112 年 國立臺北大學會計學系碩士班《成本與管理會計》

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第 1 題14 分

NTPU Corporation is a medical face mask manufacturer. Its costing system includes direct materials, direct manufacturing labor, variable manufacturing overhead, and fixed manufacturing overhead. Manufacturing overhead (both variable and fixed) is allocated to products on the basis of standard direct manufacturing labor-hours (SDLH). At the beginning of 2022, NTPU applied the following standards for its manufacturing costs:

Cost ItemInputCost per Output Unit
Direct materials5 grams at $4 per gram$ 20
Direct manufacturing labor4 hours at $16 per hour64
Manufacturing overhead:
Variable$8 per SDLH32
Fixed$9 per SDLH36
Standard manufacturing cost per face mask$152

The denominator level for total manufacturing overhead per month in 2022 is 40,000 direct manufacturing labor-hours. NTPU's budget for January 2022 was based on this denominator level. The records for January are reported as follows:

  • Direct materials purchased: 40,300 grams at $5 per gram
  • Direct materials used: 37,300 grams
  • Direct manufacturing labor: 31,400 hours at $15 per hour
  • Total actual manufacturing overhead (variable and fixed): $650,000
  • Actual production: 7,600 output units

Required:
For the month of January 2022, compute the following variances, indicating whether each is favorable (F) or unfavorable (U):
(a) Direct manufacturing labor price variance.
(b) Direct manufacturing labor efficiency variance.
(c) Direct materials efficiency variance.
(d) Direct materials price variance based on purchases.
(e) Total manufacturing overhead spending variance.
(f) Variable manufacturing overhead efficiency variance.
(g) Production-volume variance.
(Show computations)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題採用標準成本制度,製造成本包含:

  • 直接材料
  • 直接製造人工
  • 變動製造費用
  • 固定製造費用

製造費用依「標準直接製造人工小時」分攤。各項標準如下:

項目單位標準
直接材料每單位 5 克,標準價格 4
直接人工每單位 4 小時,標準工資率 16
變動製造費用每標準直接人工小時 8
固定製造費用每標準直接人工小時 9

一月份實際產量為 7,600 單位,因此:

標準材料用量=7,600×5=38,000 克\text{標準材料用量} = 7,600 \times 5 = 38,000\text{ 克} 標準人工小時=7,600×4=30,400 小時\text{標準人工小時} = 7,600 \times 4 = 30,400\text{ 小時}

固定製造費用的每月預算為:

40,000×9=360,00040,000 \times 9 = 360,000

變動製造費用的每月預算為:

40,000×8=320,00040,000 \times 8 = 320,000

因此,製造費用總預算為:

320,000+360,000=680,000320,000+360,000=680,000

解題方法與各項差異分析

(a) 直接製造人工價格差異

人工價格差異比較實際工資率與標準工資率,並以實際人工小時衡量:

人工價格差異=AH×(AR−SR)\text{人工價格差異} = AH \times (AR-SR)

其中:

  • AH=31,400AH=31,400 小時
  • AR=15AR=15
  • SR=16SR=16
=31,400×(15−16)=−31,400=31,400\times(15-16) =-31,400

實際工資率低於標準工資率,節省 31,400。

答案:31,400 F


(b) 直接製造人工效率差異

人工效率差異比較實際使用小時與產量所允許的標準小時:

人工效率差異=SR×(AH−SH)\text{人工效率差異} =SR\times(AH-SH) =16×(31,400−30,400)=16\times(31,400-30,400) =16×1,000=16,000=16\times1,000 =16,000

實際使用人工小時比標準允許小時多 1,000 小時,因此為不利差異。

答案:16,000 U


(c) 直接材料效率差異

材料效率差異比較實際耗用材料數量與標準允許用量:

材料效率差異=SP×(AQused−SQ)\text{材料效率差異} =SP\times(AQ_{\text{used}}-SQ)

其中:

  • AQused=37,300AQ_{\text{used}}=37,300 克
  • SQ=38,000SQ=38,000 克
  • SP=4SP=4
=4×(37,300−38,000)=4\times(37,300-38,000) =4×(−700)=−2,800=4\times(-700) =-2,800

實際耗用量比標準允許量少 700 克,代表節省材料。

答案:2,800 F


(d) 直接材料價格差異

題目指定以「購買數量」計算材料價格差異,因此使用購入材料數量 40,300 克,而非耗用數量 37,300 克:

材料價格差異=AQpurchased×(AP−SP)\text{材料價格差異} =AQ_{\text{purchased}}\times(AP-SP)

其中:

  • AQpurchased=40,300AQ_{\text{purchased}}=40,300 克
  • AP=5AP=5
  • SP=4SP=4
=40,300×(5−4)=40,300\times(5-4) =40,300=40,300

實際購入價格高於標準價格,每克多支付 1。

答案:40,300 U


(e) 製造費用總支出差異

製造費用總支出差異,是實際製造費用與「依實際人工小時計算的彈性預算製造費用」之差。

彈性預算製造費用為:

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第 2 題18 分

APPLE is a smartphone manufacturer. APPLE began 2022 with an inventory of 240 smartphones. During the year, it produced 900 smartphones and sold 995 for 800each.Fixedproductioncostswere800 each. Fixed production costs were 280,000, and variable production costs were 325persmartphone.Fixedadvertising,marketing,andothergeneralandadministrativeexpenseswere325 per smartphone. Fixed advertising, marketing, and other general and administrative expenses were 112,000, and variable shipping costs were $15 per smartphone. Assume that the cost of each smartphone in beginning inventory is equal to 2022 inventory cost. APPLE uses a denominator level of 1,000 smartphones. Production-volume variances are written off to cost of goods sold.

Stark, the new senior manager, wants to know how employees gain in efficiency at an initially rapid rate as they conduct a task numerous times. He finds that each new employee takes 6 hours to make the first medical face mask and 4.8 hours to make the second.

Required:
Show computations for the following questions.
(1) Compute the operating income assuming APPLE uses variable costing.
(2) Compute the operating income assuming APPLE uses absorption costing.
(3) Compute the breakeven point in units sold assuming APPLE uses the following:
(a) Variable costing.
(b) Absorption costing (Production = 900 boards).
(4) Assume that $20,000 of fixed administrative costs were reclassified as fixed production costs. Would this reclassification affect breakeven point using variable costing? What if absorption costing were used? Explain.
(5) What is the time needed to produce 2 smartphones by a new employee using the cumulative average-time method?
(6) What is the time needed to produce the second smartphone by a new employee using the incremental unit-time method?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為管理會計兩大核心主題的整合題型:

  1. 變動成本法(Variable Costing)與完全成本法(Absorption Costing):
    • 損益衡量與調節:變動成本法將固定製造費用視為期間費用;完全成本法將固定製造費用分攤至產品成本中。兩者營業利益之差異源自「期末存貨與期初存貨所含固定製造費用之差額」: 完全成本法營業利益−變動成本法營業利益=(期末存貨數量−期初存貨數量)×預定固定製造費用分攤率\text{完全成本法營業利益} - \text{變動成本法營業利益} = (\text{期末存貨數量} - \text{期初存貨數量}) \times \text{預定固定製造費用分攤率}
    • 產能差異(Production-Volume Variance, PVV):在完全成本法下,分母產能與實際產量不同會產生產能差異,題目指定差異全數結轉至銷貨成本(COGS): 產能差異=(分母產能−實際產量)×預定固定製造費用分攤率\text{產能差異} = (\text{分母產能} - \text{實際產量}) \times \text{預定固定製造費用分攤率}
    • 完全成本法下的損益兩平點(BEP):在給定生產量 QpQ_p 下,完全成本法的兩平銷售量公式為: QBEP=固定銷管費用+產能差異單位售價−單位變動製造成本−單位變動銷管費用−預定固定製造費用分攤率Q_{\text{BEP}} = \frac{\text{固定銷管費用} + \text{產能差異}}{\text{單位售價} - \text{單位變動製造成本} - \text{單位變動銷管費用} - \text{預定固定製造費用分攤率}}
  2. 學習曲線模型(Learning Curve Models):
    • 累積平均時間模型(Cumulative Average-Time Learning Model):產出累積數量每翻倍時,每單位「累積平均時間」乘以學習率(Learning Rate, pp)。
    • 增量單位時間模型(Incremental Unit-Time Learning Model):產出累積數量每翻倍時,製造該「邊際/增量第 NN 單位之時間」乘以學習率 pp。

基本資料整理

  • 銷量(QsQ_s):995995 單位;售價(PP):$800 / 單位
  • 產量(QpQ_p):900900 單位;期初存貨:240240 單位
  • 期末存貨:240+900−995=145240 + 900 - 995 = 145 單位(存貨變動量 ΔInventory=145−240=−95\Delta \text{Inventory} = 145 - 240 = -95 單位)
  • 單位變動製造成本(VmV_m):$325 / 單位
  • 單位變動運送與銷管費用(VsV_s):$15 / 單位
  • 單位邊際貢獻(CMCM):$800−(800 - ($325+325 + $15)=15) = $460 / 單位
  • 固定製造費用預算(FCmFC_m):\$$280,000;**分母產能**:1,000$ 單位
  • 預定固定製造費用分攤率(rr): r=$280,0001,000=$280 / 單位r = \frac{\$280,000}{1,000} = \$280 \text{ / 單位}
  • 固定銷管費用(FCsFC_s):$112,000
  • 產能差異(PVV): PVV=(1,000−900)×$280=$28,000(不利差異,借餘,增加銷貨成本)\text{PVV} = (1,000 - 900) \times \$280 = \$28,000 \text{(不利差異,借餘,增加銷貨成本)}

解題方法與完整計算步驟

(1) 計算變動成本法下的營業利益(Operating Income under Variable Costing)

變動成本法下,固定製造費用全數作為期間費用自邊際貢獻中扣除:

  1. 銷貨收入:995×995 \times $800=800 = $796,000
  2. 變動製造成本(變動銷貨成本):995×995 \times $325=325 = $323,375
  3. 變動銷管費用:995×995 \times $15=15 = $14,925
  4. 邊際貢獻總額: Contribution Margin=$796,000−($323,375+$14,925)=$457,700\text{Contribution Margin} = \$796,000 - (\$323,375 + \$14,925) = \$457,700 (亦即 995×995 \times $460=460 = $457,700)
  5. 固定費用總額:
    • 固定製造費用:$280,000
    • 固定銷管費用:$112,000
    • 合計固定成本:$280,000+280,000 + $112,000=112,000 = $392,000
  6. 營業利益: Operating IncomeVC=$457,700−$392,000=$65,700\text{Operating Income}_{\text{VC}} = \$457,700 - \$392,000 = \$65,700

(2) 計算完全成本法下的營業利益(Operating Income under Absorption Costing)

完全成本法下,單位產品成本包含變動與固定製造費用:

  • 單位產品成本:$325+325 + $280=280 = $605 / 單位
  1. 銷貨收入:995×995 \times $800=800 = $796,000
  2. 標準分攤銷貨成本:995×995 \times $605=605 = $601,975
  3. 加:不利產能差異(PVV):$280,000−(900×280,000 - (900 \times $280)=280) = $28,000
  4. 調整後銷貨成本:$601,975+601,975 + $28,000=28,000 = $629,975
  5. 銷貨毛利: Gross Margin=$796,000−$629,975=$166,025\text{Gross Margin} = \$796,000 - \$629,975 = \$166,025
  6. 營業費用(銷管費用):
    • 變動銷管費用:995×995 \times $15=15 = $14,925
    • 固定銷管費用:$112,000
    • 銷管費用合計:$14,925+14,925 + $$112,000 =
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第 3 題18 分

The SANXIA Company manufactures two modular types of chairs: one for the residential market, and the other for the office market. Budgeted and actual operating data for the year 2022 are:

Static BudgetResidentialOfficeTotal
Number of chairs sold260,000140,000400,000
Contribution margin$26,000,000$11,200,000$37,200,000
Actual ResultsResidentialOfficeTotal
Number of chairs sold248,400165,600414,000
Contribution margin$22,356,000$13,248,000$35,604,000

Required:
Compute the following variances in terms of contribution margin (show computations):
(1) Compute the total static-budget variance, the total flexible-budget variance, and the total sales-volume variance, indicating whether each is favorable (F) or unfavorable (U).
(2) Compute the sale-mix variance and the sales-quantity variance by type of chair, and in total, indicating whether each is favorable (F) or unfavorable (U).

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核心觀念

本題測驗多產品環境下的收益與邊際貢獻差異分析(Variance Analysis in Terms of Contribution Margin),屬於管理會計中「利潤差異分析」的核心考點。

管理會計將「總靜態預算差異」逐層剖析為營運控制與行銷策略兩大構面:

  1. 第一層級差異(Level 1 & Level 2):

    • 靜態預算差異(Static-Budget Variance):實際邊際貢獻與靜態預算邊際貢獻之差額。
    • 彈性預算差異(Flexible-Budget Variance):實際邊際貢獻與彈性預算邊際貢獻之差額,主要反映「單位售價」與「單位變動成本」的控制成效(即單位邊際貢獻之變動)。
    • 銷量差異(Sales-Volume Variance):彈性預算邊際貢獻與靜態預算邊際貢獻之差額,反映「實際銷售總量與組合」偏離預算目標對邊際貢獻之影響。
  2. 第二層級差異(Level 3,銷量差異之細拆):

    • 銷售組合差異(Sales-Mix Variance):衡量在「實際總銷量」下,產品銷售比率偏離「預算銷售比率」對總利潤的影響。當高邊際貢獻產品比重增加時,產生有利差異(F);反之為不利差異(U)。
    • 銷售數量差異(Sales-Quantity Variance):衡量在維持「預算銷售組合」下,市場總銷量增減對總利潤的影響。實際總銷量大於預算總銷量時,產生有利差異(F)。

解題方法

步驟一:整理基礎參數與單位邊際貢獻

  1. 靜態預算資料(Static Budget):

    • 預算單位邊際貢獻(Budgeted Unit CM, UCMBUCM_B):
      • Residential:
        26,000,000260,000=100 元/張\frac{26{,}000{,}000}{260{,}000} = 100\text{ 元/張}
      • Office:
        11,200,000140,000=80 元/張\frac{11{,}200{,}000}{140{,}000} = 80\text{ 元/張}
    • 預算銷售組合比例(Budgeted Sales Mix, MixBMix_B):
      • Residential:
        260,000400,000=65%\frac{260{,}000}{400{,}000} = 65\%
      • Office:
        140,000400,000=35%\frac{140{,}000}{400{,}000} = 35\%
    • 預算加權平均單位邊際貢獻(UCM‾B\overline{UCM}_B):
      37,200,000400,000=93 元/張\frac{37{,}200{,}000}{400{,}000} = 93\text{ 元/張}
      (亦即 65%×100+35%×80=9365\% \times 100 + 35\% \times 80 = 93 元/張)
  2. 實際營運結果(Actual Results):

    • 實際單位邊際貢獻(Actual Unit CM, UCMAUCM_A):
      • Residential:
        22,356,000248,400=90 元/張\frac{22{,}356{,}000}{248{,}400} = 90\text{ 元/張}
      • Office:
        13,248,000165,600=80 元/張\frac{13{,}248{,}000}{165{,}600} = 80\text{ 元/張}
    • 實際銷售組合比例(Actual Sales Mix, MixAMix_A):
      • Residential:
        248,400414,000=60%\frac{248{,}400}{414{,}000} = 60\%
      • Office:
        165,600414,000=40%\frac{165{,}600}{414{,}000} = 40\%

步驟二:計算第 (1) 小題之差異

  1. 計算彈性預算邊際貢獻(Flexible Budget CM):

    • Residential:248,400×100=248{,}400 \times 100 =$24,840,00024{,}840{,}000
    • Office:165,600×80=165{,}600 \times 80 =$13,248,00013{,}248{,}000
    • 總彈性預算邊際貢獻:$24,840,000+24{,}840{,}000 +$13,248,000=13{,}248{,}000 =$38,088,00038{,}088{,}000
  2. 總靜態預算差異(Total Static-Budget Variance):
    實際邊際貢獻−靜態預算邊際貢獻=35,604,000−37,200,000=−1,596,000\text{實際邊際貢獻} - \text{靜態預算邊際貢獻} = 35{,}604{,}000 - 37{,}200{,}000 = -1{,}596{,}000
    即 $1,596,000 (U)。

  3. 總彈性預算差異(Total Flexible-Budget Variance):
    實際邊際貢獻−彈性預算邊際貢獻=35,604,000−38,088,000=−2,484,000\text{實際邊際貢獻} - \text{彈性預算邊際貢獻} = 35{,}604{,}000 - 38{,}088{,}000 = -2{,}484{,}000
    即 $2,484,000 (U)。
    分產品檢視:

    • Residential:248,400×(90−100)=−2,484,000→248{,}400 \times (90 - 100) = -2{,}484{,}000 \rightarrow $2,484,000 (U)2{,}484{,}000\text{ (U)}
    • Office:165,600×(80−80)=0165{,}600 \times (80 - 80) = 0
  4. 總銷量差異(Total Sales-Volume Variance):
    彈性預算邊際貢獻−靜態預算邊際貢獻=38,088,000−37,200,000=+888,000\text{彈性預算邊際貢獻} - \text{靜態預算邊際貢獻} = 38{,}088{,}000 - 37{,}200{,}000 = +888{,}000
    即 $888,000 (F)。


步驟三:計算第 (2) 小題之差異(分產品與合計)

  1. 銷售組合差異(Sales-Mix Variance):
    公式為:
    個別產品銷售組合差異=實際總銷量×(實際組合比率−預算組合比率)×預算單位邊際貢獻\text{個別產品銷售組合差異} = \text{實際總銷量} \times (\text{實際組合比率} - \text{預算組合比率}) \times \text{預算單位邊際貢獻}
    • Residential:
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第 4 題14 分

Taipei Company is an auto supplier that produces brake pads. Taipei's customers have high safety standards, and managers at Taipei believe they can gain a competitive advantage by reducing the number of defective brake pads they produce. Taipei works with an external data science consulting company to develop a prediction model that identifies defective brake pads (y=1) before they are shipped to Taipei's clients. After building the model on a training dataset, Taipei tests its accuracy on the validation set below.

Observation number1234567
Model defective probability (p)0.990.010.330.200.010.330.33
Actual outcome (y)1010000

Required:
(1) Calculate the likelihood value for each observation in the validation set using the following equation:
L=py×(1−p)1−yL = p^y \times (1-p)^{1-y} (14%)
(2) Calculate the overall likelihood value for the validation set. (6%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查二元分類模型的「概似值」(likelihood)。模型對每一筆觀察值預測其為 defective brake pad(瑕疵煞車片)的機率為 pp,實際結果 yy 為:

  • y=1y=1:實際為瑕疵品
  • y=0y=0:實際為良品

對單一觀察值,Bernoulli 分配的概似值為:

L=py(1−p)1−yL=p^y(1-p)^{1-y}

此公式會依照實際結果選取正確的機率:

  • 當 y=1y=1 時:

    L=pL=p

  • 當 y=0y=0 時:

    L=1−pL=1-p

因此,預測機率越符合實際結果,該觀察值的 likelihood 越高。


解題方法

先依照每一筆觀察值的實際結果 yy,將題目給定的 pp 代入:

Li=piyi(1−pi)1−yiL_i=p_i^{y_i}(1-p_i)^{1-y_i}

整個 validation set 的 overall likelihood,則是在各筆觀察值相互獨立的假設下,將所有單筆 likelihood 相乘:

Loverall=∏i=17LiL_{\text{overall}}=\prod_{i=1}^{7}L_i

(1) 各觀察值的 likelihood

Observation 1

已知 p=0.99p=0.99、y=1y=1:

L1=(0.99)1(1−0.99)0L_1=(0.99)^1(1-0.99)^0 L1=0.99L_1=0.99

Observation 2

已知 p=0.01p=0.01、y=0y=0:

L2=(0.01)0(1−0.01)1L_2=(0.01)^0(1-0.01)^1 L2=0.99L_2=0.99

Observation 3

已知 p=0.33p=0.33、y=1y=1:

L3=(0.33)1(1−0.33)0L_3=(0.33)^1(1-0.33)^0 L3=0.33L_3=0.33

Observation 4

已知 p=0.20p=0.20、y=0y=0:

L4=(0.20)0(1−0.20)1L_4=(0.20)^0(1-0.20)^1 L4=0.80L_4=0.80

Observation 5

已知 p=0.01p=0.01、y=0y=0:

L5=(0.01)0(1−0.01)1L_5=(0.01)^0(1-0.01)^1 L5=0.99L_5=0.99

Observation 6

已知 p=0.33p=0.33、y=0y=0:

L6=(0.33)0(1−0.33)1L_6=(0.33)^0(1-0.33)^1 L6=0.67L_6=0.67

Observation 7

已知 p=0.33p=0.33、y=0y=0:

L7=(0.33)0(1−0.33)1L_7=(0.33)^0(1-0.33)^1
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第 5 題10 分

Magic Company produces a part that is used in the manufacture of one of its products. The costs associated with the production of 12,000 units of this part are as follows:

ItemCost
Direct materials$89,000
Direct labor125,000
Variable factory overhead59,000
Fixed factory overhead139,000
Total costs$412,000

Of the fixed factory overhead costs, $57,000 is avoidable. There is no other use of its facilities if Magic doesn't produce that part.

Required:
Suppose Sky Company can produce that part for Magic. Calculate the maximum unit price Magic is willing to accept.

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查相關成本分析,特別是外購決策中,決定最高可接受的單價。

核心觀念:
在做外購決策時,應只考慮相關成本,即未來會發生且在不同方案之間有所差異的成本。與決策無關的成本 (例如不可避免的固定成本) 應被忽略。

解題步驟:

  1. 確定相關成本:
    • 直接原料:相關成本 ($89,000)。如果外購,這筆費用將不會發生。
    • 直接人工:相關成本 ($125,000)。如果外購,這筆費用將不會發生。
    • 變動廠房間接費用:相關成本 ($59,000)。如果外購,這筆費用將不會發生。
    • 固定廠房間接費用:
      • 其中 $57,000 可避免 (avoidable)。這部分是相關成本。
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第 6 題10 分

James Company, whose tax rate is 38%, has two sources of fund: long-term debt with a market value of 6,500,000andaninterestrateof86,500,000 and an interest rate of 8%, and equity capital with a market value of 14,000,000 and a cost of equity of 12%. James' operating division has the following financial measures for the current year:

ItemAmount
Total assets$10,000,000
Current liabilities2,800,000
Operating income1,400,000

Required:
(1) Calculate the WACC for the James Company. (10%)
(2) Calculate the EVA for the operating division. (10%)

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這一題的完整詳解

此題考查加權平均資金成本 (WACC) 和經濟附加價值 (EVA) 的計算。

核心觀念:

  • 加權平均資金成本 (WACC - Weighted Average Cost of Capital): 公司所有資本來源 (債務、股權) 的平均資金成本,根據各資本來源的市場價值佔總資本價值的比例進行加權。
  • 經濟附加價值 (EVA - Economic Value Added): 衡量公司在扣除所有資本成本 (包括股權資本成本) 後所創造的經濟利潤。EVA 為正表示公司創造了超過其資本成本的價值。

數據整理:

  • 稅率 (t):38%
  • 債務市值 (Market Value of Debt, VDV_D):$6,500,000
  • 債務利率 (Cost of Debt before tax, rDr_D):8%
  • 股權市值 (Market Value of Equity, VEV_E):$14,000,000
  • 股權成本 (Cost of Equity, rEr_E):12%
  • 總資產 (Total Assets):$10,000,000
  • 流動負債 (Current Liabilities):$2,800,000
  • 營業利益 (Operating Income, NOPAT):$1,400,000 (注意:營業利益通常指稅後淨營業利潤,但此處題目未說明,且 EVA 計算需要 NOPAT,我們暫且假設此處的 Operating Income 是稅前,需自行計算 NOPAT。)

重要假設:

  • 題目中的 "Operating income" 是指稅前營業利益。
  • EVA 計算中的「營運資產」通常指總資產減去非利息性流動負債。

(1) 計算加權平均資金成本 (WACC)

  • 步驟 1:計算總資本市值。

    • 總資本市值 (VV) = 債務市值 (VDV_D) + 股權市值 (VEV_E)
    • V=V = $6,500,000+6,500,000 + $14,000,000=14,000,000 = $20,500,000
  • 步驟 2:計算債務與股權的權重。

    • 債務權重 (wDw_D) = VD/V=V_D / V = $6,500,000/6,500,000 / $20,500,000≈0.317120,500,000 \approx 0.3171
    • 股權權重 (wEw_E) = VE/V=V_E / V = $14,000,000/14,000,000 / $20,500,000≈0.682920,500,000 \approx 0.6829
  • 步驟 3:計算稅後債務成本。

    • 稅後債務成本 (rD(1−t)r_D(1-t)) = 債務利率 ×\times (1 - 稅率)
    • $r_D(1-t) = 8% \times (1 - 0.38) = 8% \times 0.62 = 4.96%
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