115 年 國立臺灣大學土木系碩士班水利組(一般生)《流體力學(C)》
第 1 題
- There is a gate that separates the liquid on the two sides of a rectangular tank. The liquid on the left-hand side is water. The liquid on the right-hand side is glycerin. The depth of the glycerin () is 3 m. The full length of the gate () is 1.5 m. The angle between the gate and the tank bottom () is 120°. The width of the tank is 3 m. The gravitational acceleration () is 9.8 m/s². The properties of the two liquids are listed in the table below. Please answer the following questions, ignoring the weight of the gate.
a. What is the total force () exerted on the gate by glycerin? Please also indicate the center of pressure (). (10%)
b. How much water needs to be filled into the tank to keep the gate from rotating? Please answer the question in terms of water depth (). (5%)
c. If the water depth is m, what is the minimum force we need to add () to keep the gate from rotating? Please also indicate the location of the force (). (10%)
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| Properties | Water | Glycerin |
|---|---|---|
| Molar mass [g·mol⁻¹] | 18.015 | 92.094 |
| Dynamic Viscosity [Pa·s] | 0.00089 | 1.412 |
| Density [kg/m³] | 997 | 1260 |
| Refractive index | 1.333 | 1.4746 |
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核心觀念
本題考查平面閘門上的靜水壓力合力、壓力中心,以及以底端為轉軸的力矩平衡。
閘門與水平底面夾角為 ,因此閘門實際上升方向與水平夾角為
閘門長度與寬度為
閘門頂端高於底部
因甘油液面高度為 m,故甘油完全浸沒閘門。
解題方法
令 表示沿閘門由底端向上量測的距離,則該位置的垂直高度為 。
甘油在該處的深度為
微小面積上的壓力為
其中
(a)甘油作用力與壓力中心
閘門形心深度為
代入得
閘門面積為
因此甘油對閘門的合力為
所以
壓力中心距閘門底端的距離,可由力矩定義求得:
因此
代入數值:
故壓力中心位於距閘門底端
其垂直於閘門的作用方向,並推動閘門向水側旋轉。
(b)使閘門不旋轉所需的水深
水側水深為 。由於所需水深會大於閘門頂端高度 m,因此水也完全浸沒閘門。
水側對閘門底端的力矩為
甘油側力矩為
第 2 題25 分
- There is a hollow sphere submerged in the water. The sphere is filled with mineral oil. The density of the mineral oil is . The drag force exerted by the water () is related to the velocity of the sphere () such that . Here, is the liquid density, is the cross-sectional area of the sphere, and is the drag coefficient, which depends on the Reynolds number . is the sphere diameter. is the kinematic viscosity of water. The relationship between and is shown in the figure below. Please answer the following questions, ignore the thickness and weight of the sphere shell.
a. The diameter of the sphere is . What is the buoyancy force exerted by the water? Hint: the volume of a sphere is . (5%)
b. What is the gravitational force acting on the sphere? (5%)
c. In which direction does the sphere move (up or down)? Please justify your answer. (5%)
d. Consider the gravitational force, buoyancy force, and drag force exerted by the water. Please estimate the terminal velocity of the sphere . Please also indicate the you estimated. (10%)
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核心觀念
本題考查浮力、重力與阻力的受力平衡。球體浸沒在水中時,浮力由排開水的體積決定;球內礦物油的重量則由油的質量決定。球體達到終端速度時,合力為零,阻力大小等於浮力與重力的差。
解題方法
原卷圖示為浸沒於水中的中空球,球內裝礦物油,球徑 ;阻力係數圖以對數刻度的 為橫軸、 為縱軸。依原卷另一頁的物性表取水密度 ,並取該頁所列重力加速度 ;本頁給定礦物油密度 。原卷將運動黏度單位印為 ,依運動黏度與雷諾數定義,計算採用 。
球體外部排水體積,也是忽略殼厚後的油體積:
a. 浮力
浮力等於排開水的重量:
b. 球體所受重力
忽略球殼重量,球體重量就是內部礦物油的重量:
c. 球體移動方向
浮力大於重力,向上的合力為
因此球體向上移動。
d. 終端速度與阻力係數
第 3 題25 分
- There is a wind blowing over a venting system. Air density () is . is , and is . The diameter of the pipe at Point A is . The diameter of the pipe at Point B is . .
a. Calculate the pressure difference between Point A and Point B using the Bernoulli equation. (5%)
b. The flow rate in the venting system is ; please calculate the cross-sectional averaged flow velocity at Point A () and Point B (). (5%)
c. Please indicate the direction of the flow in the pipe, and justify your answer. (5%)
d. Calculate the head loss due to the pipe friction using the energy equation; you may assume the kinetic energy correction factor is 1. (10%)
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核心觀念
本題考查外部風場的伯努力方程、管內流量與平均流速的關係,以及管內能量方程。管內的水頭損失以空氣的比重 換算。
解題方法
由圖讀得:管內兩端分別為 A、B,位置高程為 、;A、B 處外部風速分別為 與 。管徑為 、,管內流量 。
(a) A、B 兩點壓力差
沿外部風場套用伯努力方程:
因此:
代入 :
所以 ,A 點壓力比 B 點高約 。
(b) A、B 截面平均流速
由連續方程 ,且 :
(c) 管內流動方向
第 4 題25 分
- There is a tank filled with water. The tank area () is . The diameter of the two inlets ( and ) is and , respectively. The flow velocity in Inlet A () and Inlet B () is and , respectively. The hole is above the tank bottom (). The hole diameter () is .
a. Find the velocity at the hole () as a function of water depth () for using the Bernoulli equation, assuming that the flows of two inlets and outflow from the hole have negligible impact on the water surface elevation in the tank. (5%)
b. The current water depth () is 4 meters. The water jet from Point A is deflected by a vane (). Assume jet diameter is constant and neglect gravitational effect; please find the force exerted by the jet on the vane in horizontal () and vertical () directions. (10%)
c. Determine if the tank is filling or emptying. Please justify your answer using the concept of control volume. (5%)
d. How fast is the water surface elevation rising or falling in the tank? (5%)
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核心觀念
本題考查伯努力方程、噴流與葉片間的動量方程,以及控制體積的質量守恆。水槽自由液面與孔口都接大氣;忽略自由液面速度時,可由水頭差求孔口速度。水槽液面變化則由「流入量減流出量」決定。
解題方法
圖中水槽底部有兩個入口:、;、。水槽截面積為 ,孔口高於槽底 、直徑 。圖示葉片位於孔口噴流處,噴流向上偏轉 。題目文字將噴流寫成「Point A」,與圖中葉片位於孔口、孔口標示 不一致;以下依圖示,以孔口噴流撞擊葉片計算。
a. 孔口速度
取水槽自由液面與孔口為伯努力方程的兩點。兩處壓力皆為大氣壓,且自由液面速度可忽略:
因此
當 時,可近似為
b. 噴流對葉片的作用力
當 ,孔口水頭差為 ,故
孔口面積與質量流率為
令 軸向右、 軸向上。噴流進入葉片前速度為 ,離開時速度為 。由動量方程,噴流對葉片的力等於流體動量變化的反作用力: