112 年 國立臺灣大學外文學系碩士班《英美文學史》

第 1 題25 分

Choose ONE of the passages to identify the period and title of the work, and discuss its significance in the development of English literature. (25%)

(A)
"Chees now," quod she, "oon of thise things twaye:
To han me foul and old til that I deye
And be to you a trewe humble wif,
And nevere you displease in al my lif,
Or elles ye wol han me yong and fiar,
And take youre aventure of the repair
That shal be to youre hous by cause of me—
Or in some other place, wel may be.
Now chees yourselven wheither that you liketh."
This knight aviseth him and sore siketh;
But atte laste he saide in this manere:
"My lady and my love, and wif so dere,
I putte me in youre wise governaunce:
Cheseth yourself which may be most plesaunce
And most honour to you and me also.
I do not fors the wheither of the two,
For as you liketh it suffiseth me."

(B)
"And now he spurns my silk," the lady responded,
"so simple in itself, or so it appears,
so little and unlikely, worth nothing, or less.
But the knight who knew of the power knitted in it
would pay a high price to possess it, perhaps.
For the body which is bound within this green belt,
as long as it is buckled robustly about him,
will be safe against anyone who seeks to strike him,
and all the slyness on earth wouldn't see him slain."
The man mulled it over, and it entered his mind
it might just be the jewel for the jeopardy he faced
and save him from the strike in his challenge at the chapel.
With luck, it might let him escape with his life.

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這一題的完整詳解

這道題目要求考生辨識其中一個詩文片段,並討論其所屬的文學時期、作品名稱,以及該作品在英國文學發展上的意義。考生需要從 (A) 和 (B) 兩個片段中選擇其一進行分析。

針對 (A) 片段的詳解:

  • 辨識與歸屬:

    • 語言特徵: 此段文字使用中古英語(Middle English),例如 "chees" (choose), "quod" (said), "thise" (these), "twaye" (two), "han" (have), "til" (until), "wif" (wife), "ye" (you), "wol" (will), "fiar" (fair), "shale" (shall), "liketh" (pleases), "aviseth" (advises), "siketh" (sighs), "atte laste" (at the last), "manere" (manner), "dere" (dear), "putte" (put), "governaunce" (governance), "cheseth" (choose), "plesaunce" (pleasure), "fors" (for), "suffiseth" (suffices)。這些詞彙和語法結構明顯指向喬叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)的作品。
    • 內容與風格: 對話形式,騎士與貴婦之間的互動,涉及婚姻、外貌、權力與服從的討論,風格幽默且帶有諷刺意味,這是喬叟《坎特伯里故事集》(The Canterbury Tales)的典型特徵。
    • 作品與時期: 《坎特伯里故事集》是英國文學史上最重要的中古英語作品之一,寫於14世紀末(約1387-1400年)。喬叟被譽為「英國詩歌之父」。
  • 在英國文學發展上的意義:

    • 確立英語文學地位: 喬叟選擇使用當時被認為是「低俗」的英語(而非法語或拉丁語)來創作,極大地提升了英語的文學地位,為後來的英語文學奠定了基礎。
    • 現實主義的描繪: 《坎特伯里故事集》以朝聖者們講述故事的方式,生動地描繪了14世紀英國社會各階層的人物群像,包括騎士、教士、商人、婦女等,展現了豐富的社會風貌和人性百態,是英國現實主義文學的早期典範。
    • 敘事藝術的創新: 喬叟在敘事結構、人物塑造、對話描寫等方面展現了高超的技巧,其多樣化的故事類型(包括浪漫、諷刺、悲劇、寓言等)和敘事視角,對後世的英國小說和戲劇產生了深遠影響。
    • 語言的規範化: 喬叟的作品對中古英語的發展和規範化起到了重要作用,他的倫敦方言逐漸成為標準的英語。

針對 (B) 片段的詳解:

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第 3 題25 分

Identify the period, author, and title of ONE of the poems and then provide textual and contextual analysis. You discussion MUST include comments on the school the work belongs to, such as its characteristic traits and other writers of the same school. (25%)

(A)
Turning and turning in the widening gyre
The falcon cannot hear the falconer;
Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold;
Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world,
The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere
The ceremony of innocence is drowned;
The best lack all conviction, while the worst
Are full of passionate intensity.
Surely some revelation is at hand;
Surely the Second Coming is at hand.
The Second Coming! Hardly are those words out
When a vast image out of Spiritus Mundi
Troubles my sight: somewhere in sands of the desert
A shape with lion body and the head of a man,
A gaze blank and pitiless as the sun,
Is moving its slow thighs, while all about it
Reel shadows of the indignant desert birds.
The darkness drops again; but now I know
That twenty centuries of stony sleep
Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,
And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,
Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?

(B)
Mark but this flea, and mark in this,
How little that which thou deniest me is;
Me it sucked first, and now sucks thee,
And in this flea our two bloods mingled be;
Thou know'st that this cannot be said
A sin, or shame, or loss of maidenhead,
Yet this enjoys before it woo,
And pampered swells with one blood made of two,
And this, alas, is more than we would do.
Oh stay, three lives in one flea spare,
Where we almost, nay more than married are.
This flea is you and I, and this
Our marriage bed, and marriage temple is;
Though parents grudge, and you, we are met,
And cloistered in these living walls of jet.
Though use make you apt to kill me,
Let not to that, self-murder added be,
And sacrilege, three sins in killing three.
Cruel and sudden, hast thou since
Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence?
Wherein could this flea guilty be,
Except in that<seg_80> drop which it sucked from thee?
Yet thou triumph'st, and say'st that thou
Find'st not thy self, nor me the weaker now;
'Tis true; then learn how false, fears be:
Just so much honor, when thou yield'st to me,
Will waste, as this flea's death took life from thee.

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這一題的完整詳解

這道題目要求考生辨識其中一個詩歌片段,並分析其所屬的文學時期、作者、作品名稱,以及該作品所屬的文學流派及其特徵。

針對 (A) 片段的詳解:

  • 辨識作者、標題與時期:

    • 作者與標題: 此詩為W. B. Yeats(威廉·巴特勒·葉慈)的《第二次降臨》("The Second Coming")。
    • 時期: 寫於1919年,收錄於1920年的詩集《鸚鵡螺與豎琴》(Michael Robartes and the Dancer)中。
  • 文本分析:

    • 開篇意象: 「盤旋的鷹隼聽不見馴鷹師的聲音」("The falcon cannot hear the falconer"),這是一個極具象徵意義的開場,暗示了失去控制、溝通斷裂和秩序崩潰。
    • 世界的分崩離析: 「萬物分崩離析;中心無法維繫」("Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold")是詩中最為人熟知的一句,描繪了社會、政治和精神秩序的全面瓦解。
    • 暴力與混亂: 「血染的潮水湧起,到處都是」、「純真的儀式被淹沒」、「善良者缺乏一切信念,而惡徒充滿熱情」("The blood-dimmed tide is loosed," "The ceremony of innocence is drowned," "The best lack all conviction, while the worst / Are full of passionate intensity")描繪了暴力、無辜的毀滅以及道德的顛倒。
    • 預言與「第二次降臨」: 詩歌轉向預言式的語氣,預示著「第二次降臨」("The Second Coming")的到來。然而,這並非基督教意義上的救贖,而是一個令人不安的景象:一個擁有獅子身軀、人頭的巨大形體("A shape with lion body and the head of a man")從沙漠中緩慢移動,其目光冷酷無情("gaze blank and pitiless as the sun")。
    • 「粗野的野獸」: 詩人意識到,過去兩千年("twenty centuries of stony sleep")的沉寂被這次「搖籃」的震動(指第一次世界大戰)驚醒,一個「粗野的野獸」("rough beast")即將降臨伯利恆("Bethlehem")。這暗示著一個新的、可能是更為黑暗的時代的開始,與基督教的救世主形象形成諷刺性的對比。
  • 脈絡分析與文學流派:

    • 文學時期與流派: 葉慈的詩歌創作生涯橫跨多個時期,但《第二次降臨》屬於他晚期,受到現代主義(Modernism)影響的作品。這首詩也被認為是預示著後來的「現代主義詩歌」的風格。
    • 現代主義的特徵:
      • 碎片化與失序: 詩中描繪的「萬物分崩離析」正是現代主義對經歷了第一次世界大戰後世界觀的反應。
      • 象徵與意象的運用: 鷹隼、血潮、野獸等意象被用來傳達深刻的政治和精神危機。
      • 對傳統信仰的質疑: 「第二次降臨」的描寫顛覆了傳統的救贖觀念,反映了現代人對宗教和歷史的懷疑。
      • 對「現代性」的焦慮: 詩歌表達了對工業化、戰爭和社會變革帶來的混亂與失序的深刻焦慮。
    • 葉慈與其他現代主義詩人: 葉慈是現代主義詩歌的重要奠基者之一,他的作品影響了T.S. Eliot、Ezra Pound等詩人。例如,T.S. Eliot的《荒原》("The Waste Land")也描繪了戰後歐洲的文化和精神危機,同樣使用了碎片化的意象和對神話的引用。葉慈的詩歌在語言上更加抒情和象徵化,但其對現代社會的批判和對精神危機的關注,與其他現代主義詩人有共通之處。

針對 (B) 片段的詳解:

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第 4 題25 分

Choose ONE of the excerpts to identify the title and author of the work. Analyze the text provided and discuss (1) the background (social, political, historical, and/or cultural) of the issues addressed in the work, and (2) the significance and influence of the work. (25%)

(A) Infant's flesh will be in season throughout the year, but more plentiful in March, and a little before and after; for we are told by a grave author, an eminent French physician, that fish being a prolific diet, there are more children born in Roman Catholic countries about nine months after Lent, than at any other season; therefore, reckoning a year after Lent, the markets will be glutted than usual, because the number of Popish infants, is at least three to one in this kingdom, and therefore it will have one other collateral advantage, by lessening the number of Papists among us.

(B) In using the myth, in manipulating a continuous parallel between contemporaneity and antiquity, Mr. Joyce is pursuing a method which others must pursue after him. They will not be imitators, any more than the scientist who uses the discoveries of an Einstein in pursuing his own, independent, further investigations. It is simply a way of controlling, of ordering, of giving a shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history. It is a method already adumbrated by Mr. Yeats, and of the need for which I believe Mr. Yeats to have been the first contemporary to be conscious. It is a method for which the horoscope is auspicious. Psychology (such as it is, and whether our reaction to it be comic or serious), ethnology, and The Golden Bough have concurred to make possible what was impossible even a few years ago. Instead of narrative method, we may now use the mythical method.

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這一題的完整詳解

這道題目要求考生辨識其中一個引文片段,並指出作品的標題與作者。接著,需要分析該作品所探討議題的背景(社會、政治、歷史、文化),以及作品的意義與影響。

針對 (A) 片段的詳解:

  • 辨識作者與標題:

    • 作者與標題: 此片段出自喬納森·斯威夫特(Jonathan Swift)的諷刺論文《我國的現狀:論政治爭端》("A Modest Proposal For preventing the Children of Poor People From being a Burthen to Their Parents or Country; and For making them Beneficial to the Publick"),通常簡稱為《我國的現狀》("A Modest Proposal")。
    • 時期: 發表於1729年。
  • 文本分析:

    • 「溫和的建議」: 斯威夫特以一種看似理性、冷靜的筆調,提出了一個駭人聽聞的「建議」:將貧窮家庭的嬰兒(特別是天主教徒的嬰兒)作為食物出售,以解決愛爾蘭的貧困、人口過剩和宗教衝突問題。
    • 諷刺手法: 這是文學史上最著名的諷刺作品之一。斯威夫特並非真的鼓勵食人,而是通過這種極端、荒謬的建議,來揭露和批判當時英國統治者對愛爾蘭的殘酷剝削、愛爾蘭自身社會問題的嚴重性,以及政府的冷漠無能。
    • 語言的雙重性: 表面上,作者引用「權威」的法國醫生、數學家等,用統計數據來「證明」其建議的「合理性」和「益處」,例如聲稱嬰兒肉質鮮美,有利於健康;並且能減少天主教人口("Popish infants"),緩解宗教緊張。但實際上,這種「理性」的包裝,反而凸顯了建議的殘酷與作者的憤怒。
  • 背景分析(社會、政治、歷史、文化):

    • 愛爾蘭的貧困與壓迫: 18世紀的愛爾蘭處於英國的殖民統治之下,經濟蕭條,土地被英國地主佔有,愛爾蘭人(尤其是天主教徒)遭受嚴重的政治和經濟壓迫。貧困、飢餓和疾病是普遍現象。
    • 宗教衝突: 當時愛爾蘭存在嚴重的宗教矛盾,佔人口多數的天主教徒受到新教(英國國教)統治階級的歧視和限制。
    • 人口問題的討論: 人口過剩和貧困家庭的負擔是當時愛爾蘭社會面臨的現實問題,但政府和統治階級對這些問題的解決方式卻是冷漠和無效的。
    • 斯威夫特的愛爾蘭關懷: 斯威夫特雖然是英國人,但他在愛爾蘭擔任教士,對愛爾蘭的苦難深感同情,並曾寫過多篇批評英國對愛爾蘭政策的文章,如《關於普遍使用愛爾蘭製造的布匹的建議》("A Proposal for the Universal Use of Irish Manufacture")。
  • 意義與影響:

    • 諷刺文學的巔峰: 《我國的現狀》是諷刺文學的典範之作,其極端的反諷手法、對社會弊病的深刻揭露,對後世的諷刺作家產生了巨大影響。
    • 批判現實主義的先驅: 作品以其尖銳的社會批判和現實主義描寫,成為英國批判現實主義文學的重要早期代表。
    • 對愛爾蘭民族意識的影響: 雖然作品的直接目的並非煽動革命,但其對愛爾蘭人民遭受壓迫的描繪,以及對統治者冷酷的控訴,在一定程度上激發了愛爾蘭人民的反抗意識。
    • 文學語言的運用: 斯威夫特精湛的語言運用,將嚴肅的社會批判包裹在看似荒謬的「建議」中,顯示了文學語言的強大力量。

針對 (B) 片段的詳解:

  • 辨識作者與標題:
    • 作者與標題: 此片段出自T.S. Eliot(T.S. 艾略特)的評論文章,討論詹姆斯·喬伊斯(James Joyce)的《尤利西斯》(Ulysses)及其文學方法。這段話通常被認為是艾略特在評論喬伊斯時,或者在討論現代主義文學方法時所寫。具體出處可能是《都柏林人》(Dubliners)的序言(但此段提到Joyce,可能性較小)或後來的評論文章,例如為《尤利西斯》所寫的評論。
    • 時期: 喬伊斯的《尤利西斯》於1922年出版。艾略特對其的評論和對「神話方法」的討論,通常發生在1920年代。
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