114 年 國立成功大學碩士班共同科目《英文(A)》
第 1 題
- What was the real median income before housing costs a week in 2019/20?
A) £618
B) £611
C) £631
D) £624
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本題考查考生對於文章細節的閱讀理解能力,要求找出 2019/20 年度的實質(扣除房租)家庭每週收入。
根據文章第一段的描述:「Real median income before housing costs was £621 a week in 2022/23, a real fal
第 2 題
- How is median income made "real" median income as inferable from the passage?
A) By removing false information
B) By removing inflation rates
C) By removing households with the lowest 10% of incomes.
D) By including households with the lowest 10% of incomes
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本題考查考生對「real median income」(實質家庭收入)定義的理解。文章中提到「Real median income before housing costs was £621 a week in 2022/23, a real fall of £3 a week since 2019/20.」以及「Real median household incomes (adjusted for Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation) fell slightly in 2022/23.」
第 3 題
- By when is real post-tax income per head expected to return to its pre-pandemic level?
A) Q4 2024
B) Q4 2025
C) Q2 2025
D) Q3 2025
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本題考查考生對文章中關於實質稅後人均收入預期的理解。文章提到:「In March 2024, the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecasted that real household disposable incomes per head will increase by 0.1% in 2023 and the
第 4 題
- Which organization estimated that non-pensioner incomes after housing costs fell in 2023/24?
A) Office for Budget Responsibility
B) Resolution Foundation
C) Joseph Rowntree Foundation
D) National Statistics Office
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本題考查考生對文章中各組織預測內容的記憶與理解。文章提到:「In August 2024, the Resolution Foundation, a living standards think tank, estimated that non-pensioner incomes after h
第 5 題
- What factor is contributing to the forecasted negative income growth for the bottom fifth of households?
A) Increased wages
B) Rising housing costs
C) Tax reductions
D) Increased benefits
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本題考查考生對文章中關於最低收入五分之一家庭收入負成長原因的理解。文章指出:「Growth among the households with the lowest incomes is set to be weakest: real incomes after housing costs are projected to fall for the bott
第 6 題
- What is material deprivation according to the passage?
A) The proportion of materials allotted to basic needs
B) The materials that have been deprived of their needs
C) The percentage of adults who cannot afford essential items
D) The deprivation of materials to entertain oneself
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本題考查考生對「material deprivation」(物質剝奪)定義的理解。文章中提到:「Material deprivation – the proportion of working-age adults who cannot afford basic items – increased between 2019/20 and 20.9%, from 19.6% t
第 7 題
- What percentage of adults reported being unable to heat their home in 2022/23?
A) 4%
B) 11%
C) 20%
D) 25%
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本題考查考生對文章細節的閱讀理解。文章提到:「The percentage of adults reporting they could not afford to heat their hom
第 8 題
- What does relative poverty measure?
A) Households with income below 50% of median income
B) Households with income below 60% of median income that year
C) Households with income below 60% of 2010/11 median income
D) Households unable to meet basic needs
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本題考查考生對「relative poverty」(相對貧窮)定義的理解。文章中提到:「Relative and absolute poverty rates stayed relatively similar between 2020/21 and 2022/23. Someone is in relative poverty if they live in a household with le
第 9 題
- What is the increment in material deprivation rates between 2019/20 and 2022/23?
A) 19.6%
B) 20.9%
C) 21.5%
D) 1.3%
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本題考查考生對文章中「material deprivation」(物質剝奪)的數據理解。文章提到:「Material deprivation – the proportion of working-age adults who cannot afford basic items – increa
第 10 題
- What does the OBR primarily focus on?
A) Poverty research
B) Living standards
C) Fiscal policy and public finances
D) Monetary policy
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本題考查考生對 OBR (Office for Budget Responsibility) 主要關注點的理解。文章在提到 OBR 時說:「In March 2024, the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecasted...」 緊接著描述 OBR 對經濟數據的預測,例如「real household disposable incomes per head」以及「real post-tax income per head」。
第 11 題
- Identify the correctly punctuated sentence:
A) Nietzsche's reflections on technology, and media influence were ground-breaking.
B) Nietzsche's reflections on technology and media influence were ground-breaking.
C) Nietzsche's reflections, on technology, and media influence, were ground-breaking.
D) Nietzsche's reflections on technology; and media influence were ground-breaking.
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本題考查英文標點符號的正確使用,特別是連接並列名詞時的逗號用法。
選項 A:在 "technology" 後面加上逗號,並在 "and media influence" 前面也加上逗號,這是錯誤的。當 "technology" 和 "media influence" 是並列的兩個名詞時,中間用 "and" 連接,不需要額外的逗號。
第 12 題
- What does the pronoun "it" in the sentence "Unsatisfied with the machine, Nietzsche soon enlisted human aid to replace it" refer to?
A) His philosophy
B) The typewriter
C) His near-sightedness
D) Human aid
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本題考查英文代名詞指代對象的判斷。句子是:「Unsatisfied with the machine, Nietzsche soon enlisted human aid to replace it.」
上下文提到:「Friedrich Nietzsche after turning to the typewriter due to his near-sightedness. Unsatisfied with the machine, Nietzsche soon enli
第 13 題
- What does "this way" in the sentence "Thought is conflated with abstract information processing in this way" refer to?
A) The process of encoding sensory perceptions as symbols
B) The use of AAA representations in computation
C) The mind's symbolic manipulation despite multimodal inputs
D) The computational model of cognition
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本題考查對句子中「this way」指代內容的理解。句子是:「Thought is conflated with abstract information processing in this way...」
這句話出現在關於「computational model of cognition」的段落中。該段落描述了這種模型如何看待思維:
「According to the computational model of cognition, the human mind "converts" lower-order sensory perceptions to higher-order abstract, arbitrary, and a-modal (AAA) representations in order to "process" them. Thinking, then, entails the manipulation of symbols (the AAA representations) following sets of rules and formal properties. The hypothesis about symbolic representations derives from the fact that though digital computers take multimodal inputs and produce multimodal outputs, the various semiotic modes (written
第 14 題
- Which of the following is the subject for the verb "served" in "served as analogical models for defining and understanding the human mind"?
A) Kittler's "information-theoretical materialism,"
B) The first generation of cognitive science
C) Technological media
D) The mid-twentieth-century information sciences and cybernetics
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核心觀念
本題考查英文句子的主詞與動詞辨識,尤其要判斷動詞 served 是由哪一個名詞片語發出。
句型如下:
Technological media, such as the telegraph and telephone, served as analogical models for defining and understanding the human mind.
其中:
Technological media:主詞served:動詞as analogical models:作為類比模型for defining and understanding the human mind:說明這些模型的用途
serve as + 名詞 表示「充當……、作為……」。
解題方法
判斷主詞時,先找主要動詞 served,再詢問「什麼充當了類比模型?」答案是:
Technological media served as analogical models.
such as the telegraph and telephone 是插入的舉例片語,用來補充說明 Technological media,並非句子的主要主詞。
因此句子的基本結構可簡化為:
Technological media served as analogical models.
主詞就是 Technological media。
選項分析
A) Kittler's “information-theoretical materialism,”
第 15 題
- What does the pronoun "them" in the sentence "[T]he human mind "converts" lower-order sensory perceptions to higher-order abstract, arbitrary, and a-modal (AAA) representations in order to "process" them." refer to?
A) Sensory perceptions
B) Abstract, arbitrary, and a-modal representations
C) AAA representations
D) Human minds
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本題考查代名詞 "them" 的指代對象。句子是:「The human mind "converts" lower-order sensory perceptions to higher-order abstract, arbitrary, and a-modal (AAA) representations in order to "process" them.」
句子的結構是:主詞 (human mind) + 動詞 (converts) + 受詞 (sensory perceptions) + 介系詞片語 (to higher-order abstract, arbitrary, and a-modal (AAA) representations) + 目的 (in order to "process" them)。
第 16 題
- What inspired Nietzsche to use a typewriter?
A) His experiments with early AI models
B) His dislike for traditional writing tools
C) His visual impairment
D) His philosophical theories on media ecology
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本題考查對文章細節的理解,尋找啟發尼采使用打字機的原因。文章開頭提到:「"Our writing tools are also working on our thoughts," wrote Friedrich Nietzsche after turning to the typewr
第 17 題
- What claim do Kittler and Stingelin make about Nietzsche's writing?
A) It was influenced by his interaction with a new writing tool.
B) It deteriorated due to his near-sightedness.
C) It remained unchanged despite technological advances.
D) It focused exclusively on media ecology.
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本題考查對 Kittler 和 Stingelin 觀點的理解。文章提到:「However, Martin Stingelin and Friedrich Kittler argue that Nietzsche's brief encounter with the typewriter transformed his writing as well as his philosophy of writing.」
第 18 題
- What do the passage suggest about the relationship between writing tools and thought?
A) Tools like typewriters have no significant influence on cognition.
B) Writing tools shape paradigms of thought.
C) Writing tools are outdated compared to contemporary media.
D) Thought shapes the evolution of writing tools, not vice versa.
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本題考查文章中關於書寫工具與思想之間關係的論述。文章開頭引用尼采的話:「"Our writing tools are also working on our thoughts," wrote Friedrich Nietzsche...」 隨後 Kittler 和 Stingelin 的觀點被提及:「Their reflections on Nietzsche's relationship with the typewriter in the light of late-twentieth-
第 19 題
- What is the main argument of the computational model of cognition?
A) Thoughts are processed through sensory perceptions alone.
B) Thinking involves symbolic manipulation based on formal rules.
C) The brain functions independently of external stimuli.
D) Computers cannot simulate mental processes.
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本題考查對「computational model of cognition」(計算模型認知)主要論點的理解。文章在解釋此模型時說:「According to the computational model of cognition, the human mind "converts" lower-order sensory perceptions to higher-order abstract, arbitrary, and a-modal (AAA) representations in order to "process" them. Thinking, then, entails t
第 20 題
- Why is the Turing Test mentioned in the passage?
A) It validates symbolic representation theories.
B) It demonstrates the limits of human cognition.
C) It supports the idea that computers that can simulate thought are minds.
D) It debunks the concept of computational intelligence.
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本題考查提及圖靈測試 (Turing Test) 的目的。文章提到:「This supposition underlay Alan Turing's Turing Test as well as much of the early AI research.」
這個「supposition」(假設)指的是前面提到的:「Thought is conflated with abstract information processing in this way based on the assumption that when a computer program manages to simulate some functions
第 21 題
- How far could a definitive computationalist theory go according to the passage? It could go as far as to
A) Overly emphasize physical environments.
B) Downplay the role of symbolic representations.
C) Dismiss the importance of physical embodiment.
D) Rely too much on anthropocentric explanations.
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本題考查對「computationalist positions」(計算主義立場)局限性的理解。文章提到:「When explaining biological cognition in terms of mechanical intelligence and arguing that the brain computes sensorimotor stimuli as symbolic representations, strong computationalist positions suggest that embodiment and grounding in the physical environment are redundant for making sense
第 22 題
- Which technological development influenced early cognitive science?
A) The invention of typewriters
B) The growth of media ecology
C) Advances in information sciences and cybernetics
D) The development of AAA representations
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本題考查對早期認知科學發展影響因素的理解。文章提到:「Indeed, the mid-twentieth-century information sciences and cybernetics, the bases for Kittler's "information-theoretical materialism," also spawned the first generation of cognitive science.
第 23 題
- What is implied about sensory perceptions in computational cognition?
A) They are irrelevant for cognitive processing.
B) They can be processed only after being transformed into abstract symbols.
C) They function independently of technological models.
D) They are unaffected by symbolic representation.
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本題考查對計算認知模型中感官知覺作用的理解。文章提到:「According to the computational model of cognition, the human mind "converts" lower-order sensory perceptions to higher-order abstract, arbitrary, and a-modal (AAA) represen
第 24 題
- How do early AI researchers view the brain?
A) As a purely sensory organ
B) As a computational mechanism
C) As a symbolic representation of cognition
D) As an analogical tool for technology
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本題考查早期人工智能 (AI) 研究者對大腦的看法。文章提到:「The central claim of the first generation of cognitive scientists, who were strongly committed to developing artificial intelligence, was that the mind (or brain) is a com
第 25 題
- When does thinking occur according to computation models?
A) It occurs during perception.
B) It occurs during production.
C) It occurs during input processing.
D) It occurs during symbol interaction.
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本題考查計算模型認為思考何時發生。文章定義思考為:「Thinking, then, entails the manipulation of symbols (the AAA representations) following sets of rules and formal properties.」
第 26 題
-
In recent years, low-income households have experienced higher inflation rates and had less ______ to cope with unexpected costs because of ______ prices.
A) capacity
B) resilience
C) flexibility
D) durability -
A) rising
B) exaggerated
C) bargain
D) affordable
A) higher
B) slower
C) steadier
D) lower
A) therefore
B) however
C) nonetheless
D) still
A) impacted
B) improved
C) sustained
D) relieved
A) therefore
B) however
C) nonetheless
D) still
A) hundredth
B) percentage
C) decade
D) decile
A) bottom
B) top
C) quarter
D) equal
A) lowest
B) relatively low
C) relatively high
D) highest
A) increase
B) allocate
C) switch
D) reduce
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核心觀念
第 26 題考「名詞與固定搭配」及「語意判斷」。
句意為:
近年來,低收入家庭面臨較高的通貨膨脹率;由於價格上漲,他們應付突發支出的能力也較低。
關鍵搭配是:
- capacity to cope with ...:應付……的能力
- rising prices:上漲中的價格、物價上漲
句型為:
have less capacity to cope with unexpected costs because of rising prices.
解題方法
先判斷第一空的詞性。less 後面需要接不可數名詞,表示「較少的某種能力或資源」。
再依語意判斷,低收入家庭因物價上漲,可支配資源減少,因此「應付突發支出的能力」降低,最自然的表達是:
less capacity to cope with unexpected costs
第二空應修飾 prices。物價造成低收入家庭負擔加重,必須是「上漲的價格」,因此填入 rising。
選項分析:第一空
A) capacity
正確。capacity to cope with ... 表示「應付……的能力」,與句中的 less 及 to cope with unexpected costs 完全搭配。
B) resilience
resilience 指「恢復力、韌性」,通常用於遭遇壓力或困境後恢復的能力,例如 economic resilience。雖然語意上與因應困難有關,但 less resilience to cope with unexpected costs 不如 capacity to cope with 自然,且題目強調的是支付突發支出的實際能力。
C) flexibility
flexibility 指「彈性、靈活性」,可用於時間安排、政策或工作方式,例如 schedule flexibility。
第 30 題
(A) impacted
(B) improved
(C) sustained
(D) relieved
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核心觀念
本題考動詞的語意與搭配。四個選項都可作動詞,但意思不同:impact 表示「影響」,improve 表示「改善」,sustain 表示「維持、支撐」,relieve 表示「減輕、解除」。選字時要看句子談的是受到某因素影響、情況變好、狀態持續,還是壓力得到緩解。
解題方法
題目提供的內容只有選項,沒有第 30 題所在的原句,因此無法依空格前後文確認句法搭配。參照同組題目提及收入差距與收入十分位等線索,可合理假設此處是在談經濟因素對收入或生活狀況的影響;在此語境下,表示「受到影響」的 impacted 最合適。[同組試題脈絡](https://yamol.tw/exam-114%E5%B9%B4%2B%2B%5B%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E6%AD%A3%E8%A7%A3%5D114%2B%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8_%E7%A2%A9%E5%A3%AB%E7%8F%AD%E6%8B%9B%E7%94%9F%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6%E8%A9%A6%E9%A1%8C%EF%BC%9A
第 31 題
(A) therefore
(B) however
(C) nonetheless
(D) still
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核心觀念
本題考「篇章轉折語」與上下文邏輯的判斷。選項分別表達結果、轉折、讓步或持續等關係;正確答案取決於空格前後兩句的語意,以及空格所在的句子結構。
解題方法
先判斷前後句的關係:若後句是前述內容的結果,選表示結果的語詞;若前後句形成對比,則選表示轉折或讓步的語詞。接著檢查標點與句型是否符合選項用法。
目前提供的內容只有選項,缺少題幹句子與上下文,因此無法判斷前後句的邏輯關係,也無法唯一選出答案。
選項分析
第 32 題
(A) hundredth
(B) percentage
(C) decade
(D) decile
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核心觀念
題幹未提供,因此無法依上下文唯一判定答案。以下以題目詢問「十年期間」為合理假設;此概念對應 decade。
這題考的是四個英文單字的數量或時間意義:
- hundredth:百分之一;第一百個。
- percentage:百分比、百分率。
- decade:十年。
- decile:將資料分成十等分後的其中一等分,也可指十分位數。
解題方法
先確認題目描述的是時間長度、百分比,還是分組比例。若題意是「十年」,直接選表示十年期間的單字 decade。例如,從 2020 年到 2029 年可稱為一個 decade。
第 33 題
(A) bottom
(B) top
(C) quarter
(D) equal
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核心觀念
題幹的空格句未提供,因此無法只憑四個選項唯一判定答案。以下依相鄰題目出現的 decile(十分位)作合理假設:若第 33 題是在描述收入分布中最低的一組,最合適的詞是 bottom。成大官方考古題可供核對原卷題目。英文(A)官方考古題
Bottom decile 指收入分布由低至高排列時,位於最底端的十分位群體;相對地,top decile 指最頂端的十分位群體。
解題方法
先辨認句子談的是排序位置還是比例,再配合名詞判斷:
- bottom decile:最低十分位。
- top decile:最高十分位。
- quarter:四分之一,表示 。
第 34 題
(A) lowest
(B) relatively low
(C) relatively high
(D) highest
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核心觀念
本題考形容詞的程度比較。lowest 表示最低,highest 表示最高;relatively low 與 relatively high 分別表示相對較低與相對較高,須依題目提供的比較基準判斷。
解題方法
選出答案需要題幹或閱讀文章提供比較對象、數據或上下文。僅有四個選項,無法判定題目所比較的事物,也無法判斷其程度高低。
選項分析
第 35 題
(A) increase
(B) allocate
(C) switch
(D) reduce
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核心觀念
本題提供四個動詞選項,但未附英文題幹或句子上下文。這類單字填空題須依句意與搭配判斷動詞,僅憑選項無法確定唯一答案。
解題方法
先讀題幹,判斷空格需要表達的動作,再檢查選項的意思與句中受詞、語意是否相符。四個選項分別表示「增加、分配、切換、減少」,所表達的動作不同,必須由題幹提供線索。
選項分析
第 IV 題20 分
IV. 摘要寫作(20%):下列信函(詳見下頁)為1975年美國參議員 Adlai E. Stevenson 寫給美國住宅與城市發展部(縮寫為HUD)部長 Carla A. Hills 的一封法規修正要求函。請(a)以英文(b)在一個段落以內、(c)以不超過100個英文字摘要該信函主要內容。除專用語外,抄襲該函用字比例超過一半以上,本題不予計分,其餘按比例酌予扣分。[本大題請於答案卷作答]
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此題為摘要寫作題,要求考生閱讀一封英文信函,並以英文在一個段落內,不超過 100 個英文字摘要其主要內容。重點在於理解信函的目的、對象、及核心訴求,並用自己的話精簡表達。
信函主旨:
信函由美國參議員 Adlai E. Stevenson 寫給美國住宅與城市發展部 (HUD) 部長 Carla A. Hills。
參議員 Stevenson 要求修正 HUD 的一項規定,特別是關於 1975 年美國國家住宅法案第 518(b) 條款的實施。
他認為目前對「較舊的衰退都會區」(older declining urban areas) 的定義過於武斷,限制了該法案的地理範圍,可能無法有效解決問題。
他主張應更靈活地解釋和應用第 223(e) 條款,以便為有需要的地區提供抵押貸款保險,即使這些地區不完全符合嚴格的定義。
他強調,現行的嚴格解釋方式與法律的初衷(即幫助有困難的地區)相悖。
他強烈建議修改適用的 HUD 法規,並共同努力以實現該法規的宗旨。
摘要要點:
- 寄件人與收件人: 參議員 Stevenson 致函 HUD 部長 Hills。
- 目的: 要求修正 HUD 的法規,特別是關於第 518(b) 條款的實施。
- 核心問題: 對「較舊的衰退都會區」的定義過於狹隘,限制了抵押貸款保險的適用範圍。
- 訴求: 希望更靈活地解釋和應用第 223(e) 條款,以惠及更多有需要的地區,並符合法律的初衷。