113 年 國立政治大學宗教研究所《專業英文》
第 一、 題20 分
一、宗教詞彙中翻英 20% (10 題任選 5 題,每題 4 分)
- 因果
- 朝聖
- 新宗教運動
- 教團
- 祖先崇拜
- 儀軌
- 舍利
- 聖餐
- 天啟
- 恩典
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此為單字翻譯題，旨在測試考生對宗教學相關術語的英文詞彙量。考生需從 10 個中文詞彙中選出 5 個進行翻譯。以下提供所有詞彙的英文翻譯，考生可依據題目要求選擇作答。
- 因果: karma / cause and effect
- 朝聖: pilgrimage
- 新宗教運動: New Religious Movement (NRM)
- 教團: religious order / sect / organization
第 二、 題20 分
二、閱讀測驗 20% (每題 10 分)
It is with Vinaya that Buddhist monastics define their identity and regulate their collective life in the monasteries. This paper deals with two Vinaya reforms in post-war Taiwan. After the 1949 relocation of the government of the Nationalist Party to Taiwan, the Buddhist Association of the Republic of China (BAROC) established the "Triple Platform Ordination" to make Taiwan the stronghold of "authentic" Chinese Buddhism. After the lifting of martial law in Taiwan, the Vinaya masters leading the second wave of the Vinaya movement were mostly Chinese monks who arrived in Taiwan after 1970 and began holding their own ordination ceremonies after 1993. These male Vinaya masters criticized the ordination system established by BAROC as illegitimate due to its failure to implement Dual Ordination.
In order to legitimate their new ordination system, more precisely, only Dual Ordination ceremonies that foreground the practice of the Eight Revered Conditions as contained in the Mahāprajāpati-bhikșuņī-sūtra are considered legitimate by the "Vinaya monasteries and nunneries" that grew out of Second Wave Vinaya. This emphasis on the Eight Revered Conditions gives male Vinaya masters the authority to (re-)define the identity of bhikșuņīs, as well as of changing the relationship between monasteries and nunneries.
- 根據上述文字,Vinaya(戒律, monastic discipline)為什麼如此重要?
- 根據上述文字,戰後台灣歷史中,曾經發生幾次戒律改革?每一次改革的原因是甚麼?
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本大題為閱讀測驗，旨在測試考生對英文學術文章的理解能力，特別是關於佛教戒律 (Vinaya) 在台灣的發展。
核心觀念：
文章探討了台灣戰後兩次重要的佛教戒律改革，以及這些改革如何影響僧侶（bhikșuņīs）的身份認同和寺院與尼庵之間的關係。
詳解：
1. 根據上述文字, Vinaya(戒律, monastic discipline)為什麼如此重要?
文章開頭即點出 Vinaya 的重要性：「It is with Vinaya that Buddhist monastics define their identity and regulate their collective life in the monasteries.」這句話直接說明了 Vinaya 的兩大功能：
* 定義僧侶的身份認同 (define their identity)： 戒律是構成佛教僧侶身份的核心要素，規範了他們的行為、生活方式和精神追求。
* 規範僧團的集體生活 (regulate their collective life in the monasteries)： 戒律提供了僧團運作的規則和秩序，確保僧團的和諧與永續。
因此，Vinaya 對於佛教僧侶和僧團的存續與發展至關重要。
【答案】Vinaya 對於定義佛教僧侶的身份認同以及規範他們在寺院中的集體生活至關重要。
2. 根據上述文字,戰後台灣歷史中,曾經發生幾次戒律改革?每一次改革的原因是甚麼?
文章明確提到了兩次戒律改革：
第 三、 題40 分
三、英翻中 40% (3 題任選 2 題,每題 20 分)
- Each of these religions began as the faith of a relatively small group of closely related ethnic peoples. Each has, in the modern world, become a global community, and, with one notable exception, each has transcended its beginning to become an international multiethnic community. Judaism, of course, largely defines itself by its common heritage and ancestry and has an alternative but equally fascinating story.
- Each tradition has developed a way of encountering and introducing individuals to spiritual reality as well as a vocabulary for it. It has also developed a set of concepts and a language to discuss the spiritual world and humanity's place within it.
- In each volume, the largest number of entries explore the concepts, the beliefs that flow from them, and the practices that they have engendered. The authors have attempted to explain these key religious concepts in a nontechnical language and to communicate their meaning and logic to a person otherwise unfamiliar with the religion as a whole.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本大題為英文翻譯中文，旨在測試考生對英文學術性、較為艱澀的宗教學或社會學相關文本的理解與翻譯能力。考生需從三段英文中選擇兩段進行翻譯。以下提供每段的翻譯，考生可依據題目要求作答。
核心觀念：
這三段文字主要在描述不同宗教（或稱「傳統」）的演變、傳播及其核心概念的解釋方式。
詳解：
1. 翻譯：
這些宗教中的每一種，最初都起源於一群關係密切的民族的信仰。在現代世界中，每一種都已演變成全球性的社群，並且，有一個顯著的例外，每一種都超越了其起源，成為一個國際性的多元民族社群。當然，猶太教很大程度上透過其共同的遺產和祖先來定義自身，並擁有一個同樣引人入勝的不同故事。
解析：
- "Each of these religions" 指的是前面可能討論過的一系列宗教。
- "closely related ethnic peoples" 指的是有共同血緣或種族背景的群體。
- "transcended its beginning" 表示超越了最初的形態或限制。
- "international multiethnic community" 強調其全球化和跨越民族界線的特性。
- "Judaism, of course, largely defines itself by its common heritage and ancestry" 指出猶太教的獨特性，其認同感主要來自共同的歷史傳承和血脈，這使其在「國際性多元民族社群」的發展路徑上有所不同。
- "an alternative but equally fascinating story" 暗示猶太教的發展歷程雖然不同，但同樣值得關注。
【答案】考生需依據上述翻譯，選擇其中兩段進行翻譯。
2. 翻譯：
每一種傳統都發展出一種與個人相遇並將其引入精神實相的方式，以及一套對此的詞彙。它也發展出一套概念和一種語言，用以討論精神世界以及人類在其中的位置。
第 四、 題20 分
四、中翻英 20% (2 題任選 1 題,每題 20 分)
- 媽祖信仰在台灣非常普遍,媽祖廟四處可見,而流傳在台灣各地的媽祖傳說也十分豐富。媽祖俗名林默娘,為宋朝福建省興化府莆田縣人士,現在台灣慣常按照排行以「大媽」、「二媽」、「三媽」等等的名稱來稱呼媽祖,這樣的稱呼法並非由於每尊媽祖都各有其人,其實媽祖只有一人,即為林默娘,而不論排行第幾,這些媽祖都只是林默娘的分身而已。
- 本文將透過 WX 教的文化和宗教觀,分析其本身的宗教定位,以釐清台灣目前類似的新宗教之發展。文中將討論(一)WX 教的發展概況和教團組織;(二)WX 教的法會和儀式;(三)HY 禪師的開山祖師功能。筆者認為HY 具備的天啟和中介人身分特色,充分落實在他長年舉辦長程法會的內容、密度和分工。混元禪師藉由擴展堪輿信仰的宗教、文化層次,進而產生一個有別於通靈形式的新興宗教團體。
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本大題為中文翻譯英文，旨在測試考生對中文語意、文化脈絡的理解，以及將其準確翻譯成英文的能力，特別是涉及宗教信仰與社會現象的內容。考生需從兩段中文中選擇一段進行翻譯。
核心觀念：
第一段描述媽祖信仰的普遍性及其「分身」概念；第二段則是以 WX 教為例，分析台灣新興宗教的發展及其特點。
詳解：
1. 翻譯：
The belief in Mazu is extremely widespread in Taiwan, with Mazu temples visible everywhere, and the legends of Mazu circulating throughout Taiwan are also very rich. Mazu's secular name was Lin Moniang, a native of Putian County, Xinghua Prefecture, Fujian Province during the Song Dynasty. Currently in Taiwan, people commonly refer to Mazu by titles such as "Da Ma" (First Mazu), "Er Ma" (Second Mazu), and "San Ma" (Third Mazu) according to their ranking. This manner of address is not because each Mazu represents a different person; in reality, there is only one Mazu, namely Lin Moniang, and regardless of the ranking, these Mazus are merely her manifestations or avatars.
解析：
- "媽祖信仰在台灣非常普遍" -> "The belief in Mazu is extremely widespread in Taiwan" (使用 "widespread" 強調普遍性)。
- "媽祖廟四處可見" -> "with Mazu temples visible everywhere" (使用 "visible everywhere" 表達隨處可見)。
- "流傳在台灣各地的媽祖傳說也十分豐富" -> "and the legends of Mazu circulating throughout Taiwan are also very rich" (使用 "circulating throughout" 表達流傳，"rich" 表達豐富)。
- "媽祖俗名林默娘" -> "Mazu's secular name was Lin Moniang" (或 "Mazu, whose secular name was Lin Moniang")。
- "為宋朝福建省興化府莆田縣人士" -> "a native of Putian County, Xinghua Prefecture, Fujian Province during the Song Dynasty" (明確標示地點和朝代)。
- "現在台灣慣常按照排行以「大媽」、「二媽」、「三媽」等等的名稱來稱呼媽祖" -> "Currently in Taiwan, people commonly refer to Mazu by titles such as "Da Ma" (First Mazu), "Er Ma" (Second Mazu), and "San Ma" (Third Mazu) according to their ranking" (解釋了稱謂的來源和依據)。
- "這樣的稱呼法並非由於每尊媽祖都各有其人" -> "This manner of address is not because each Mazu represents a different person" (直接翻譯，"represents" 比 "is" 更貼切)。
- "其實媽祖只有一人,即為林默娘" -> "in reality, there is only one Mazu, namely Lin Moniang" (使用 "namely" 來連接，強調是同一人)。
- "而不論排行第幾,這些媽祖都只是林默娘的分身而已" -> "and regardless of the ranking, these Mazus are merely her manifestations or avatars" (使用 "manifestations" 或 "avatars" 來翻譯「分身」，"merely" 表示「只不過是」)。
【答案】考生需選擇此段進行翻譯。
2. 翻譯：
This paper analyzes the religious positioning of the WX religion by examining its culture and religious views, in order to clarify the development of simi