109 年 國立臺北大學會計學系碩士班《成本與管理會計》

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第 1 題

  1. NTPU Company is about to enter the highly competitive personal electronics market with a new optical reader. In anticipation of future growth, the company has leased a large manufacturing facility and has purchased several expensive pieces of equipment. In 2018, the company's first year, NTPU budgets for production and sales of 24,000 units, compared with its practical capacity of 48,000. The company's cost data are as follows:

Variable manufacturing cost per unit:
Direct materials 20Directmanufacturinglabor20 Direct manufacturing labor 35
Manufacturing overhead $9

Fixed manufacturing overhead $576,000

Required:
(1) Assume that NTPU uses absorption costing and uses budgeted units produced as the denominator for calculating its fixed manufacturing overhead rate. Selling price is set at 130% of manufacturing cost. Compute NTPU's selling price. (2%)
(2) NTPU enters the market with the selling price computed previously. However, despite growth in the overall market, sales are not as robust as the company had expected, and a competitor has priced its product $15.6 lower than NTPU's. Stark, the company's president, insists that the competitor must be pricing its product at a loss and that the competitor will be unable to sustain that. In response, NTPU makes no price adjustments but budgets production and sales for 2019 at 18,000 units. Variable and fixed costs are not expected to change. Compute NTPU's new selling price. Comment on how NTPU's choice of budgeted production affected its selling price and competitive position. (4%)
(3) Recompute the selling price using practical capacity as the denominator level of activity. How would this choice have affected NTPU's position in the marketplace? Generally, how would this choice affect the production-volume variance? (6%)

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這一題的完整詳解

一、核心觀念

  • 吸收成本法 (Absorption Costing):固定製造間接費以「每單位固定製造間接費率」配合全部製造成本。
  • 固定製造間接費率
    固定費率=固定製造間接費分母基礎量\text{固定費率}= \frac{\text{固定製造間接費}}{\text{分母基礎量}}
    分母基礎量可採預算產量或實際產能 (practical capacity),選擇不同分母會直接影響每單位成本與售價。
  • 銷售價格設定:本題以「製造成本的 130 %」為定價依據。
    售價=1.30×每單位製造成本\text{售價}=1.30 \times \text{每單位製造成本}

二、解題方法

  1. 計算每單位變動製造成本
    變動成本=DM+DL+MO=20+35+9=$64\text{變動成本}= DM + DL + MO = 20+35+9 = \$64
  2. 依題目指示選擇分母基礎量,算出固定製造間接費率。
  3. 求每單位吸收製造成本:
    吸收成本=變動成本+固定費率\text{吸收成本}= \text{變動成本} + \text{固定費率}
  4. 套用 130 % 定價公式得到售價。
  5. 比較不同分母基礎量下的售價,說明對競爭力與產量差異的影響。
  6. 產量差異變動 (Production‑Volume Variance):
    PVV=(實際產量−基礎量)×固定費率\text{PVV}= (\text{實際產量} - \text{基礎量}) \times \text{固定費率}
    基礎量選不同,變異金額與方向亦會不同。

三、題目逐點解答

(1) 以預算產量 24,000 單位作分母

  1. 固定製造間接費率
    576,00024,000=$24 / 單位\frac{576,000}{24,000}= \$24 \text{ / 單位}
  2. 每單位吸收成本
    64+24=$8864 + 24 = \$88
  3. 售價 (130 %)
    1.30×88=$114.4 / 單位1.30 \times 88 = \boxed{\$114.4 \text{ / 單位}}

(2) 2019 預算產量 18,000 單位(固定費用不變)

  1. 固定製造間接費率(以 18,000 為分母)
    576,00018,000=$32 / 單位\frac{576,000}{18,000}= \$32 \text{ / 單位}
  2. 每單位吸收成本
    64+32=$9664 + 32 = \$96
  3. 新售價 (130 %)
    1.30×96=$124.8 / 單位1.30 \times 96 = \boxed{\$124.8 \text{ / 單位}}
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第 2 題

  1. Hulk buys T-shirts in bulk, applies its own trendsetting silk-screen designs, and then sells the T-shirts to a number of retailers. Hulk wants to be known for its trendsetting designs, and it wants every teenager to be seen in a distinctive Hulk T-shirt. Hulk presents the following data for its first two years of operations, 2018 and 2019.
20182019
1 Number of T-shirts purchased225,500257,000
2 Number of T-shirts discarded20,50024,000
3 Number of T-shirts sold (row 1 - row 2)205,000233,000
4 Average selling price$ 32.00$ 33.00
5 Average cost per T-shirt$ 17.00$ 15.00
6 Administrative capacity (number of customers)4,7004,450
7 Administrative costs$1,739,000$ 1,691,000
8 Administrative cost per customer (row 7 ÷ row 6)$370$ 380

Administrative costs depend on the number of customers Hulk has created capacity to support, not on the actual number of customers served. Hulk had 4,300 customers in 2018 and 4,200 customers in 2019.

Required:
(1) Is Hulk's strategy one of product differentiation or cost leadership? Explain briefly. (4%)
(2) Calculate the growth, price-recovery, and productivity components that explain the change in operating income from 2018 to 2019. What does each of these components indicate? (12%)
(3) Suppose that the market for silk-screened T-shirts grew by 10% during 2019. All increases in sales greater than 10% are the result of Hulk's strategic actions. Calculate the change in operating income from 2018 to 2019 due to growth in market size, product differentiation, and cost leadership. How successful has Hulk been in implementing its strategy? Explain. (4%)
(4) Calculate the amount and cost of unused administrative capacity at the beginning of 2019, based on the actual number of customers Hulk served in 2019. (4%)

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這一題的完整詳解

【題目】成本與管理會計 – Hulk T‑shirt 案例


一、核心觀念

  • 產品差異化 (Product Differentiation) vs 成本領導 (Cost Leadership):
    • 差異化強調 獨特設計、品牌形象,顧客願意支付較高價格。
    • 成本領導強調 降低單位成本、提高規模效益,以較低價格取得市場佔有率。
  • 營業利益 (Operating Income, OI):
    OI=(P−C)×Q−AOI = (P-C)\times Q - A
    其中 PP 為平均售價,CC 為平均成本,QQ 為實際銷售數量,AA 為行政成本。
  • 變動分析法:將 OI 的變動分解為
    1. 成長成分 (Growth) – 數量變動 ΔQ\Delta Q 乘以基期單位貢獻 CM0CM_0。
    2. 價格/成本回收成分 (Price‑recovery) – 單位貢獻變動 ΔCM\Delta CM 乘以本期銷售量 Q1Q_1。
    3. 生產力成分 (Productivity) – 行政成本的變動 ΔA\Delta A(成本下降為正貢獻)。

二、解題方法與步驟

(1) 戰略判斷

  • Hulk 以設計獨特 為主,目標是「每位青少年都穿上與眾不同的 Hulk T‑shirt」。
  • 同時 在成本上有下降(每件成本從 17降至17 降至 15),但成本下降是 配合規模擴大 的結果,非主要策略。

結論:Hulk 的策略屬於 產品差異化(Product Differentiation)。


(2) 營業利益變化的三個成分

  1. 計算基期與本期的營業利益
20182019
銷售量 QQ205,000 件233,000 件
平均售價 PP$32$33
平均成本 CC$17$15
單位貢獻 CM=P−CCM=P-C$15$18
總貢獻 (P−C)Q(P-C)Q$3,075,000$4,194,000
行政成本 AA$1,739,000$1,691,000
營業利益 OIOI$1,336,000$2,503,000

ΔOI=OI2019−OI2018=2,503,000−1,336,000=$1,167,000\Delta OI = OI_{2019}-OI_{2018}=2,503,000-1,336,000= \boxed{\$1,167,000}

  1. 成長成分 (Growth)
ΔQ=Q2019−Q2018=28,000CM0=15Growth=ΔQ×CM0=28,000×15=$420,000\Delta Q = Q_{2019}-Q_{2018}=28,000 \\ CM_{0}=15 \\ \text{Growth}= \Delta Q \times CM_{0}=28,000 \times 15 = \boxed{\$420,000}
  1. 價格/成本回收成分 (Price‑recovery)
ΔCM=(P2019−P2018)−(C2019−C2018)=(33−32)−(15−17)=1−(−2)=3Price‑recovery=Q2019×ΔCM=233,000×3=$699,000\Delta CM = (P_{2019}-P_{2018})-(C_{2019}-C_{2018}) = (33-32) - (15-17)=1-(-2)=3 \\ \text{Price‑recovery}= Q_{2019}\times \Delta CM = 233,000 \times 3 = \boxed{\$699,000}
  1. 生產力成分 (Productivity)
ΔA=A2019−A2018=1,691,000−1,739,000=−48,000Productivity=−ΔA=$48,000\Delta A = A_{2019}-A_{2018}=1,691,000-1,739,000 = -48,000 \\ \text{Productivity}= -\Delta A = \boxed{\$48,000}
  1. 檢驗
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第 3 題

  1. NTPU is considering replacing all 12 of its meat scales with new, digital ones. The old scales are fully depreciated and have no disposal value. The new scales cost 120,000(intotal).Becausethenewscalesaremoreefficientandmoreaccuratethantheoldscales,NTPUwillhaveannualincrementalcashsavingsfromusingthenewscalesintheamountof120,000 (in total). Because the new scales are more efficient and more accurate than the old scales, NTPU will have annual incremental cash savings from using the new scales in the amount of 30,000 per year. The scales have a 6-year useful life and no terminal disposal value and are depreciated using the straight-line method. NTPU requires a 6% real rate of return.

Required:
(1) Given the preceding information, what is the net present value of the new scales? Ignore taxes. (2%)
(2) Assume the $30,000 cost savings are in current real dollars and the inflation rate is 4%. Recalculate the NPV of the project. (2%)
(3) Based on your answers to requirements (1) and (2), should NTPU buy the new meat scales? (3%)
(4) Now assume that the company's tax rate is 25%. Calculate the NPV of the project assuming no inflation. (2%)
(5) Again assuming that the company faces a 25% tax rate, calculate the NPV of the project under an inflation rate of 4%. (2%)
(6) Based on your answers to requirements (4) and (5), should NTPU buy the new meat scales? (3%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

  • NPV(淨現值)=所有未來現金流的實際(或名目)折現值之和,減去初始投資。
  • 折現率=實際必要報酬率(本題 6%),在有通膨時亦可使用名目折現率 rnom=(1+rreal)(1+i)−1r_{nom}= (1+r_{real})(1+i)-1。
  • 直線折舊:每年折舊金額 = 初始成本 ÷ 使用年限。
  • 稅前 NPV 與稅後 NPV 之差在於「折舊」可抵稅,而「現金節省」須扣除稅金。

解題方法

  1. 先求出每年的稅前(或稅後)現金流:
    • 初始投資:−120,000-120,000(一次支出)。
    • 年度節省:+30,000+30,000(每年末)。
    • 折舊(稅前不影響現金流,稅後需列入稅盾):30,000=120,000/630,000 = 120,000/6。
  2. 折現現金流:使用實際折現率 6%(無通膨情況)或名目折現率(考慮 4% 通膨)。
  3. 稅後現金流:

CFafter=節省−稅金CF_{after}= \text{節省} - \text{稅金}

稅金=(節省−折舊\text{節省}-\text{折舊})×稅率,折舊列入稅盾:稅盾=折舊×稅率 \text{稅盾}= \text{折舊} \times 稅率。
4. 計算 NPV:

NPV=−120,000+∑t=16CFt(1+r)tNPV = -120,000 + \sum_{t=1}^{6} \frac{CF_t}{(1+r)^t}


(1) 稅前 NPV(實際美元,無通膨)

  • 年度現金流 CFt=30,000CF_t = 30,000(t=1~6)。
  • 折現係數 (1+0.06)−t(1+0.06)^{-t}。
NPV1=−120,000+30,000∑t=161(1.06)t=−120,000+30,000×4.9173=−120,000+147,519=27,519\begin{aligned} NPV_1 &= -120,000 + 30,000\sum_{t=1}^{6}\frac{1}{(1.06)^t}\\ &= -120,000 + 30,000 \times 4.9173 \\ &= -120,000 + 147,519 \\ &= \boxed{27,519} \end{aligned}

(單位:美元,結果保留至最近整數)


(2) 考慮 4% 通膨的實際節省(名目 NPV)

  • 現金節省 30,00030,000 為實際美元,故需先轉換成 名目 現金流:

CFtnom=30,000×(1+0.04)tCF^{nom}_t = 30,000 \times (1+0.04)^t

  • 名目折現率

rnom=(1+0.06)(1+0.04)−1=0.1024  (10.24%)r_{nom}= (1+0.06)(1+0.04)-1 = 0.1024 \;(10.24\%)

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第 4 題

  1. Taipei Company, a manufacturer of coffee tables, predicts that it will purchase 240,000 units of red oaks next year. Taipei Company estimates that 20,000 units of red oaks will be required each month. A supplier quotes a price of 10perunitofredoak.Thesupplieralsooffersaspecialdiscountoption:Ifall240,000unitsofredoaksarepurchasedatthestartoftheyear,adiscountOf210 per unit of red oak. The supplier also offers a special discount option: If all 240,000 units of red oaks are purchased at the start of the year, a discount Of 2% off the 10 price will be given. Taipei Company can invest its cash at 10% per year. It costs Taipei Company $300 to place each purchase order.

Required:
(1) What is the opportunity cost of interest forgone from purchasing all 240,000 units at the start of the year instead of in 12 monthly purchases of 20,000 units per order? (8%)
(2) Would this opportunity cost be recorded in the accounting system? Why? (4%)
(3) Should Taipei Company purchase 240,000 units at the start of the year or 20,000 units each month? Show your calculations. (8%)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題主要在考察存貨採購決策,特別是單筆大量採購與分批採購的總成本比較,以及機會成本的運用。

核心觀念: 經濟訂購量 (EOQ) 模型及其變體,以及機會成本的概念。

基本資訊:

  • 年度總需求量:240,000 單位
  • 每月需求量:20,000 單位
  • 單價:$10/單位
  • 大量採購折扣:2% (若一次購買 240,000 單位)
  • 資金機會成本:10%
  • 每次訂購成本:$300

(1) 計算一次性採購 240,000 單位的機會成本 (8%)

  • 機會成本: 指的是選擇一種方案而放棄另一種方案所損失的潛在利益。在此,機會成本是指將資金一次性用於購買 240,000 單位,而未能將這筆資金用於投資(產生 10% 的報酬)所損失的利息收入。

  • 一次性採購的金額: 240,000 單位 × 10/單位=10/單位 = 2,400,000。

  • 折扣後的單價: 10×(1−210 × (1 - 2%) = 10 × 0.98 = $9.80/單位。

  • 折扣後的總採購成本: 240,000 單位 × 9.80/單位=9.80/單位 = 2,352,000。

  • 計算機會成本:

    • 這筆 $2,352,000 的資金,如果不是用於購買存貨,而是用於投資,每年可以產生 10% 的報酬。
    • 機會成本(利息損失)= 採購總金額 × 資金機會成本率
    • 機會成本 = 2,352,000×102,352,000 × 10% = 235,200$

    【答案】一次性採購 240,000 單位的機會成本(利息損失)為 $235,200。

(2) 此機會成本是否應記錄在會計系統?為什麼? (4%)

  • 答案: 否,此機會成本不應記錄在正式的會計系統中。

  • 原因:

    • 機會成本是隱含成本 (Imputed Cost) 或非貨幣成本 (Non-monetary Cost): 它代表的是「放棄的利益」,而不是實際發生的現金流出。會計系統主要記錄的是實際發生的交易或事項。
    • 決策相關性: 雖然機會成本不計入帳面,但對於管理決策(如本題的採購決策)至關重要。管理層需要考慮這些隱含成本,以做出最優的決策。
    • 會計原則: 會計系統遵循權責發生制和收付實現制,記錄的是實際的經濟活動。機會成本屬於決策分析的範疇,通常在管理會計的決策分析報告中呈現,而非財務會計的總帳。

    【答案】否。因為機會成本是隱含成本,代表放棄的潛在利益,並非實際發生的現金流出,因此不記錄在正式的財務會計系統中。

(3) 應該一次性採購 240,000 單位,還是每月採購 20,000 單位?請計算。 (8%)

  • 比較兩種方案的總成本:

    • 方案 A:一次性採購 240,000 單位。
    • 方案 B:每月採購 20,000 單位。
  • 方案 A:一次性採購 240,000 單位

    • 採購成本:
      • 單價:$9.80/單位 (已含 2% 折扣)
      • 總採購成本 = 240,000 單位 × 9.80/單位=9.80/單位 = 2,352,000$
    • 訂購成本:
      • 一年只需訂購 1 次。
      • 總訂購成本 = 1 次 × 300/次=300/次 = 300$
    • 持有成本:
      • 當一次性採購 240,000 單位時,平均庫存量約為 240,000 / 2 = 120,000 單位。
      • 持有成本率通常包含資金成本、倉儲成本、保險、損耗等。題目只給了資金機會成本 10%。我們假設持有成本率就是資金機會成本率 10% (這是常見的簡化假設)。
      • 平均庫存單位:120,000 單位
      • 單位持有成本(基於平均庫存):120,000 單位 × 9.80/單位×109.80/單位 × 10% = 117,600$
      • 注意: 如果這裡的持有成本是基於「期初」庫存來計算,則會是 2,352,000×10%=2,352,000 \times 10\% = 235,200$。但通常持有成本是基於「平均庫存」來計算。我們採用平均庫存計算。
    • 總成本 (方案 A):
      • 總採購成本 + 總訂購成本 + 總持有成本
      • 2,352,000+2,352,000 + 300 + 117,600=117,600 = 2,470,000$
  • 方案 B:每月採購 20,000 單位

    • 採購成本:
      • 單價:$10/單位 (無折扣)
      • 總採購成本 = 240,000 單位 × 10/單位=10/單位 = 2,400,000$
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第 5 題

  1. Sanshia Company manufactures and sells decorative lamps. In 2019, it reported the following:

Units produced and sold 3,000
Investment 3,000,000Markuppercentageonfullcost8Rateofreturnoninvestment12Variablecostperunit3,000,000 Markup percentage on full cost 8% Rate of return on investment 12% Variable cost per unit 1,000

Required:
(1) What was the operating income in 2019? (5%)
(2) What was the full cost per unit? (5%)
(3) What was the selling price? (5%)
(4) What was the percentage markup on variable cost? (5%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查「以完整成本為基礎的加成定價」與「投資報酬率」:

  1. 營業利益:
營業利益=投資額×投資報酬率營業利益=投資額\times 投資報酬率
  1. 完整成本加成率:
加成率=營業利益完整成本加成率=\frac{營業利益}{完整成本}

因此:

營業利益=完整成本×完整成本加成率營業利益=完整成本\times 完整成本加成率
  1. 售價:
售價=每單位完整成本×(1+完整成本加成率)售價=每單位完整成本\times(1+完整成本加成率)
  1. 變動成本加成率:
變動成本加成率=售價-每單位變動成本每單位變動成本變動成本加成率 =\frac{售價-每單位變動成本}{每單位變動成本}

解題方法與計算

(1)2019 年營業利益

投資額為 $3,000,000,投資報酬率為 12%。

營業利益=$3,000,000×12%=$360,000營業利益 =\$3,000,000\times 12\% =\$360,000

因此,2019 年營業利益為 $360,000。


(2)每單位完整成本

題目指出完整成本加成率為 8%,表示營業利益等於完整成本的 8%。

營業利益=完整成本×8%營業利益=完整成本\times 8\%

代入營業利益 $360,000:

完整成本總額=$360,0008%=$4,500,000完整成本總額 =\frac{\$360,000}{8\%} =\$4,500,000

公司生產並銷售 3,000 單位,因此:

每單位完整成本=$4,500,0003,000=$1,500每單位完整成本 =\frac{\$4,500,000}{3,000} =\$1,500

因此,每單位完整成本為 $1,500。


(3)售價

售價係以每單位完整成本加計 8% 利潤:

售價=$1,500×(1+8%)售價 =\$1,500\times(1+8\%)
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第 6 題

  1. LRB Company has two sources of funds: long-term debt with a market and book value of 30 million issued at an interest rate of 10% and equity capital that has a market value of 20 million. The cost of equity capital for LRB Company is 12%, and its tax rate is 20%. Division A of LRB Company has the following operating results for 2019:

Operating income 300,000Assets300,000 Assets 2,500,000
Current Liabilities $600,000

Required:
(1) What is LRB Company's weighted average cost of capital? (5%)
(2) What is Division A's Economic Value Added? (5%)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題主要在考察公司整體資本結構下的加權平均資金成本 (WACC) 以及部門別的經濟附加價值 (EVA) 的計算。

核心觀念:

  • WACC:衡量公司整體資金成本的指標,是債務和權益成本的加權平均。
  • EVA:衡量企業在扣除所有資本成本後,為股東和債權人創造的額外價值。

基本資訊:

  • 長期債務市場價值:$30,000,000
  • 債務利率:10%
  • 權益市場價值:$20,000,000
  • 股權資本成本:12%
  • 稅率:20%
  • 部門 A 營運所得 (Operating Income):$300,000
  • 部門 A 資產:$2,500,000
  • 部門 A 流動負債:$600,000

(1) 計算 LRB 公司的加權平均資金成本 (WACC) (5%)

  • WACC 公式:
    WACC = (E/V) × Re + (D/V) × Rd × (1 - T)
    其中:

    • E = 股權市場價值
    • D = 債務市場價值
    • V = 總資本市場價值 (E + D)
    • Re = 股權資本成本
    • Rd = 債務資本成本 (利率)
    • T = 稅率
  • 計算各項數值:

    • E = $20,000,000
    • D = $30,000,000
    • V = E + D = 20,000,000+20,000,000 + 30,000,000 = 50,000,00050,000,000
    • Re = 12% 或 0.12
    • Rd = 10% 或 0.10
    • T = 20% 或 0.20
  • 計算權重:

    • 股權權重 (E/V) = 20,000,000/20,000,000 / 50,000,000 = 0.40 或 40%
    • 債務權重 (D/V) = $30,000,000 /
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