109 年 國立成功大學臨床藥學與藥物科技研究所乙組《藥理學》
第 A. 1 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chlorambucil | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Chlorambucil 是一種氮芥類 (nitrogen mustard) 烷化劑,屬於細胞毒性化療藥物。它通過將烷基基團共價連接到 DNA 上,破壞 DNA 的結構和功能,進而抑制癌細胞的生長和分裂。
第 A. 2 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | Methotrexate | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Methotrexate 是一種葉酸拮抗劑 (folate antagonist),它透過抑制二氫葉酸還原酶 (dihydrofolate reductase, DHFR) 的活性,阻止二氫葉酸轉化為四氫葉酸。四氫葉酸是合成嘌呤核苷酸和胸苷酸的必需輔因子,因此 DHFR 的抑制會阻礙 DNA 和 RNA 的合成,進而抑制癌細胞的增殖。
第 A. 3 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | Cytarabine | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Cytarabine (Ara-C) 是一種嘧啶核苷類似物,屬於細胞毒性化療藥物。它在體內被磷酸化為活性代謝物 Ara-CTP,然後 Ara-CTP 會競爭性抑制 DNA 聚合酶,並被摻入到 DNA 中,導致 DNA 鏈終止和 DNA 損傷,最終引起細胞凋亡。Cytarabine 主要作用於 DNA 合成活躍的 S 期。其結構類似胞嘧啶,故選項 (J) 描述了其機制。
第 A. 4 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | Capecitabine | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Capecitabine 是一種口服的嘧啶類抗代謝藥物,它在體內經過多步酶促轉化,最終在腫瘤組織中被胸苷磷酸化酶 (thymidine phosphorylase) 轉化為有活性的代謝物 5-氟尿嘧啶 (5-FU)。5-FU 則透過抑制胸苷酸合成酶 (thymidylate synthase) 來阻礙 DNA 合成。因此,Capecitabine 實際上是 5-FU 的前驅藥,其作用機制與抑制胸苷酸合成酶有關。
第 A. 5 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | Mercaptopurine | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Mercaptopurine 是一種嘌呤類似物 (purine analog),屬於抗代謝藥物。它在體內被转化为活性形式 6-MP-TP,然後 6-MP-TP 會抑制多種涉及嘌呤核苷酸生物合成的酶,特別是抑制從頭合成途徑中的關鍵酶,並被摻入 DNA 和 RNA 中,干擾其功能,從而抑制癌細胞的生長。
第 A. 6 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | Romidepsin | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Romidepsin 是一種組蛋白去乙醯化酶抑制劑 (histone deacetylase inhibitor, HDAC inhibitor)。HDAC 抑制劑通過抑制 HDAC 活性,導致組蛋白乙醯化水平升高,從而改變染色質結構,影響基因轉錄,誘導癌細胞分化、凋亡或細胞週期停滯。
第 A. 7 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Thalidomide | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Thalidomide 是一種具有複雜作用機制的藥物,它具有免疫調節、抗血管生成和抗發炎作用。雖然其確切的抗癌機制仍在研究中,但已證實 Thalidomide 及其衍生物 (如 Lenalidomide, Pomalidomide) 可以通過降解特定蛋白質 (如 Ikaros 和 Aiolos) 來影響免疫細胞的功能,並抑制血管內皮生長因子 (VEGF) 的產生,從而達到抗腫瘤效果。
第 A. 8 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | Bleomycin | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Bleomycin 是一種糖肽類抗生素,主要通過與 DNA 結合,並在金屬離子 (如 Fe2+) 的存在下產生活性氧 (ROS),進而導致 DNA 鏈斷裂。這種損傷 DNA 的機制是 Bleomycin 抗癌活性的基礎。
第 A. 9 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | Vinorelbine | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Vinorelbine 是一種長春花生物鹼 (vinca alkaloid) 衍生物,它通過與微管蛋白 (tubulin) 結合,抑制微管的聚合,從而干擾有絲分裂過程中紡錘體的形成,導致細胞週期停滯在 M 期,最終引起細胞凋亡。
第 A. 10 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | Epirubicin | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Epirubicin 是一種蒽環類抗生素 (anthracycline antibiotic),與ubicin (doxorubicin) 結構類似。其主要抗癌機制包括:1. 嵌入 DNA 鏈 (DNA intercalation),干擾 DNA 的複製和轉錄;2. 抑制拓撲異構酶 II (Topoisomerase II) 的活性,導致 DNA 雙鏈斷裂;3. 產生自由基,損傷細胞。選項 (E) 描述了其抑制拓撲異構酶 II 的作用。
第 A. 11 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | Topotecan | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Topotecan 是一種喜樹鹼衍生物 (camptothecin derivative),屬於拓撲異構酶 I (Topoisomerase I) 抑制劑。拓撲異構酶 I 在 DNA 複製和轉錄過程中負責解開 DNA 的超螺旋結構。Topotecan 通過穩定拓撲異構酶 I 與 DNA 的複合物,阻止 DNA 鏈的重新連接,從而導致 DNA 斷裂和細胞凋亡。
第 A. 12 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 12 | Erlotinib | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Erlotinib 是一種口服的小分子酪氨酸激酶抑制劑 (tyrosine kinase inhibitor),專門抑制表皮生長因子受體 (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR) 的酪氨酸激酶活性。EGFR 訊號通路在許多癌症的生長、增殖和轉移中起著關鍵作用。
第 A. 13 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 13 | Pembrolizumab | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Pembrolizumab 是一種人源化單株抗體,屬於免疫檢查點抑制劑 (immune checkpoint inhibitor)。它特異性結合到程序性細胞死亡蛋白 1 (PD-1) 受體上,阻斷 PD-1 與其配體 PD-L1 的結合。PD-1/PD-L1 訊號通路在抑制 T 細胞的免疫反應中起重要作用,阻斷該通路可以重新激活 T 細胞,使其能夠識別並攻擊癌細胞。
第 A. 14 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 14 | Lenvatinib | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Lenvatinib 是一種口服的多標靶激酶抑制劑,它不僅抑制血管內皮生長因子受體 (VEGFR) 的酪氨酸激酶活性,還同時抑制其他參與腫瘤生長和血管生成的激酶,如成纖維細胞生長因子受體 (FGFR)、血小板衍生生長因子受體 (PDGFR) 和 RET 激酶。通過抑制多個激酶,Lenvatinib 能夠同時阻斷腫瘤的血管生成和細胞增殖。
第 A. 15 題
A. 抗癌藥 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 15 | Etoposide | (A) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-1 receptor |
| (B) multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (C) monoclonal antibody inhibit PD-L1 | ||
| (D) Topoisomerase I inhibitor | ||
| (E) Topoisomerase II inhibitor | ||
| (F) inhibits dihydrofolate reductase | ||
| (G) Purine antimetabolite | ||
| (H) DNA alkylating agent | ||
| (I) DNA-intercalating agent | ||
| (J) mimic cytosine, which damages DNA in the S phase | ||
| (K) a thymidylate synthase inhibitor | ||
| (L) inhibit the assembly of microtubules and polymerization | ||
| (M) histone deacetylase inhibitor | ||
| (N) bind Fe2+ and produce ROS resulting in DNA cleavage | ||
| (O) EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor | ||
| (P) immunomodulator and anti-angiogenesis |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Etoposide 是一種半合成的鬼臼毒素衍生物 (podophyllotoxin derivative),屬於拓撲異構酶 II (Topoisomerase II) 抑制劑。它通過穩定拓撲異構酶 II 與 DNA 的複合物,阻止 DNA 雙鏈斷裂的重新連接,從而導致 DNA 損傷和細胞凋亡。Etoposide 在治療多種癌症中廣泛使用。
第 B. 1 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ethambutol | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Ethambutol 是一種用於治療結核病的抗生素。其作用機制是抑制分枝桿菌細胞壁合成中的關鍵酶——阿拉伯糖基轉移酶 (arabinosyl transferase),從而干擾阿拉伯半乳聚醣 (arabinogalactan) 的合成,導致細胞壁結構受損,進而抑制細菌生長。
第 B. 2 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | Oseltamivir | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Oseltamivir (商品名 Tamiflu) 是一種神經胺酸酶抑制劑 (neuraminidase inhibitor),用於預防和治療流感。流感病毒表面的神經胺酸酶對於病毒從宿主細胞釋放以及進一步感染至關重要。Oseltamivir 抑制神經胺酸酶的活性,阻止病毒顆粒從感染的細胞中釋放,從而抑制病毒的傳播。
第 B. 3 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | Micafungin | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Micafungin 是一種棘白菌素類抗黴菌藥物 (echinocandin),它通過抑制真菌細胞壁合成中的關鍵酶——β-1,3-葡聚醣合成酶 (β-1,3-glucan synthase) 來發揮作用。β-1,3-葡聚醣是真菌細胞壁的主要結構成分,其合成受阻會導致細胞壁完整性破壞,進而引起真菌細胞死亡。
第 B. 4 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | Sofosbuvir | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Sofosbuvir 是一種用於治療慢性 C 型肝炎 (HCV) 的核苷酸類似物前藥。在體內,它被轉化為活性代謝物三磷酸 Sofosbuvir,然後競爭性抑制 HCV NS5B RNA 依賴性 RNA 聚合酶 (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase),從而阻斷 HCV 的 RNA 複製。
第 B. 5 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | Fluconazole | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
本題在測試對抗真菌藥物「Fluconazole」的機制認知。Fluconazole 屬於 azole 類抗黴菌藥,其主要作用是抑制真菌細胞膜中 14α‑demethylase (CYP51),阻斷 ergosterol 合成,使細胞膜結構受損而抑制生長。題目提供的選項多為其他類別藥物的機制,需辨識哪一項(若有)與 Fluconazole 的作用相符。
解題步驟
-
確認藥品類別
- Fluconazole = 抗黴菌藥(azoles),常用於念珠菌、隱球菌等感染。
-
回想 azole 類的典型機制
- 透過結合並抑制 lanosterol 14α‑demethylase(真菌 CYP450),阻斷 ergosterol 的合成。
- 此機制屬於抑制 甾醇合成酶,與題目列出的任何選項皆不相同。
-
逐一比對選項
| 選項 | 內容描述 | 與 Fluconazole 機制的契合度 |
|---|---|---|
| (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | 抑制逆轉錄酶(主要為抗 HIV 藥物) | ❌ |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | 阻斷 CCR5 受體(抗 HIV) | ❌ |
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | 抑制流感病毒神經氨酸酶(抗流感) | ❌ |
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | 抗結核藥物(ethambutol) | ❌ |
| (E) non‑nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | 抗 HIV(NNRTI) | ❌ |
第 B. 6 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | Ledipasvir | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Ledipasvir 是一種用於治療慢性 C 型肝炎 (HCV) 的直接作用抗病毒藥物 (direct-acting antiviral, DAA)。它是一種 HCV NS5A 抑制劑,NS5A 蛋白質在 HCV 的 RNA 複製和病毒組裝中起著關鍵作用。通過抑制 NS5A 蛋白質的功能,Ledipasvir 可以有效阻止 HCV 的複製。
第 B. 7 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Tenofovir | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Tenofovir 是一種核苷酸類逆轉錄酶抑制劑 (nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NtRTI),常用於治療 HIV 感染和慢性 B 型肝炎。它在體內被磷酸化為活性形式 Tenofovir 二磷酸,然後競爭性抑制病毒的逆轉錄酶 (HIV 則是逆轉錄酶,HBV 則是聚合酶) 活性,並作為 DNA 鏈終止劑,阻止病毒基因組的複製。
第 B. 8 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | Metronidazole | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Metronidazole 是一種硝基咪唑類抗生素和抗原蟲藥物。其作用機制是,在厭氧環境下,Metronidazole 的硝基被還原為具有細胞毒性的中間代謝產物,這些代謝產物會破壞細菌和原蟲的 DNA,導致 DNA 鏈斷裂和螺旋結構破壞,進而抑制細胞的生長和繁殖。
第 B. 9 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | Nevirapine | (A) nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| (B) CCR5 inhibitor | ||
| (C) neuraminidase inhibitor | ||
| (D) inhibit arabinosyl transferase and disrupt arabinogalactan synthesis | ||
| (E) nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor | ||
| (F) HCV HCV NS5B RNA polymerase inhibitor | ||
| (G) inhibit β-1,3-glucan synthase | ||
| (H) HCV NS5A phosphoprotein inhibitor | ||
| (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV | ||
| (J) reductive metabolite interfere with DNA and RNA function | ||
| (K) inhibit enolpyruvial transferse |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Nevirapine 是一種非核苷類逆轉錄酶抑制劑 (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, NNRTI),用於治療 HIV-1 感染。它通過直接結合到 HIV 逆轉錄酶的非活性位點,引起酶構象改變,從而抑制酶的活性,阻止病毒 RNA 轉錄為 DNA。
第 B. 10 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (續) (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | Fosfomycin | (L) bind to 50S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis |
| (M) binds to phosphate groups in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and disrupts their integrity | ||
| (N) bind to 30S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis | ||
| (O) squalene epoxidase inhibitor | ||
| (P) 14a-demethylase inhibitor |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
核心觀念
Fosfomycin(磷黴素)是抑制細菌細胞壁肽聚糖合成早期階段的抗生素。其主要作用標的是 MurA(UDP--acetylglucosamine enolpyruvyl transferase),阻斷 UDP--acetylglucosamine 轉化為 UDP--acetylmuramic acid,因而抑制肽聚糖前驅物形成。
Fosfomycin 會不可逆地與 MurA 活性中心的半胱胺酸殘基結合,使酵素失活。由於人體沒有細菌型肽聚糖細胞壁,因此具有選擇性毒性。
解題方法
先辨認題幹藥物的藥理分類:
- Fosfomycin:抗菌藥
- 主要作用:抑制細胞壁合成
- 作用位置:肽聚糖合成的最早期,抑制 MurA
再逐一比對選項。題目列出的 L~P 均不是 Fosfomycin 的作用機轉,因此正確機轉並未出現在選項中。
選項分析
-
(L)bind to 50S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis
錯誤。此為抑制細菌 核糖體、阻斷蛋白質合成的機轉,代表性藥物包括 chloramphenicol、macrolides、lincosamides、oxazolidinones 等。Fosfomycin 不作用於核糖體。
-
(M)binds to phosphate groups in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and disrupts their integrity
錯誤。此為 polymyxins,例如 colistin 的作用方式。Polymyxin 帶正電,會與細菌外膜及細胞膜上的帶負電成分結合,破壞膜完整性與通透性。Fosfomycin 不破壞細胞膜。
-
(N)bind to 30S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis
第 B. 11 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (續) (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | Maraviroc | (L) bind to 50S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis |
| (M) binds to phosphate groups in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and disrupts their integrity | ||
| (N) bind to 30S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis | ||
| (O) squalene epoxidase inhibitor | ||
| (P) 14a-demethylase inhibitor |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Maraviroc 是一種 CCR5 拮抗劑 (CCR5 antagonist),用於治療人類免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV) 感染。它通過與 HIV 病毒進入宿主細胞所需的輔助受體 CCR5 結合,阻止病毒 gp120 蛋白與 CCR5 的結合,從而阻止 HIV 病毒進入 CD4+ T 細胞。
核心觀念:Maraviroc 阻斷 HIV 病毒進入細胞的 CCR5 受體。
解題過程:
- 識別藥品 Maraviroc 的類別。Maraviroc 是一種抗 HIV 藥物。
- 了解其作用機制。Maraviroc 是一種 CCR5 拮抗劑。
- 審視選項,尋找與 CCR5 拮抗劑相符的描述。
- 根據 page 1 的 B 部分選項列表,選項 (B) CCR5 inhibitor。
第 B. 12 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (續) (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 12 | Clindamycin | (L) bind to 50S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis |
| (M) binds to phosphate groups in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and disrupts their integrity | ||
| (N) bind to 30S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis | ||
| (O) squalene epoxidase inhibitor | ||
| (P) 14a-demethylase inhibitor |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Clindamycin 是一種林可黴素類抗生素 (lincosamide antibiotic),它通過與細菌核醣體 50S亞單位結合,抑制蛋白質的合成。它能有效對抗革蘭氏陽性菌和厭氧菌。
核心觀念:Clindamycin 抑制細菌蛋白質合成。
解題過程:
- 識別藥品 Clindamycin 的類別。Clindamycin 是一種抗生素。
第 B. 13 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (續) (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 13 | Terbinafine | (L) bind to 50S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis |
| (M) binds to phosphate groups in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and disrupts their integrity | ||
| (N) bind to 30S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis | ||
| (O) squalene epoxidase inhibitor | ||
| (P) 14a-demethylase inhibitor |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Terbinafine 是一種烯丙胺類抗黴菌藥物 (allylamine antifungal agent)。它通過抑制角鯊烯環氧化酶 (squalene epoxidase) 的活性,阻斷真菌細胞壁合成中的角鯊烯環氧化酶。這導致角鯊烯在細胞內積累,同時麥角甾醇的合成減少,最終破壞真菌細胞膜的結構和功能,引起細胞死亡。
第 B. 14 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (續) (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 14 | Polymyxin B | (L) bind to 50S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis |
| (M) binds to phosphate groups in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and disrupts their integrity | ||
| (N) bind to 30S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis | ||
| (O) squalene epoxidase inhibitor | ||
| (P) 14a-demethylase inhibitor |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Polymyxin B 是一種多肽類抗生素,主要用於治療革蘭氏陰性菌感染。其作用機制是通過破壞細菌細胞膜的完整性。Polymyxin B 的陽離子端與細菌細胞膜的陰離子脂多醣 (LPS) 結合,然後插入到細胞膜的磷脂雙分子層中,導致細胞膜通透性增加,細胞內容物滲漏,最終引起細菌死亡。選項 (M) 描述了其與細胞膜磷酸基團的相互作用。
第 B. 15 題
B. 抗生素、抗黴菌藥、抗病毒藥品、抗寄生蟲藥品 (續) (15 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 15 | moxifloxacin | (L) bind to 50S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis |
| (M) binds to phosphate groups in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes and disrupts their integrity | ||
| (N) bind to 30S ribosomal particle and inhibit protein synthesis | ||
| (O) squalene epoxidase inhibitor | ||
| (P) 14a-demethylase inhibitor |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Moxifloxacin 是一種氟喹諾酮類抗生素 (fluoroquinolone antibiotic)。氟喹諾酮類藥物通過抑制細菌的 DNA 旋轉酶 (DNA gyrase,也稱為拓撲異構酶 II) 和拓撲異構酶 IV 的活性,阻止 DNA 的複製、轉錄、修復和重組,從而抑制細菌生長。
核心觀念:Moxifloxacin 抑制細菌 DNA 旋轉酶和拓撲異構酶 IV。
解題過程:
- 識別藥品 Moxifloxacin 的類別。Moxifloxacin 是一種氟喹諾酮類抗生素。
- 了解其作用機制。氟喹諾酮類藥物抑制 DNA 旋轉酶和拓撲異構酶 IV。
- 審視選項,尋找與此機制相符的描述。
- 根據 page 2 的 B 部分選項列表,選項 (I) inhibit DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV (在 page 1 的 B 部分選項列表 A-K 中)。
第 C. 1 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Apixaban | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Apixaban 是一種口服的直接因子 Xa 抑制劑 (direct factor Xa inhibitor),屬於新型口服抗凝血劑 (NOACs)。它通過直接結合到因子 Xa 的活性位點,抑制其催化活性,從而阻斷凝血瀑布中的共同途徑,減少凝血酶的生成,達到抗凝血的效果。
第 C. 2 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | Dabigatran | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Dabigatran etexilate (商品名 Pradaxa) 是一種口服的直接凝血酶抑制劑 (direct thrombin inhibitor),屬於新型口服抗凝血劑 (NOACs)。它通過直接結合並抑制凝血酶 (因子 IIa) 的活性,阻止纖維蛋白原轉化為纖維蛋白,從而發揮抗凝血作用。
第 C. 3 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | Milrinone | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Milrinone 是一種磷酸二酯酶 III 抑制劑 (phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, PDE3 inhibitor),用於治療急性心力衰竭。通過抑制 PDE3,Milrinone 增加了細胞內 cAMP 的濃度,導致心肌收縮力增強 (正性肌力作用) 和血管平滑肌舒張 (血管擴張作用)。
第 C. 4 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 4 | Mexiletine | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Mexiletine 是一種口服的 Class IB 抗心律不整藥物,屬於鈉離子通道阻斷劑 (sodium channel blocker)。它主要阻斷去極化過程中鈉離子通道的開放,特別是在心肌細胞的動作電位 II 期 (平台期) 作用較強,從而減慢心室肌的傳導速度,抑制異位節律點的自動興奮性,用於治療室性心律不整。選項 (E) 描述了其作用。
第 C. 5 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 5 | Procainamide | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Procainamide 是一種 Class IA 抗心律不整藥物,屬於鈉離子通道阻斷劑。它不僅阻斷鈉離子通道,減慢心肌的傳導速度,還具有一定的鉀離子通道阻斷作用,延長動作電位的時程。選項 (E) 描述了其鈉離子通道阻斷作用,並且與 Mexiletine (Class IB) 相比,Procainamide (Class IA) 的主要特點是減慢 phase 0 並且延長動作電位,但選項 (E) 僅描述了 phase 0 的減慢。選項 (G) 描述了縮短 phase 3 這是鉀離子通道阻斷劑的特點。
仔細分析 Procainamide 的作用:
Procainamide 是一種 Class IA 抗心律不整藥物,它阻斷鈉離子通道,減慢動作電位的去極化 (phase 0),並且阻斷鉀離子通道,延長動作電位的復極化 (phase 3)。
選項 (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization 描述了其鈉離子通道阻斷作用。
第 C. 6 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 6 | Ticagrelor | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Ticagrelor 是一種口服的 P2Y12 受體拮抗劑,屬於抗血小板藥物。它通過可逆性地結合到血小板上的 P2Y12 受體,抑制 ADP 誘導的血小板活化和聚集,從而預防血栓形成。
第 C. 7 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 7 | Doxazosin | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Doxazosin 是一種 α1-腎上腺素受體阻斷劑 (α1-adrenergic receptor blocker)。它通過阻斷血管平滑肌上的 α1 受體,抑制去甲腎上腺素引起的血管收縮,從而引起血管舒張,降低周圍血管阻力,達到降壓效果。同時,它也用於緩解良性攝護腺增生的症狀。
第 C. 8 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 8 | Minoxidil | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Minoxidil 是一種鉀離子通道開放劑 (potassium channel opener),同時也是一種強效的血管擴張劑。它通過開放血管平滑肌細胞的 ATP-敏感鉀離子通道 (KATP channels),導致細胞膜超極化,關閉電壓門控鈣離子通道,減少細胞內鈣離子濃度,從而引起血管舒張。Minoxidil 最初用於治療高血壓,現也常用於治療雄激素性脫髮。選項 (M) 描述了其作為鉀離子通道開放劑的作用。
第 C. 9 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | Enoxaparin | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Enoxaparin 是一種低分子量肝素 (low molecular weight heparin, LMWH)。它通過增強抗凝血酶 III (antithrombin III) 的活性來發揮作用。抗凝血酶 III 能夠滅活多種凝血因子,包括因子 Xa 和凝血酶。Enoxaparin 對因子 Xa 的滅活作用比對凝血酶更強。選項 (D) 描述了其與抗凝血酶結合並滅活因子 Xa 的機制。
第 C. 10 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 10 | Ambrisentan | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Ambrisentan 是一種選擇性的內皮素 A 受體拮抗劑 (endothelin A receptor antagonist)。內皮素-1 (ET-1) 是一種強效的血管收縮劑,通過結合到內皮素受體 A (ETA) 和 B (ETB) 上發揮作用。Ambrisentan 選擇性阻斷 ETA 受體,抑制內皮素-1 的血管收縮作用,並能減緩肺動脈高壓的進展。
第 C. 11 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 11 | Valsartan | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Valsartan 是一種血管張力素 II 受體阻斷劑 (angiotensin II receptor blocker, ARB)。它通過選擇性地阻斷血管張力素 II 與其 AT1 受體的結合,抑制血管張力素 II 的血管收縮、醛固酮分泌和細胞增殖等作用,從而達到降壓、改善心臟重塑等效果。
第 C. 12 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 12 | Ezetimibe | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Ezetimibe 是一種選擇性膽固醇吸收抑制劑。它通過抑制腸道刷狀緣上的膽固醇轉運蛋白 Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1) 的活性,減少膳食膽固醇和小腸吸收的膽固醇進入迴腸絨毛細胞,從而降低肝臟膽固醇的供應,誘導肝臟增加 LDL 受體的表達,進一步清除血液中的 LDL 膽固醇。
第 C. 13 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 13 | Nicardipine | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Nicardipine 是一種二氫吡啶類鈣離子通道阻斷劑 (dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker)。它主要作用於血管平滑肌,阻斷 L 型鈣離子通道,減少鈣離子內流,從而引起血管舒張,降低血壓。
第 C. 14 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 14 | hydrochlorothiazide | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Hydrochlorothiazide 是一種噻嗪類利尿劑 (thiazide diuretic)。它通過抑制遠曲小管和集合管的鈉-氯離子交換體 (Na+/Cl- symporter),減少鈉離子和氯離子的重吸收,從而增加水分的排出,達到利尿降壓的效果。
第 C. 15 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 15 | hydrochlorothiazide | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題與 C.14 題目相同,為重複題目。
根據 C.14 的詳解:
Hydrochlorothiazide 是一種噻嗪類利尿劑 (thiazide diuretic)。它通過抑制遠曲小管和集合管的鈉-氯離子交換體 (Na+/Cl- symporter),減少鈉離子和氯離子的重吸收,從而增加水分的排出,達到利尿降壓的效果。
第 C. 16 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 16 | Eplerenone | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Eplerenone 是一種選擇性醛固酮受體拮抗劑 (selective aldosterone receptor antagonist),屬於保鉀利尿劑。它通過阻斷醛固酮與其在腎臟集合管的礦物皮質素受體 (mineralocorticoid receptor) 結合,抑制醛固酮的鈉水瀦留和鉀排泄作用,從而降低血壓並減少心臟重塑。
第 C. 17 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 17 | Aliskiren | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Aliskiren 是一種直接腎素抑制劑 (direct renin inhibitor)。它通過直接結合到腎素的活性位點,抑制腎素的活性,從而阻斷腎素-血管張力素-醛固酮系統 (RAAS) 的起始步驟。這將導致血管張力素 I 和 II 的生成減少,進而降低血壓。
第 C. 18 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | bumetanide | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Bumetanide 是一種高效的袢利尿劑 (loop diuretic)。它通過抑制亨利氏袢升支粗段的 Na+/K+/2Cl- 協同轉運體,減少鈉、鉀、氯離子的重吸收,從而產生強烈的利尿作用。
核心觀念:Bumetanide 抑制 Na+/K+/2Cl- 協同轉運體。
解題過程:
- 識別藥品 Bumetanide 的類別。Bumetanide 是一種利尿劑。
- 了解其作用機制。
第 C. 19 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 19 | Simvastatin | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Simvastatin 是一種他汀類藥物 (statin),其主要作用是抑制 3-羥基-3-甲基戊二酰輔酶 A (HMG-CoA) 還原酶。HMG-CoA 還原酶是肝臟合成膽固醇途徑中的限速酶。通過抑制此酶,Simvastatin 顯著降低肝臟內源性膽固醇的合成,從而導致肝臟 LDL 受體表達增加,清除血液中 LDL 膽固醇的效率提高。
第 C. 20 題
C. 心血管藥品 (20 分, 每題 1 分)
| 題號 | 藥品 | 藥理機轉 |
|---|---|---|
| 20 | Triamterene | (A) directly Inhibit Xa |
| (B) inhibit thrombin | ||
| (C) P2Y12 inhibitor | ||
| (D) binds to antithrombin that inactivates clotting factor Xa | ||
| (E) sodium channel blocker, slows phase 0 depolarization | ||
| (F) phosphodiesterase inhibitor | ||
| (G) sodium channel blocker, shorten phase 3 depolarization | ||
| (H) calcium channel blocker | ||
| (I) Angiotensin II receptor blocker | ||
| (J) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | ||
| (K) α1 receptor blocker | ||
| (L) renin inhibitor | ||
| (M) potassium channel opener | ||
| (N) endothelin receptor antagonist | ||
| (O) direct vasodilator | ||
| (P) bile acid sequestrant | ||
| (Q) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor | ||
| (R) cholesterol absorption inhibitor | ||
| (S) stimulate the activity of lipoprotein lipase | ||
| (T) mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist | ||
| (U) blockade of sodium channel at luminal membrane of distal tubule and collecting tube | ||
| (V) inhibit of Na+/Cl- symporter | ||
| inhibit of Na+/K+/2Cl- transport system | ||
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitor | ||
| (Z) β receptor blocker |
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
Triamterene 是一種保鉀利尿劑 (potassium-sparing diuretic),它通過阻斷腎臟集合管的 ENaC (epithelial sodium channel),減少鈉離子的重吸收,從而減少鉀離子的排泄,達到保鉀利尿的效果。選項 (U) 描述了其阻斷鈉離子通道的作用。
第 二 題8 分
二、請說明何謂藥物基因體學 (Pharmacogenomics),並有何特點? (8 分)
請舉例說明個人的基因型變異如何影響藥物的治療成效或藥物不良反應,並且如何依此給予適當的用藥建議。 (10 分)
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
藥物基因體學 (Pharmacogenomics) 是指研究基因組變異如何影響個體對藥物的反應的學科。它旨在了解人類基因的差異如何影響我們對藥物的吸收、分佈、代謝和排泄 (ADME),以及藥物與靶點結合的親和力,從而預測個體對特定藥物的療效和毒性。
特點:
- 個體化醫療: 藥物基因體學是實現個體化醫療的關鍵,它能夠根據患者的基因特徵,選擇最有效且安全的藥物和劑量。
- 精準醫學: 它為精準醫學提供了理論基礎,使藥物治療更具針對性,減少試錯。
- 預測性: 能夠預測個體對特定藥物的反應,包括療效和不良反應的風險。
- 多基因與藥物互動: 考慮到多個基因對藥物反應的複雜影響,以及環境因素與基因的交互作用。
- 技術進步驅動: 得益於基因測序技術的快速發展和成本下降。
基因型變異如何影響藥物治療成效或不良反應,並給予用藥建議:
舉例:CYP2D6 基因多態性與可待因 (Codeine) 的代謝。
- 藥物: 可待因 (Codeine) 是一種弱鴉片類止痛藥,其止痛作用主要依賴於在肝臟中通過細胞色素 P450 酶 CYP2D6 轉化為嗎啡 (morphine)。
- 基因型變異: CYP2D6 基因存在多種等位基因,導致個體在 CYP2D6 酶活性上存在顯著差異。
- 超快代謝者 (Ultra-rapid metabolizers): 擁有兩個或多個功能性基因拷貝,CYP2D6 活性極高,能快速將可待因轉化為嗎啡。
- 快代謝者 (Rapid metabolizers): 擁有兩個功能性基因拷貝,CYP2D6 活性正常。
- 代謝不良者 (Intermediate metabolizers): 擁有一個功能性基因拷貝,CYP2D6 活性降低。
- 代謝緩慢者 (Poor metabolizers): 擁有零個或一個功能性基因拷貝,CYP2D6 活性極低或無活性,幾乎無法將可待因轉化為嗎啡。
第 三、1 題4 分
三、請說明下列藥物之主要作用機轉、與主要臨床用途。(32分, 每題4分)
- Agomelatine
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
作用機轉:
Agomelatine 是一種褪黑激素受體激動劑 (melatonin receptor agonist) 和 5-HT2C 受體拮抗劑 (5-HT2C receptor antagonist)。
- 褪黑激素受體激動作用: Agomelatine 激動 MT1 和 MT2 褪黑激素受體,這有助於恢復睡眠週期和調節晝夜節律,這對抑鬱症的治療很重要,因為抑鬱症常伴有睡眠障礙。
- 5-HT2C 受體拮抗作用: Agomelatine 拮抗 5-HT2C 受體。在某些腦區,5-HT2C 受體的激活會抑制多巴胺和去甲腎上腺素的釋放。
第 三、2 題4 分
三、請說明下列藥物之主要作用機轉、與主要臨床用途。(32分, 每題4分)
- Raloxifene
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
作用機轉:
Raloxifene 是一種選擇性雌激素受體調節劑 (Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator, SERM)。它在不同的組織中表現出雌激素樣 (agonist) 或抗雌激素樣 (antagonist) 的作用:
- 雌激素樣作用 (Agonist): 在骨骼中,Raloxifene 模擬雌激素的作用,通過結合雌激素受體 (ER),增加骨密度,降低骨質疏鬆症的風險。
第 三、3 題4 分
三、請說明下列藥物之主要作用機轉、與主要臨床用途。(32分, 每題4分)
- Amantadine
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
作用機轉:
Amantadine 是一種具有多重作用機制的藥物,其主要作用包括:
- NMDA 受體拮抗劑: Amantadine 能夠非競爭性地阻斷 N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸 (NMDA) 受體。NMDA 受體是離子通道,參與興奮性神經傳遞。阻斷 NMDA 受體可以減少神經興奮毒性,這對腦損傷和帕金森病的治療有益。
- 多巴胺能作用: Amantadine 能夠促進多巴胺的釋放,並抑制多巴胺的再攝取,同時也可能抑制單胺氧化酶 (MAO) 的活性。這些作用有助於增加紋狀體的多巴胺能傳導,改善帕金森病的運動症狀。
第 三、4 題4 分
三、請說明下列藥物之主要作用機轉、與主要臨床用途。(32分, 每題4分)
- Aripiprazole
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
作用機轉:
Aripiprazole 是一種非典型抗精神病藥物 (atypical antipsychotic),屬於多巴胺部分激動劑 (dopamine partial agonist)。其作用機制複雜,主要包括:
- 多巴胺 D2 受體部分激動劑: 在多巴胺能神經傳導過於活躍的區域(如邊緣系統),Aripiprazole 作為部分激動劑,其激動作用弱於內源性多巴胺,能夠降低過度活躍的神經傳導,從而緩解精神分裂症的陽性症狀。在多巴胺能神經傳導不足的區域(如紋狀體),Aripiprazole 的部分激動作用能夠增強神經傳導,減少錐體外系副作用。
- 血清素 5-HT1A 受體部分激動劑: 這有助於緩解抑鬱症狀,並可能減少其他抗精神病藥物引起的焦慮和失眠。
第 三、5 題4 分
三、請說明下列藥物之主要作用機轉、與主要臨床用途。(32分, 每題4分)
- Zopiclone
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
作用機轉:
Zopiclone 是一種非苯二氮䓬類 (non-benzodiazepine) 的安眠藥,屬於環吡咯酮類 (cyclopyrrolone) 藥物。它通過增強 γ-氨基丁酸 (GABA) 的抑制性神經傳導來發揮鎮靜和催眠作用。Zopiclone 選擇性地結合於 GABA-A 受體上的 α1 亞單位,這與苯二氮䓬類藥物結合於 α1, α2, α3, α5 亞單位的不同。
第 三、6 題4 分
三、請說明下列藥物之主要作用機轉、與主要臨床用途。(32分, 每題4分)
- Saxagliptin
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
作用機轉:
Saxagliptin 是一種口服的二肽基肽酶-4 (Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4, DPP-4) 抑制劑。DPP-4 酶能夠快速降解腸泌素 (incretins),如胰高血糖素樣肽-1 (GLP-1) 和葡萄糖依賴性促胰島素多肽 (GIP)。Saxagliptin 抑制 DPP-4 酶的活性,從而延長腸泌素在體內的半衰期,增強其作用。
第 三、7 題4 分
三、請說明下列藥物之主要作用機轉、與主要臨床用途。(32分, 每題4分)
- Finasteride
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
作用機轉:
Finasteride 是一種 5α-還原酶抑制劑 (5α-reductase inhibitor)。5α-還原酶是一種將睪酮 (testosterone) 轉化為更強效的雄激素二氫睪酮 (dihydrotestosterone, DHT) 的酶。Finasteride 抑制 II 型 5α-還原酶(主要存在於前列腺、皮膚和肝臟),從而顯著降低體內 DHT 的水平。DHT 是雄激素在靶器官(如前列腺、毛囊)發揮作用的主要形式。
主要臨床用途:
Finasteride 主要有以下臨床用途:
第 三、8 題4 分
三、請說明下列藥物之主要作用機轉、與主要臨床用途。(32分, 每題4分)
- Levetiracetam
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
作用機轉:
Levetiracetam 是一種吡咯烷酮類 (pyrrolidone derivative) 抗癲癇藥物 (antiepileptic drug, AED)。其確切的抗癲癇作用機轉尚不完全清楚,但已知與其結合於突觸囊泡蛋白 2A (synaptic vesicle protein 2A, SV2A) 有關。SV2A 是一種存在於神經末梢囊泡膜上的蛋白質,參與神經遞質的釋放。Levetiracetam 與 SV2A 的結合被認為能夠調節神經遞質的釋放,可能通過抑制過度的神經元興奮性,從而發揮抗癲癇作用。它對其他神經遞質系統(如 GABA、谷氨酸)或離子通道的影響較小,因此被認為是較為獨特的抗癲癇藥物。