113 年 國立清華大學動力機械工程學系碩士班庚組《科技英文》
第 1 題2 分
Carbon dioxide is a ____ of carbon and oxygen.
(A) compound,
(B) compounds,
(C) compounding,
(D) compound in,
(E) compounded
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此題考查名詞單複數與介詞的用法。
句子的主語是 "Carbon dioxide",其後是一個繫動詞 "is"。空格處需要填入一個名詞來解釋 "Carbon dioxide" 是什麼。
選項 (A) "compound" 是單數名詞,表示「化合物」。
選項 (B) "compounds" 是複數名詞,表示「化合物們」。
選項 (C) "compounding" 是動名詞或現在分詞,在此不適用。
第 2 題2 分
The new machine ____ the engineers attracted many possible sponsors.
(A) production,
(B) produced,
(C) produced by,
(D) producing,
(E) producing by
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核心觀念
- 句子主幹結構辨識(Subject-Verb Agreement):在單一獨立子句中,若無對等連接詞或從屬連接詞,只能有一個主要動詞(Finite Verb)。
- 關係子句的簡化(Reduced Relative Clause)與分詞片語後位修飾:
- 先行詞與動詞為主動關係:簡化為現在分詞()。
- 先行詞與動詞為被動關係:簡化為過去分詞(),動作執行者前需搭配介系詞
by。
解題方法
- 拆解句子成分,找出主幹:
- 主詞(Subject):
The new machine(這台新機器) - 主要動詞(Main Verb):
attracted(吸引了) - 受詞(Object):
many possible sponsors(許多潛在贊助商)
- 主詞(Subject):
- 分析空格功能:
句中已有主要動詞attracted,且前後並無連接詞,因此空格處與後方的the engineers必然是作為後位修飾語,用來修飾前方的主詞The new machine。 - 判斷語態與關係子句還原:
- 原形容詞子句還原:
- 簡化規則:省略關係代名詞
which與 be 動詞was,保留過去分詞片語作為後位修飾:
- 「機器」與「製造(produce)」之間為被動關係(機器被工程師製造),故必須使用過去分詞
produced搭配引導動作執行者的介系詞by。
- 原形容詞子句還原:
第 3 題2 分
The development of new technologies ____ challenging.
(A) remain,
(B) remains,
(C) is remained,
(D) are remained,
(E) remaining
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此題考查主詞與動詞的一致性。
句子的主詞是 "The development of new technologies"。
雖然後面有複數名詞 "technologies",但句子的真正主詞是單數名詞 "The development"。
因此,動詞應該使用單數形式。
選項 (A) "remain" 是複數動詞。
選項 (B) "remains" 是單數動詞。
第 4 題2 分
Each of the members ____ been selected by election.
(A) have,
(B) has,
(C) is,
(D) are,
(E) were
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此題考查主詞與動詞的一致性,以及時態的選擇。
句子的主詞是 "Each of the members"。
當主詞是 "Each" 或 "Every" 後接介詞片語時,動詞應使用單數形式。
因此,選項 (C) "is" 和 (E) "were" (通常用於單數主詞的過去式,但這裡不是單數主詞) 可以先排除。
選項 (D) "are" 是複數動詞,不適用。
剩下選項 (A) "have" (複數動詞) 和 (B) "has" (單數動詞)。
由於主詞是單數的 "Each",所以我們需要單數動詞。
第 5 題2 分
The submitted paper was published ____ November 2023.
(A) at,
(B) of,
(C) in,
(D) on,
(E) for
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此題考查介詞的用法,特別是與時間相關的介詞。
當談論月份、年份、季節或較長的時間段時,我們通常使用介詞 "in"。
選項 (A) "at" 通常用於具體的時間點,如 "at 3 PM" 或 "at noon"。
選項 (B) "of" 在這裡語意不合。
選項 (D) "on" 通常用於特定的日期,如 "on November 15th" 或 "on Monday"。
第 6 題2 分
____ solve the issues, we have previously developed a special machine.
(A) In,
(B) Of,
(C) For,
(D) From,
(E) To
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此題考查不定詞片語的用法,表示目的。
句子的後半部分是 "we have previously developed a special machine." (我們之前開發了一台特殊的機器。)
前半部分需要說明開發這台機器的目的。
當不定詞片語用來表示目的時,通常放在句首或句尾,前面不加介詞,或者使用 "in order to" 或 "so as to"。
第 7 題2 分
A microscope ____ a small thing appear much larger than it is.
(A) make,
(B) makes,
(C) made in,
(D) made from,
(E) making
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此題考查動詞的時態與語態,以及使役動詞的用法。
句子的主詞是 "A microscope",這是單數名詞。
句子描述的是顯微鏡的功能,是一個一般性的陳述,所以應該使用現在時態。
另外,"make something appear" 是一個常見的結構,表示「使得某物看起來...」。
這裡的 "make" 是使役動詞,後面接原形動詞 "appear"。
由於主詞 "A microscope" 是單數,所以動詞需要使用單數現在式形式。
選項 (A) "make" 是複數現在式動詞或原形動詞。
第 8 題2 分
The narrower channel fabrication is ____ fabrication than the wider channel fabrication.
(A) difficult,
(B) more difficult,
(C) most difficult,
(D) difficulty,
(E) difficulties
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此題考查比較級的用法。
句子比較的是 "The narrower channel fabrication" 和 "the wider channel fabrication" 這兩者之間的「困難度」。
這裡比較的是兩個對象(較窄的通道製造 vs. 較寬的通道製造),所以應該使用比較級。
空格處需要填入一個形容詞或副詞的比較級形式,來描述 "fabrication" 的性質。
選項 (A) "difficult" 是形容詞原級。
選項 (B) "more difficult" 是形容詞 "difficult" 的比較級。
選項 (C) "most difficult" 是形容詞 "difficult" 的最高級。
選項 (D) "difficulty" 是名詞,表示「困難」。
第 9 題2 分
The glass material has good ____ for chemical samples.
(A) stay,
(B) stable,
(C) stability,
(D) static,
(E) steady
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此題考查詞性辨識與搭配。
句子的結構是 "The glass material has good ____"。
"good" 是形容詞,它後面通常接名詞。
空格處需要填入一個名詞,來描述玻璃材料所擁有的良好特性。
選項 (A) "stay" 是動詞或名詞,在這裡語意不合。
選項 (B) "stable" 是形容詞,語意是「穩定的」。
選項 (C) "stability" 是名詞,表示「穩定性」。
選項 (D) "static" 是形容詞,表示「靜態的」,或名詞表示「靜電」。
第 10 題2 分
The ____ of the coated material was nanometer level.
(A) thick,
(B) thicker,
(C) thickest,
(D) thickness,
(E) thicks.
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此題考查詞性辨識。
句子的結構是 "The ____ of the coated material was nanometer level."
"The" 後面通常接名詞。
空格處需要填入一個名詞,表示「塗層材料的什麼」是奈米級的。
選項 (A) "thick" 是形容詞,表示「厚的」。
選項 (B) "thicker" 是形容詞 "thick" 的比較級。
選項 (C) "thickest" 是形容詞 "thick" 的最高級。
第 11 題2 分
The characteristic ____ of the sample were performed by the experiments.
(A) analyze,
(B) analyzed,
(C) analyst,
(D) analysis,
(E) analyses
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 詞性辨識:空格需要填入名詞。
- 主詞與動詞的數一致:
analyses為複數名詞,搭配複數動詞were。 analysis的單複數變化:analysis:分析,單數名詞analyses:分析,多數分析,複數名詞
句子主幹為:
The characteristic ____ of the sample were performed by the experiments.
其中 The characteristic ____ of the sample 是主詞,were performed 是被動語態的複數動詞,因此空格應填複數名詞。
解題方法
先判斷空格的詞性。
The characteristic ____ of the sample 中,characteristic 在此作形容詞,表示「特性的、特徵的」,用來修飾空格中的名詞;of the sample 則表示「樣品的」。
因此,空格應形成「樣品的特性分析」:
The characteristic analyses of the sample were performed by the experiments.
再觀察動詞 were。were 為複數形式,表示主詞必須是複數。analyses 是 analysis 的複數形,符合文法與語意。
完整句意為:
該樣品的特性分析是透過這些實驗完成的。
因此正確答案為 analyses。
選項分析
-
(A) analyze
analyze是動詞原形,表示「分析」。放在The characteristic ____ of the sample中,無法作為被修飾的中心名詞;此外,The characteristic analyze of the sample詞性與句意皆不通。錯誤。
-
(B) analyzed
第 12 題2 分
The droplet size ____ as the pressure increases.
(A) depends,
(B) demands,
(C) decreases,
(D) defends,
(E) defines
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此題考查動詞的選擇,需符合語意。
句子的結構是 "The droplet size ____ as the pressure increases."
主詞是 "The droplet size" (液滴的大小),這是單數名詞。
"as the pressure increases" 表示「隨著壓力的增加」。
我們需要一個動詞來描述液滴大小如何隨著壓力變化。
選項 (A) "depends" (取決於),通常與 "on" 連用,如 "depends on"。在這裡語意不合。
第 13 題2 分
The errors in the data were estimated using calculations of standard ____.
(A) delivery,
(B) demonstration,
(C) deviation,
(D) declaration,
(E) decomposition
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此題考查統計學相關的詞彙。
句子的結構是 "The errors in the data were estimated using calculations of standard ____."
"standard" 是形容詞,後面需要接一個名詞。
"standard ____" 是一個常見的統計學術語。
選項 (A) "delivery" (遞送),語意不合。
選項 (B) "demonstration" (演示),語意不合。
第 14 題2 分
The target molecule was damaged by ____ measurement methods.
(A) incentive,
(B) inventive,
(C) instinctive,
(D) instructive,
(E) invasive
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此題考查形容詞的選擇,需符合語意。
句子的結構是 "The target molecule was damaged by ____ measurement methods."
這裡描述了測量方法對目標分子造成的影響。
選項 (A) "incentive" (刺激,獎勵),語意不合。
選項 (B) "inventive" (有創造力的),語意不合。
選項 (C) "instinctive" (本能的),語意不合。
第 15 題2 分
Phase ____ occurs during the boiling of the water.
(A) transition,
(B) transmission,
(C) translation,
(D) transaction,
(E) transportation
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題意翻譯
在水沸騰的過程中會發生相態轉換(相變)。
核心觀念
本題測驗「理工專業領域的固定名詞搭配(Collocation)」以及「以字首 trans-(穿過、跨越、轉變)為首的同字根混淆單字辨析」。
在工程熱力學(Engineering Thermodynamics)與物理化學中,物質由一種相態轉變為另一種相態(例如水在定壓下受熱,由液相轉變為氣相)的物理現象,標準專有名詞稱為 phase transition(或 phase change,相變 / 相轉移 / 相態轉換)。
解題方法
- 分析物理情境:
題幹敘述提到during the boiling of the water(水沸騰期間),水沸騰是典型的由「液態(liquid phase)」轉變為「氣態(vapor/gas phase)」之吸熱物理變化過程。 - 鎖定專業術語搭配:
空格前已有名詞Phase(相/相態),空格需填入名詞構成複合名詞(Compound Noun)作為主詞。在理工專業英文中,表示「相態改變」的專有名詞即為 phase transition。 - 字根字首辨析:
選項皆帶有字首trans-(跨越、轉移),需根據各單字的詞根含意精確區分其在工程與科學脈絡中的用途。
選項分析
- (A) transition(正確):
名詞,字根源自 trans-(跨越)+ -it-(走),意為「過渡、轉變、轉換」。在熱力學與材料科學中,phase transition 為固定專有名詞,代表「相變/相轉移」,完全吻合水沸騰的物理過程。 - (B) transmission(錯誤):
名詞,字根源自 trans-(跨越)+ -mit-(送),意為「傳送、傳播、傳動、(車輛)變速箱」。常見於信號傳輸(signal transmission)、熱傳遞或機械動力傳動(power transmission),不可與 phase 搭配表示相態轉變。
第 16 題2 分
The Carnot cycle is closely related to the second law of ____.
(A) thermal,
(B) thermally,
(C) thermodynamic,
(D) thermodynamics,
(E) thermodynamically
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此題考查科學術語的詞性。
句子的結構是 "The Carnot cycle is closely related to the second law of ____."
"the second law of" 後面需要接一個名詞,指代一個科學定律的名稱。
選項 (A) "thermal" 是形容詞,表示「熱的」。
選項 (B) "thermally" 是副詞,表示「從熱學上來說」。
第 17 題2 分
The meeting had great difficulty in developing a consensus due to the ____ opinions of members.
(A) trivial,
(B) common,
(C) divergent,
(D) explicit,
(E) fundamental
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此題考查形容詞的選擇,需符合語意。
句子的結構是 "The meeting had great difficulty in developing a consensus due to the ____ opinions of members."
「會議在達成共識方面遇到了很大困難」,原因是「成員們的意見...」。
為了達成共識,意見通常需要趨於一致。如果意見很不一致,就會導致困難。
選項 (A) "trivial" (瑣碎的),意見可能是瑣碎的,但這不直接導致達成共識的困難。
選項 (B) "common" (共同的),如果意見是共同的,那反而容易達成共識。
第 18 題2 分
Too much information in the presentation disturbed a better ____ of the audience.
(A) beauty,
(B) understanding,
(C) element,
(D) transparency,
(E) concern
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此題考查名詞的選擇,需符合語意。
句子的結構是 "Too much information in the presentation disturbed a better ____ of the audience."
「簡報中的過多資訊干擾了聽眾更好的...」。
過多的資訊會阻礙聽眾對內容的理解。
選項 (A) "beauty" (美麗),語意不合。
選項 (B) "understanding" (理解),過多的資訊會影響聽眾的理解。
第 19 題2 分
The energy conversion ____ was improved by the doping of different ions.
(A) efficiency,
(B) intelligence,
(C) mineral,
(D) prestige,
(E) stomach
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本題考查名詞的語意選擇。
題目 "The energy conversion ____ was improved by the doping of different ions." 意為「能量轉換的____透過摻雜不同離子而得到改善。」
"Energy conversion" (能量轉換) 是一個與效率、性能相關的領域。
"Doping of different ions" (摻雜不同離子) 是一種常見的材料改質技術,通常用於改善材料的導電性、光學性質或催化性能,進而影響能量轉換的效率。
選項分析:
第 20 題2 分
Discovered air bubbles trapped thousands of years ago in Antarctic ice are ____ time capsules filled with information for scientists.
(A) amiable,
(B) impenetrable,
(C) treatable,
(D) valuable,
(E) unreasonable
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此題考查形容詞的選擇,需符合語意。
句子的結構是 "Discovered air bubbles... are ____ time capsules..."
「在南極冰中發現的、數千年前被困住的氣泡,是充滿科學家資訊的...時間膠囊。」
氣泡作為儲存古代資訊的載體,對科學家來說具有重要的價值。
選項 (A) "amiable" (友善的),語意不合。
選項 (B) "impenetrable" (無法穿透的),氣泡本身是氣體,但作為「時間膠囊」的特性,"impenetrable" 可以表示它保存了資訊而不易被破壞。
選項 (C) "treatable" (可處理的,可醫治的),語意不合。
選項 (D) "valuable" (有價值的),氣泡包含古代資訊,對科學家而言非常有價值。
選項 (E) "unreasonable" (不合理的),語意不合。
第 21 題2 分
The ____ of the particles under a pressure-driven flow was recorded using a microscope and camera.
(A) director,
(B) perception,
(C) security,
(D) trajectory,
(E) wisdom
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此題考查名詞的選擇,需符合語意。
句子的結構是 "The ____ of the particles under a pressure-driven flow was recorded..."
「在壓力驅動流動下,粒子的什麼被顯微鏡和攝影機記錄下來。」
在流體力學中,粒子在流動中的運動路徑通常被稱為軌跡。
選項 (A) "director" (導演,指導者),語意不合。
選項 (B) "perception" (感知),語意不合。
選項 (C) "security" (安全),語意不合。
第 22 題2 分
The unit of energy is ____.
(A) W,
(B) N,
(C) N/m,
(D) N/m2,
(E) J
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此題考查物理學基本單位。
問題詢問「能量的單位是什麼」。
選項 (A) "W" 是瓦特 (Watt),是功率的單位。
選項 (B) "N" 是牛頓 (Newton),是力的單位。
第 23 題2 分
____ is calculated by multiplying current by voltage.
(A) Resistance,
(B) Power,
(C) Force,
(D) Intensity,
(E) Capacitance
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此題考查電學基本公式。
問題詢問「什麼是由電流乘以電壓計算得出的」。
根據歐姆定律和功率公式:
功率 (Power) ,其中 是電壓 (Voltage), 是電流 (Current)。
選項 (A) "Resistance" (電阻),電阻 。
選項 (B) "Power" (功率),功率 。
第 24 題2 分
Silicon carbide (chemical formula: ____) is widely used as a semiconductor material.
(A) SC,
(B) SCa,
(C) SiC,
(D) SICO,
(E) SiCa
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此題考查化學式。
問題詢問「碳化矽的化學式」。
碳化矽是由矽 (Silicon, Si) 和碳 (Carbon, C) 組成的化合物。
其化學式為 SiC。
選項 (A) "SC" (硫化碳?),不正確。
第 25 題2 分
The ____ energy from the turbine is converted into electric power in a power plant.
(A) electric,
(B) thermal,
(C) chemical,
(D) optical,
(E) kinetic
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此題考查能量形式的轉換。
在發電廠中,渦輪機 (turbine) 通常是由流體(如蒸汽或水)驅動旋轉。
這種流體的動能或壓力能驅動渦輪機旋轉,將其動能轉換為機械能。
然後,渦輪機帶動發電機,將機械能轉換為電能。
因此,渦輪機利用的是流體的動能 (kinetic energy)。
選項 (A) "electric" (電能),這是最終輸出的形式,不是渦輪機直接利用的。
選項 (B) "thermal" (熱能),熱能是蒸汽的來源,但渦輪機直接利用的是蒸汽的動能。
選項 (C) "chemical" (化學能),例如燃料燃燒產生熱能,但不是渦輪機直接利用的。
選項 (D) "optical" (光能),語意不合。
第 26 題2 分
Nanofluidics is the study of fluids ____ in nanochannels (channel size: 1-1000 nm)
(A) confine,
(B) confines,
(C) confined,
(D) is confined,
(E) are confined
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此題考查分詞構句或動詞的時態與語態。
句子的主語是 "Nanofluidics",是單數名詞。
句子的結構是 "Nanofluidics is the study of fluids ____ in nanochannels..."
這裡的 "fluids" 是受詞,後面需要一個修飾語來描述這些流體在奈米通道中的狀態。
空格處可以是一個過去分詞片語,表示被動的狀態,或者是一個現在分詞片語,表示主動的狀態。
選項 (A) "confine" 是動詞原形。
選項 (B) "confines" 是單數現在式動詞。
選項 (C) "confined" 是過去分詞,可以構成被動語態或作為形容詞片語。
選項 (D) "is confined" 是單數現在式被動語態。
選項 (E) "are confined" 是複數現在式被動語態。
由於 "fluids" 是複數名詞,且這裡描述的是流體被「限制」在奈米通道中的狀態,所以我們需要一個複數的被動語態形式。
選項 (E) "are confined" 是複數現在式被動語態,表示「被限制在」。
選項 (C) "confined" 作為過去分詞,也可以在這裡作為形容詞片語修飾 "fluids",表示「被限制在...的流體」。
第 27 題2 分
and has recently attracted much attention ____ the development of new functionalities and applications.
(A) regard,
(B) regards,
(C) regarded,
(D) is regarded,
(E) regarding
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此題考查介詞或分詞的用法。
句子的結構是 "...has recently attracted much attention ____ the development of new functionalities and applications."
這裡需要一個詞來連接 "attention" 和後面的名詞片語 "the development...",表示「關於」或「針對」這個發展。
選項 (A) "regard" 是動詞或名詞。
選項 (B) "regards" 是動詞第三人稱單數。
選項 (C) "regarded" 是過去分詞。
第 28 題2 分
For nanofluidics, precise channel fabrication and fluidic control are ____ at the nanometer scale.
(A) require,
(B) requires,
(C) required,
(D) need,
(E) needs
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此題考查動詞的時態與語態。
句子的主詞是 "precise channel fabrication and fluidic control",這是兩個名詞的並列,構成複數主詞。
句子結構是 "...are ____ at the nanometer scale."
這裡需要一個動詞的被動語態形式,表示「在奈米尺度下,精確的通道製造和流體控制是...」
選項 (A) "require" 是複數動詞原形。
選項 (B) "requires" 是單數動詞。
選項 (C) "required" 是過去分詞,可以構成被動語態。
第 29 題2 分
In addition, ____ the surface-to-volume ratio of a nano-space is extremely high,
(A) since,
(B) from,
(C) that,
(D) however,
(E) for
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此題考查連接詞的選擇。
句子的前半部分是 "In addition, ____ the surface-to-volume ratio of a nano-space is extremely high,"
後半部分是 "the surface is its 30 feature."
這裡需要一個連接詞來引導一個原因或解釋。
選項 (A) "since" (因為),可以引導原因狀語從句。
選項 (B) "from" (從),介詞。
選項 (C) "that" (that引導名詞子句或關係子句)。
選項 (D) "however" (然而),表示轉折。
第 30 題2 分
the surface is its ____ feature.
(A) assertive,
(B) conscientious,
(C) dominant,
(D) graceful,
(E) talented
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此題考查形容詞的選擇,需符合語意。
前面一句提到 "the surface-to-volume ratio of a nano-space is extremely high"。
後面一句是 "the surface is its ____ feature."
這意味著由於表面積與體積比很高,表面在奈米空間中扮演著非常重要的角色,成為其主要的特徵。
選項 (A) "assertive" (果斷的),語意不合。
選項 (B) "conscientious" (認真的,盡責的),語意不合。
第 31 題2 分
novel functional devices ____ difficult to obtain using conventional bulk spaces.
(A) are,
(B) that,
(C) are that,
(D) that are,
(E) are going to be
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核心觀念
本題考查主詞與動詞的完整句型。句子的主詞是複數名詞片語 novel functional devices,空格後的 difficult to obtain using conventional bulk spaces 是形容詞片語,說明這些裝置「難以取得」。一般性敘述可用 be 動詞 + 形容詞片語:
主詞是複數,因此現在式 be 動詞用 are。
解題方法
先找出主詞 novel functional devices,再看空格後方的 difficult。difficult 是形容詞,前面需要 be 動詞連接,形成完整的主詞與述語:
Novel functional devices are difficult to obtain using conventional bulk spaces.
全句意為:「使用傳統的塊材空間,很難取得新型功能性裝置。」依科技英文常見的一般性陳述,現在式 are difficult 最合適。
選項分析
- (A) are:正確。 與複數主詞 devices 搭配,並以 be 動詞連接形容詞 difficult,句子完整。
- **(B) that:錯誤。
第 32 題2 分
What is equal to 1000 nm?
(A) m,
(B) m,
(C) m,
(D) m,
(E) m
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核心觀念
本題考查 SI 國際單位制中的長度前綴:
- ,其中 nano-(奈)代表 。
- 。
因此:
解題方法
將奈米先換成公尺,再合併十的次方:
所以 等於 ,也就是 。
選項分析
-
(A) :錯誤。
是 公尺,遠大於 奈米。 -
(B) :錯誤。
這是 公尺,數值方向完全相反。
第 33 題2 分
What is the volume of the cubic with 100 nm width, 100 nm height, and 100 nm length?
(A) liter,
(B) liter,
(C) liter,
(D) liter,
(E) liter
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核心觀念
本題考查立方體體積公式與奈米(nm)和公升(liter, L)之間的單位換算。
立方體體積為:
其中 為立方體的邊長。題目給出的寬、高、長皆為 ,因此可視為邊長為 的立方體。
單位換算關係如下:
解題方法
先將邊長換算成公尺:
立方體體積為:
再將立方公尺換算成公升:
因此體積為:
選項分析
- (A) liter:錯誤。
此數值比正確答案大了 倍,並非 立方體的體積。
第 34 題2 分
When 1 nN is applied to the area with 1000 nm width and 1000 nm height, what is the pressure value?
(A) 1 mPa,
(B) 1 Pa,
(C) 1 hPa,
(D) 1 kPa,
(E) 1 MPa
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核心觀念
壓力定義為單位面積所承受的垂直力:
其中:
- :壓力,單位為 Pa
- :作用力,單位為 N
- :受力面積,單位為
本題需先將奈米(nm)與奈牛頓(nN)換算成 SI 基本單位。
解題方法
正方形受力區域的寬與高皆為 。
因為:
所以受力面積為:
作用力為:
代入壓力公式:
而:
因此正確答案為 (D) 1 kPa。
選項分析
第 35 題3 分
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
Figure 1. Measured voltage and current value as functions of applied pressure with controlling the pressure pump. "-O-" shows an unmodified glass surface, and "-NH3+" shows a modified surface by amino group. The current and voltage were proportional to the applied pressure, which indicates that the flow rate inside the channels was increased according to the increase of applied pressures. Then, the increase of flow rate contributed to the increase of current and voltage. Positive current and voltage values were obtained on a negatively charged surface. A positively charged surface was obtained by modification with amino group, which resulted in surface amino groups yielding negative current and voltage values. Therefore, information corresponding to the surface charge state was reflected by the electric signals obtained.
What parameters were measured and controlled?
(A) Voltage was measured with controlling pressure.
(B) Current was measured with controlling pressure.
(C) Voltage and current were measured with controlling pressure.
(D) Pressure was measured with controlling voltage and current.
(E) All of the voltage, current, and pressure were controlled and measured.
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此題考查對實驗描述的理解。
實驗描述中提到:"Measured voltage and current value as functions of applied pressure with controlling the pressure pump."
這句話清楚地表明:
- 測量 (measured) 的參數是 "voltage and current value"。
第 36 題3 分
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
Figure 1. Measured voltage and current value as functions of applied pressure with controlling the pressure pump. "-O-" shows an unmodified glass surface, and "-NH3+" shows a modified surface by amino group. The current and voltage were proportional to the applied pressure, which indicates that the flow rate inside the channels was increased according to the increase of applied pressures. Then, the increase of flow rate contributed to the increase of current and voltage. Positive current and voltage values were obtained on a negatively charged surface. A positively charged surface was obtained by modification with amino group, which resulted in surface amino groups yielding negative current and voltage values. Therefore, information corresponding to the surface charge state was reflected by the electric signals obtained.
Why current and voltage values on unmodified surface were increased with increasing the applied pressure?
(A) Because the voltage increased the current.
(B) Because the current increased the voltage.
(C) Because the current and voltage indued the pressure.
(D) Because the pressure induced the flow rate and flow rate induced the current and voltage.
(E) Not mentioned.
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此題考查對實驗描述的理解,尋找因果關係。
實驗描述中有這樣一段話:"The current and voltage were proportional to the applied pressure, which indicates that the flow rate inside the channels was increased according to the increase of applied pressures. Then, the increase of flow rate contributed to the increase of current and voltage."
第 37 題3 分
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
Figure 1. Measured voltage and current value as functions of applied pressure with controlling the pressure pump. "-O-" shows an unmodified glass surface, and "-NH3+" shows a modified surface by amino group. The current and voltage were proportional to the applied pressure, which indicates that the flow rate inside the channels was increased according to the increase of applied pressures. Then, the increase of flow rate contributed to the increase of current and voltage. Positive current and voltage values were obtained on a negatively charged surface. A positively charged surface was obtained by modification with amino group, which resulted in surface amino groups yielding negative current and voltage values. Therefore, information corresponding to the surface charge state was reflected by the electric signals obtained.
What is the relationship between the electric signal and surface charge?
(A) The electric signal with a sign opposite to the surface charge was obtained.
(B) The electric signal with a sign similar to the surface charge was obtained.
(C) The electric signal was obtained by neutral surface charge.
(D) The electric signal was obtained by surface charge only on the unmodified surface.
(E) No relationship between the electric signal and surface charge.
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此題考查對實驗描述的理解,尋找電信號與表面電荷的關係。
實驗描述中有這樣一段話:"Positive current and voltage values were obtained on a negatively charged surface. A positively charged surface was obtained by modification with amino group, which resulted in surface amino groups yielding negative current and voltage values. Therefore, information corresponding to the surface charge state was reflected by the electric signals obtained."
第 38 題3 分
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
Figure 2: Results of liquid replacement from water to a fluorescent solution using the structure of nanochannel(upstream)-microchannel. The replacement of the liquid in the nanochannel was finished in approximately 1 minute because the fluorescent signal was saturated after 1 minute. Then, the fluorescent solution was continuously supplied to the microchannel, and the replacement of liquids in the microchannel was finished in approximately 4 minutes. The signal intensity of the microchannel was much higher than that of the nanochannel due to the difference in the channel sizes. The replacement time was reasonable because the flow rate of the system was 5 pL/min and the volume of the microchannel was 20 pL. From these results, liquid replacement in the microchannel using the nanochannel was successfully achieved.
Why did the fluorescent signal of the microchannel become stable after 4 minutes?
(A) Because water was introduced to the microchannel after 4 minutes.
(B) Because the introduced fluorescent solution was diluted by water in the microchannel.
(C) Because water in the microchannel was replaced by the introduced fluorescent solution.
(D) Because the fluorescent solution in the microchannel was removed from the nanochannel.
(E) Not mentioned.
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此題考查對圖表和實驗描述的理解。
實驗描述中提到:「Then, the fluorescent solution was continuously supplied to the microchannel, and the replacement of liquids in the microchannel was finished in approximately 4 minutes.」
這表明在約 4 分鐘時,微通道中的液體替換(從水替換為螢光溶液)已經完成。
第 39 題3 分
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】
Figure 2: Results of liquid replacement from water to a fluorescent solution using the structure of nanochannel(upstream)-microchannel. The replacement of the liquid in the nanochannel was finished in approximately 1 minute because the fluorescent signal was saturated after 1 minute. Then, the fluorescent solution was continuously supplied to the microchannel, and the replacement of liquids in the microchannel was finished in approximately 4 minutes. The signal intensity of the microchannel was much higher than that of the nanochannel due to the difference in the channel sizes. The replacement time was reasonable because the flow rate of the system was 5 pL/min and the volume of the microchannel was 20 pL. From these results, liquid replacement in the microchannel using the nanochannel was successfully achieved.
Choose the incorrect answer about the data in Figure 2.
(A) The fluorescent solution was introduced from the microchannel to the nanochannel.
(B) It took approximately 4 minutes to replace the liquid in the microchannel because the fluorescent signal was saturated after 4 minutes.
(C) The size of the microchannel was much larger than the nanochannel. Therefore, the fluorescent signals of the microchannel were higher.
(D) To replace the 20 pL volume in the microchannel, 20 pL of fluorescent solution was introduced with 5 pL/min for 4 minutes.
(E) Finally, water in the microchannel and nanochannels was replaced with a fluorescent solution.
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此題要求找出關於圖二數據的錯誤敘述。我們逐一分析每個選項:
(A) "The fluorescent solution was introduced from the microchannel to the nanochannel."
實驗描述提到:「The replacement of the liquid in the nanochannel was finished in approximately 1 minute... Then, the fluorescent solution was continuously supplied to the microchannel...」
這表明螢光溶液是供應到微通道,並替換其中的水。而奈米通道中的水也被替換。
描述中沒有明確說螢光溶液是從微通道進入奈米通道。事實上,實驗結構是 "nanochannel(upstream)-microchannel"。通常是從上游進入下游。
實驗描述的順序是:先替換奈米通道的液體(約1分鐘),然後螢光溶液供應到微通道,替換微通道的液體(約4分鐘)。
這暗示了螢光溶液是從外部供應,然後進入奈米通道,再到微通道,或者直接進入微通道。
但是,如果螢光溶液是從微通道進入奈米通道,那麼微通道中的水就不會被替換。
描述中說「replacement of the liquid in the nanochannel was finished in approximately 1 minute」,這意味著奈米通道中的水也被替換了。
而「螢光溶液被連續供應到微通道」,這表示螢光溶液是進入微通道。
所以,螢光溶液可能是先進入奈米通道,再進入微通道,或者直接進入微通道。
"The fluorescent solution was introduced from the microchannel to the nanochannel" 這句話的意思是,螢光溶液是從微通道進入奈米通道。這與實驗結構的順序(奈米通道在上游)和替換過程(奈米通道先被替換,然後微通道)不符。
因此,選項 (A) 很有可能是錯誤的。
(B) "It took approximately 4 minutes to replace the liquid in the microchannel because the fluorescent signal was saturated after 4 minutes."
實驗描述提到:「...the replacement of liquids in the microchannel was finished in approximately 4 minutes.」