spreading any further and to minimize the harm they cause.
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本題為英文翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。
核心觀念:理解關於「入侵性外來物種」(Invasive Alien Species, IAS) 的定義、威脅、以及歐盟的應對策略(預防、早期偵測與撲滅、管理)。
解題過程:
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翻譯第一段:定義與威脅
- "Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are animals and plants that are introduced accidentally or deliberately into a natural environment where they are not normally found, with serious negative consequences for their new environment."
→ 入侵性外來物種 (IAS) 是指意外或故意被引入到其正常棲息地以外的自然環境中的動植物,並對其新環境造成嚴重的負面影響。 - "They represent a major threat to native plants and animals in Europe, causing damage worth billions of Euros to the European economy every year."
→牠們對歐洲的原生動植物構成重大威脅,每年對歐洲經濟造成數十億歐元的損失。 - "As invasive alien species do not respect borders, coordinated action at the European level will be more effective than individual actions at the Member State level."
→ 由於入侵性外來物種不受國界限制,因此在歐洲層級採取協調行動,將比成員國層級的個別行動更有效。
- "Invasive Alien Species (IAS) are animals and plants that are introduced accidentally or deliberately into a natural environment where they are not normally found, with serious negative consequences for their new environment."
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翻譯第二段:IAS Regulation 的核心與三種措施
- "The core of the IAS Regulation is the list of the invasive alien species."
→ IAS 法規的核心是入侵性外來物種的清單。 - "Three distinct types of measures are envisaged, which follow an internationally agreed hierarchical approach to combatting IAS:"
→ 預計有三種不同的措施,遵循國際公認的階層式方法來對抗 IAS:
- "The core of the IAS Regulation is the list of the invasive alien species."
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翻譯各項措施的內容
- "• Prevention: a number of robust measures aimed at preventing the intentional or unintentional introduction of IAS of Union concern into the EU."
第 3 題20 分
Three pathways involving forests and trees offer means by which societies, communities and individual landowners, users and managers can derive more tangible value from forests and trees while addressing environmental degradation, recovering from crises, preventing future pandemics, increasing resilience and transforming economies:
• 1). Halting deforestation and maintaining forests could avoid emitting 3.6 +/- 2 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) per year between 2020 and 2050, including about 14 percent of what is needed up to 2030 to keep planetary warming below 1.5 °C, while safeguarding more than half the Earth's terrestrial biodiversity.
• 2). Restoring degraded lands and expanding agroforestry - 1.5 billion ha of degraded land would benefit from restoration, and increasing tree cover could boost agricultural productivity on another 1 billion ha. Restoring degraded land through afforestation and reforestation could cost-effectively take 0.9-1.5 GtCO₂e per year out of the atmosphere between 2020 and 2050.
• 3). Sustainably using forests and building green value chains would help meet future demand for materials - with global consumption of all natural resources expected to more than double from 92 billion tonnes 2017 to 190 billion tonnes in 2060-and underpin sustainable economies.
→The three pathways are mutually reinforcing. When synergies are maximized, the pathways can provide some of the highest returns in the form of climate and environmental benefits while also enhancing local sustainable development potential, adaptive capacity and resilience.
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本題為英文翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。
核心觀念:理解文章提出的透過森林與樹木實現永續發展的三種途徑及其效益。
解題過程:
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翻譯引言部分:
- "Three pathways involving forests and trees offer means by which societies, communities and individual landowners, users and managers can derive more tangible value from forests and trees while addressing environmental degradation, recovering from crises, preventing future pandemics, increasing resilience and transforming economies:"
→ 涉及森林與樹木的三種途徑,提供了社會、社區、個人地主、使用者及管理者從森林與樹木中獲取更切實價值的途徑,同時得以應對環境惡化、從危機中復甦、預防未來流行病、增強韌性並轉型經濟:
- "Three pathways involving forests and trees offer means by which societies, communities and individual landowners, users and managers can derive more tangible value from forests and trees while addressing environmental degradation, recovering from crises, preventing future pandemics, increasing resilience and transforming economies:"
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翻譯第一種途徑及其效益:
- "• 1). Halting deforestation and maintaining forests could avoid emitting 3.6 +/- 2 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) per year between 2020 and 2050, including about 14 percent of what is needed up to 2030 to keep planetary warming below 1.5 °C, while safeguarding more than half the Earth's terrestrial biodiversity."
→ • 1) 停止砍伐森林並維護森林,可在 2020 年至 2050 年間避免排放 3.6 ± 2 億噸二氧化碳當量 (GtCO2e),其中包括到 2030 年為止將行星暖化控制在 1.5°C 以下所需量的約 14%,同時保護地球超過一半的陸地生物多樣性。
- "• 1). Halting deforestation and maintaining forests could avoid emitting 3.6 +/- 2 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (GtCO2e) per year between 2020 and 2050, including about 14 percent of what is needed up to 2030 to keep planetary warming below 1.5 °C, while safeguarding more than half the Earth's terrestrial biodiversity."
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翻譯第二種途徑及其效益:
- "• 2). Restoring degraded lands and expanding agroforestry - 1.5 billion ha of degraded land would benefit from restoration, and increasing tree cover could boost agricultural productivity on another 1 billion ha. Restoring degraded land through afforestation and reforestation could cost-effectively take 0.9-1.5 GtCO₂e per year out of the atmosphere between 2020 and 2050."
第 4 題20 分
WOOD ENERGY AND NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS PLAY MAJOR ROLES IN THE MAJORITY OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
About 2.6 billion people rely on wood and other traditional fuels for household cooking. Woodfuel is a potentially renewable and carbon-neutral source of energy, and it undoubtedly has an important role to play in meeting future energy needs. But woodfuel also has significant negative impacts, especially in developing countries. Wood is an affordable fuel for those who lack access to other energy sources, but it takes time to collect and therefore often involves a tremendous opportunity cost, particularly for women. The extensive use of traditional woodfuel is a significant contributor to household air pollution, which is the third leading risk factor of global disease burden worldwide and is responsible for an estimated 1.63 million-3.12 million premature deaths per year. Woodfuel consumption could also pose a threat to the world's forests as a potential driver of deforestation and degradation. One-third of the global population (about 2.6 billion people) relied on traditional fuels such as wood, charcoal and agricultural residues for household cooking in 2019; biomass and charcoal combined accounted for about 88 percent of the traditional cooking fuels used in low- and middle-income countries in that year. If countries adopt only presently stated policies, nearly one-third of the global population will still not have transitioned to clean energy for cooking by 2030 and so will have to rely on the traditional use of woodfuel and other types of biomass energy. Reliance on woodfuel is highest in Africa (63 percent of households - more than 90 percent of all wood cut in Africa is used as woodfuel), followed by Asia and Oceania (38 percent) and Latin America and the Caribbean (15 percent).
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本題為英文翻譯題,要求將英文段落翻譯成中文。
核心觀念:理解木材能源與非木材林產品在農村家庭中的重要性,以及木柴燃料的潛在效益與重大負面影響。
解題過程:
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翻譯標題:
- "WOOD ENERGY AND NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS PLAY MAJOR ROLES IN THE MAJORITY OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS"
→ 木材能源與非木材林產品在大多數農村家庭中扮演重要角色。
- "WOOD ENERGY AND NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS PLAY MAJOR ROLES IN THE MAJORITY OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS"
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翻譯段落開頭,說明木材燃料的依賴性與潛在效益:
- "About 2.6 billion people rely on wood and other traditional fuels for household cooking."
→ 約有 26 億人依賴木材及其他傳統燃料進行家庭烹飪。 - "Woodfuel is a potentially renewable and carbon-neutral source of energy, and it undoubtedly has an important role to play in meeting future energy needs."
→ 木柴燃料是一種潛在的可再生且碳中性的能源,毫無疑問地在滿足未來能源需求方面扮演重要角色。
- "About 2.6 billion people rely on wood and other traditional fuels for household cooking."
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翻譯段落中段,闡述木柴燃料的負面影響:
- "But woodfuel also has significant negative impacts, especially in developing countries."
→ 但木柴燃料也帶來顯著的負面影響,尤其是在發展中國家。 - "Wood is an affordable fuel for those who lack access to other energy sources, but it takes time to collect and therefore often involves a tremendous opportunity cost, particularly for women."
→ 對於缺乏其他能源來源的人們來說,木材是一種負擔得起的燃料,但收集木材需要時間,因此常常涉及巨大的機會成本,對女性而言尤其如此。 - "The extensive use of traditional woodfuel is a significant contributor to household air pollution, which is the third leading risk factor of global disease burden worldwide and is responsible for an estimated 1.63 million-3.12 million premature deaths per year."
→ 廣泛使用傳統木柴燃料是導致家庭空氣污染的重要因素,這是全球疾病負擔的第三大風險因子,每年估計造成 163 萬至 312 萬人過早死亡。 - "Woodfuel consumption could also pose a threat to the world's forests as a potential driver of deforestation and degradation."
→ 木柴燃料的消耗也可能作為森林砍伐和退化的潛在驅動因素,對世界森林構成威脅。
- "But woodfuel also has significant negative impacts, especially in developing countries."
第 5 題30 分
英文名詞翻譯與解釋:(一題5分,共30分)
- Forest Carbon Sinks
- Thinning
- stock
- Canopy closure(density)
- Seed-bearer (forest)
- Standing tree
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本題為英文名詞翻譯與解釋題,共六小題,每題 5 分,總計 30 分。需要將英文名詞翻譯成中文,並簡要解釋其含義,尤其是在森林學或生態學的語境下。
核心觀念:理解森林學、生態學及相關環境科學中的關鍵術語。
解題過程:逐一解釋各個名詞。
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Forest Carbon Sinks
- 翻譯: 森林碳匯
- 解釋: 指森林生態系統中,通過光合作用吸收二氧化碳,並將其儲存於生物質(樹幹、樹枝、樹葉、根系)和土壤中的能力。森林碳匯是減緩氣候變遷的重要自然機制。
- 【答案】 森林碳匯:指森林生態系統通過光合作用吸收大氣中的二氧化碳,並將其儲存於生物體(生物質)和土壤中的能力,是減緩氣候變遷的重要自然機制。
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Thinning
- 翻譯: 間伐;疏伐
- 解釋: 在林木生長過程中,為改善剩餘木的生長空間、光照和養分條件,有計劃地移除部分林木的作業。這有助於提高木材品質、加速樹木生長,並減少病蟲害發生。
- 【答案】 間伐(疏伐):為改善剩餘林木生長條件,有計劃地移除部分林木的作業,以促進其生長、提高木材品質。
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stock
- 翻譯: 蓄積量;材積;庫存
- 解釋: 在林業或林學中,"stock" 通常指森林或特定區域內所有樹木的總材積(volume)或生物量(biomass)。它代表了森林中可利用或已存在的木材總量。