108 年 國立政治大學法律學系碩士班基礎法學組《英文》
第 一、 題20 分
試將下列內容譯為英文:(注意:譯文中出現任何中文字以零分計算,未寫出完整的句子亦以零分計算)
金融服務業與金融消費者訂立提供金融商品或服務之契約前,應充分瞭解金融消費者之相關資料,以確保該商品或服務對金融消費者之適合度。
金融服務業與金融消費者訂立提供金融商品或服務之契約前,應向金融消費者充分說明該金融商品、服務及契約之重要內容,並充分揭露其風險。
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本題為中翻英翻譯題,考驗考生將法律與金融相關的中文敘述,準確且流暢地翻譯成英文的能力。翻譯時需注意法律專業術語的選用,以及句子的結構與連貫性。
第一段翻譯:
原文:「金融服務業與金融消費者訂立提供金融商品或服務之契約前,應充分瞭解金融消費者之相關資料,以確保該商品或服務對金融消費者之適合度。」
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關鍵詞分析:
- 金融服務業:Financial service providers / Financial institutions
- 金融消費者:Financial consumers
- 訂立契約:Enter into a contract / Conclude an agreement
- 提供金融商品或服務:To provide financial products or services
- 契約前:Before entering into a contract
- 應充分瞭解:Should thoroughly understand / Should fully understand / Must gain a comprehensive understanding of
- 金融消費者之相關資料:Information related to the financial consumer / Relevant consumer data
- 以確保:To ensure / To guarantee
- 該商品或服務:The product or service
- 對金融消費者之適合度:Suitability for the financial consumer / Appropriateness for the financial consumer
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翻譯範例 (一):
Before financial service providers enter into a contract with financial consumers to provide financial products or services, they should thoroughly understand the relevant information of the financial consumer to ensure the suitability of the product or service for the financial consumer. -
翻譯範例 (二):
Prior to concluding an agreement for financial products or services with a financial consumer, financial institutions must gain a comprehensive understanding of the consumer's relevant data to guarantee the appropriateness of the product or service for that consumer.
第二段翻譯:
原文:「金融服務業與金融消費者訂立提供金融商品或服務之契約前,應向金融消費者充分說明該金融商品、服務及契約之重要內容,並充分揭露其風險。」
第 1 題2 分
In the case of adhesion contract, the ambiguity of contractual terms should be
A. Literally I interpreted
B. Construed against the drafter
C. Left on the court to fill the gap
D. Void
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本題考查定型化契約 (adhesion contract) 中契約條款解釋的原則。定型化契約通常是由一方預先擬定,另一方僅能選擇接受或不接受,因此在條款發生歧義時,解釋上會對預定條款的一方較為不利。
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核心觀念: 契約解釋原則,特別是針對定型化契約的「不利解釋原則」(contra proferentem rule)。
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解題步驟:
- 理解定型化契約 (Adhesion Contract): 這是一種標準化的契約,通常是由一方(強勢方)預先擬定,另一方(弱勢方)只能接受或拒絕,而無法協商個別條款。例如,保險契約、信用卡契約、航空機票契約等。
- 理解契約條款的歧義 (Ambiguity of contractual terms): 當契約中的某個詞語、句子或條款有多種可能的解釋時,就產生了歧義。
- 考量歧義的解釋原則: 在法律上,當契約條款產生歧義時,通常會依循一些解釋原則。
第 2 題2 分
Which of the following descriptions regarding regarding the term “voir dire” is NOT true?
A. French term for "to speak the truth".
B. The Latin term for "verdict repeals".
C. The preliminary questioning of witnesses to determine their competence to testify.
D. The process through which potential jurors from venire are questioned by a lawyer.
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本題考查法律術語 "voir dire" 的意義,要求考生判斷哪個敘述是錯誤的。
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核心觀念: 法律術語 "voir dire" 的定義與用途。
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解題步驟:
- 理解 "voir dire" 的來源和意義: "Voir dire" 是一個法律術語,源自古法語,意為「說真話」(to speak the truth)。
- 理解 "voir dire" 的主要用途: 在英美法系中,"voir dire" 主要有兩個相關的含義:
- 陪審團選任程序: 在刑事或民事案件中,潛在的陪審員 (jurors) 會被律師和法官詢問一系列問題,以確定他們是否適合擔任陪審員,是否存在偏見或利益衝突。這個過程就是 "voir dire"。
- 證人資格審查: 在某些情況下,法官可能會對證人進行初步詢問 (preliminary questioning),以確定他們是否具備作證的能力 (competence to testify) 或其證詞的可信度。
- 分析選項:
第 3 題2 分
Which of the following is NOT the cause of product liability?
A. Warning defects
B. Marketing defects
C. Design defects
D. Manufacturing defects
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核心觀念
本題考「產品責任」(product liability)的缺陷類型。一般將產品缺陷分為三類:
- 製造缺陷(manufacturing defects):產品在製造過程中偏離原本設計,即使設計本身安全,個別產品仍因製造錯誤而具有危險性。
- 設計缺陷(design defects):產品的整體設計本身即具有不合理危險,即使完全依照設計製造,仍可能造成損害。
- 行銷缺陷(marketing defects):產品欠缺適當的使用說明、警告或安全指示,使消費者無法合理認識或避免產品的危險。
其中,警告缺陷(warning defects)通常是行銷缺陷的一種具體態樣,並非與行銷缺陷並列的第四種主要類型。
解題方法
判斷各選項是否屬於產品責任的典型缺陷類型。標準分類是:
因此,若某選項只是行銷缺陷的下位概念,而非獨立並列的主要類型,即為本題所問的「不是原因」。
選項分析
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A. Warning defects
「警告缺陷」是指產品未提供充分的危險警告、使用指示或注意事項。例如藥品未警告嚴重副作用,或清潔劑未標示不得與其他化學品混用。此類缺陷通常歸入 marketing defects,因此不是與製造、設計、行銷缺陷並列的獨立主要類型。
第 4 題2 分
In criminal procedures the leading question is permissible in which of the following occasion?
A. Preliminary hearing
B. Grand jury indictment
C. Direct examination
D. Cross examination
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本題考查刑事訴訟程序中,關於「誘導性問題」(leading question) 的使用時機。
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核心觀念: 刑事訴訟程序中的證據規則,特別是證人詢問的規則。
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解題步驟:
- 理解「誘導性問題」(Leading Question): 誘導性問題是指一個問題的措辭會引導或暗示證人給出某個特定的答案。例如:「你當時看到被告拿著刀,對嗎?」這種問題容易讓證人因為受到暗示而回答「是」,即使他實際上沒有那麼確定。
- 理解不同訴訟階段/程序:
- A. Preliminary hearing (初步聽證會): 這是刑事訴訟早期的一個階段,用來確定是否有足夠的證據支持起訴。在此階段,問題的提出相對較為自由,但過度的誘導性問題可能會被禁止,因為其目的在於初步判斷證據的存在,而非進行最終的辯論。
- B. Grand jury indictment (大陪審團起訴): 大陪審團的程序通常是秘密進行的,檢察官向大陪審團提出證據,以決定是否應提起公訴。
第 5 題2 分
Which of the following event does not end an offer?
A. A counter offer
B. The death the offer
C. The rejection of the offeree
D. None of the above
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本題考查契約法中,要約 (offer) 的終止事由。
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核心觀念: 要約的終止 (Termination of Offer)。
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解題步驟:
- 理解要約 (Offer): 要約是希望與他人締結契約的一方,向他方提出的、含有確定意思表示的建議。
- 理解要約終止的常見事由: 要約一旦成立,在被承諾 (acceptance) 之前,可能會因為下列原因而終止:
- 拒絕 (Rejection): 被要約人 (offeree) 明確拒絕要約。
- 反要約 (Counter-offer): 被要約人對原要約提出修改或附加條件,這相當於對原要約的拒絕,並提出了一個新的要約。
- 時間經過 (Lapse of Time): 要約中約定的承諾期限屆滿,或者在未約定期限時,經過一段合理的時間後,要約終止。
- 要約人撤回 (Revocation): 要約人撤回其要約(但需在被要約人為承諾之前,且某些情況下(如不可撤銷的選擇權要約)除外)。
第 6 題2 分
Which of the following description regarding the term "demurrer" is NOT true?
A. A dispute on factual allegation
B. Insufficient to establish a valid cause of action in a complaint
C. A failure to state a claim
D. Claim based on an allegedly unconstitutional statute
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本題考查法律術語 "demurrer" 的意義,要求考生判斷哪個敘述是錯誤的。
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核心觀念: "Demurrer" 在法律程序中的含義。
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解題步驟:
- 理解 "Demurrer": "Demurrer" 是英美法系中的一個法律程序術語,通常出現在訴訟的早期階段。當一方(通常是被告)認為對方(原告)提出的訴狀 (complaint) 在法律上存在嚴重缺陷,即使對方陳述的所有事實都是真實的,也無法構成一個合法的請求 (cause of action) 或主張,就可以提出 "demurrer"。它的本質是「法律上的爭議」,而非「事實上的爭議」。
- 分析 "Demurrer" 的目的和功能:
- 挑戰訴狀的法律基礎。
- 主張對方提出的事實,即使為真,亦不足以構成法律上的請求。
- 可以基於訴狀中陳述的事實不足以構成一個合法的請求 (failure to state a claim)。
- 可以基於法律上的其他理由,例如訴訟時效已過、管轄權問題等(雖然在現代程序中,這些可能通過其他動議提出,但 "demurrer" 的概念與此相關)。
- 分析選項:
- A. A dispute on factual allegation (關於事實陳述的爭議):這是錯誤的。
第 7 題2 分
In U.S. criminal procedure, which of the following does not take place in the pretrial stage?
A. Arraignment
B. Booking
C. Discovery
D. None of the above
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核心觀念
本題考查美國刑事訴訟中「審判前程序」(pretrial stage)的範圍。被告自遭逮捕、建立身分資料,到正式審判開始前,通常會經過若干程序,包括:
- Booking:逮捕後的登記、建檔程序。
- Arraignment:法院正式告知被告指控內容,並確認被告答辯。
- Discovery:檢方與辯方在審判前交換證據及相關資訊。
因此,判斷關鍵在於:各選項所描述的程序是否都發生在正式審判前。
解題方法
逐一確認各程序的功能與時間點:
- 被告遭逮捕後,通常先進行 booking。
- 案件進入法院程序後,進行 arraignment。
- 在正式審判前,雙方進行 discovery,以揭露證據、證人及其他訴訟資料。
- 三者均屬審判前程序,因此沒有任何一個選項符合「不在審判前發生」。
所以應選擇 None of the above。
選項分析
A. Arraignment
錯誤。
Arraignment 是法院正式向被告宣讀或告知刑事指控的程序,被告通常也會在此表示答辯,例如:
- 有罪(guilty)
- 無罪(not guilty)
- 不爭執(nolo contendere)
此程序發生在正式審判前,屬於典型的 pretrial procedure。
B. Booking
錯誤。
第 8 題2 分
In contract law, consideration is
A. Promises of love and affection
B. Past or present promises
C. An existing public duty
D. Not a gift
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本題考查契約法中「對價」(consideration) 的概念。
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核心觀念: 契約法的對價原則。
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解題步驟:
- 理解對價 (Consideration): 在契約法中,對價是指締結契約的雙方所交換的有價值的東西。它通常是為了換取對方承諾或履行而給予的某種利益 (benefit) 或承擔的某種損害 (detriment)。對價是使契約具有法律約束力的關鍵要素之一。
- 對價的要素:
- 必須是雙方交換的。
- 必須有價值(法律上認可的價值,不一定是市場價值)。
- 必須是為了換取對方承諾或履行而給予的。
- 分析選項:
- A. Promises of love and affection (愛與情感的承諾):這些通常被認為是道德上的義務,而非法律上的對價。除非能證明其具有法律上的可衡量價值,否則不構成對價。
- B. Past or present promises (過去或現在的承諾):對價必須是為了換取對方未來的承諾或履行而給予的,或者是為了換取對方現在的承諾或履行。過去的行為(past consideration)通常不構成有效的對價,因為它不是為了換取當前的承諾而給予的。
第 9 題2 分
Which of the following is NOT the duty the board of directors of a company owe to sharholders?
A. Fiduciary duty of care.
B. Duty to usurp the corporate opportunity.
C. Duty of loyalty.
D. Duty of acting in good faith after careful investigation.
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本題考查公司法中,董事會成員對股東應盡的義務。
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核心觀念: 董事的信託義務 (fiduciary duties)。
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解題步驟:
- 理解董事的信託義務 (Fiduciary Duties of Directors): 公司董事對公司及其股東負有信託義務,這意味著他們必須以最高程度的誠信、謹慎和忠誠來行事,以公司和股東的最佳利益為出發點。這些義務通常包括:
- 信託注意義務 (Duty of Care): 董事應以其所能合理預期的謹慎、技能和勤勉來履行職責。這通常要求董事在做出決策時進行充分的調查和審慎的思考。
- 信託忠誠義務 (Duty of Loyalty): 董事不得將公司或股東的利益置於個人利益之下,不得利用職務之便謀取私利,不得與公司發生利益衝突。
- 分析選項:
- A. Fiduciary duty of care (信託注意義務):這是董事對股東應盡的標準義務之一。
- 理解董事的信託義務 (Fiduciary Duties of Directors): 公司董事對公司及其股東負有信託義務,這意味著他們必須以最高程度的誠信、謹慎和忠誠來行事,以公司和股東的最佳利益為出發點。這些義務通常包括:
第 10 題2 分
Which of the following is NOT an affirmative defense for intentional torts?
A. Insanity
B. Necessity
C. Self-defense
D. Defense of chattels
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核心觀念
本題考查侵權行為法(torts)中,對故意侵權行為(intentional torts)所提出的積極抗辯(affirmative defenses)。
所謂積極抗辯,是被告承認或即使原告初步證明侵權行為成立,仍主張因具備特定合法事由,法律因此排除其責任。故意侵權常見的合法抗辯包括:
- Necessity:必要性
- Self-defense:自我防衛
- Defense of others:防衛他人
- Defense of property:財產防衛,包括防衛動產(defense of chattels)
相較之下,單純的精神疾病或精神失常(insanity),原則上不會使故意侵權的行為人免責。
解題方法
判斷各選項是否屬於故意侵權的抗辯事由:
- 若該事由使行為在法律上具有特權或正當性,即屬積極抗辯。
- 若該事由只是說明行為人主觀上缺乏辨識能力,但法律仍認為其須對故意侵權負責,則不屬於通常的積極抗辯。
- 依此逐一檢查四個選項,即可找出唯一不屬於此類抗辯者。
選項分析
A. Insanity(精神失常)
此選項不是故意侵權的通常積極抗辯,故為正確答案。
在民事侵權法中,行為人即使因精神疾病、精神失常或心智障礙而無法理解其行為,原則上仍可能對故意侵權負責。理由在於,故意侵權的責任重點是行為人是否實施了侵害他人權利的行為,以及是否具備法律所要求的故意;精神失常通常不會自動排除民事責任。
精神失常可能影響行為人是否具有特定故意,但不能當然作為免除故意侵權責任的完整抗辯。故 Insanity 不屬於本題所列的 affirmative defense。
B. Necessity(必要性)
必要性是故意侵權的重要積極抗辯,故此選項不是答案。
當行為人為避免更大的公共或私人危險,而有意侵入他人土地、損害他人財產或干涉他人權利時,若情況符合必要性要件,法律可能承認其行為具有特權。
必要性通常分為:
- Public necessity(公共必要性):為避免公共災害,例如為阻止火勢蔓延而毀損他人財產。符合要件時,通常可完全免責。
第 11 題2 分
When making an arrest or interrogation in the US, police officers must give warning to the suspect concerning his right to remain silence and right to an attorney. Such warning is called
A. The Maranda warning.
B. The preliminary warning.
C. The Sullivan Warning.
D. The Luxembourg warning.
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本題考查美國刑事訴訟程序中的「米蘭達警告」(Miranda Warning)。
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核心觀念: 米蘭達警告及其法律依據。
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解題步驟:
- 理解題目情境: 題目描述的是美國警察在逮捕或訊問嫌疑人時,必須告知其「保持緘默權」和「請求律師權」的警告。
- 識別該警告的名稱: 這一系列警告源於美國最高法院在 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 案中的判決。該判決確立了,在對嫌疑人進行訊問之前,必須告知其這些憲法權利,否則訊問所得的陳述不得在法庭上作為對被告不利的證據。
第 12 題2 分
In the U.S. the Rastatement of Law can be regarded as
A. Common Law
B. Statutory Law
C. Source of Law
D. Black Letter Law
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本題考查美國法律體系中,「法律彙編」(Restatement of Law) 的性質。
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核心觀念: 美國法律的分類及「法律彙編」的角色。
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解題步驟:
- 理解「法律彙編」(Restatement of Law): 法律彙編是由美國法律學會 (American Law Institute, ALI) 編纂的一系列著作,旨在總結和闡述美國普通法 (common law) 的主要領域(如契約法、侵權法、財產法、信託法等)的現行規則。它們是通過對大量法院判例的分析和歸納而來。
- 分析「法律彙編」的性質:
- 它不是「法規法」(Statutory Law): 法規法是由立法機關(國會或州議會)制定的法律,通常以法典 (codes) 的形式呈現。法律彙編不是由立法機關制定的。
- 它也不是「法律的來源」(Source of Law) 的直接來源: 法律的直接來源包括憲法、法規、判例法(普通法)和行政法規。法律彙編本身不是法律,但它對解釋和理解普通法有極大的影響力。
- 它與「普通法」(Common Law) 密切相關: 法律彙編是對普通法的總結和闡述。雖然它本身不是判例,但法院經常引用法律彙編作為權威性的指導,來闡述和應用普通法規則。
第 13 題2 分
Which of the following rule applies to determine a valid acceptance?
A. Konck-out rule.
B. Fruad on the market theory
C. Bargain for rule
D. Mirror Image rule
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本題考查契約法中,關於「有效承諾」(valid acceptance) 的判斷規則。
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核心觀念: 契約法的承諾原則,特別是「鏡像法則」(Mirror Image Rule)。
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解題步驟:
- 理解「有效承諾」(Valid Acceptance): 承諾是回應要約,表示同意締結契約的意思表示。要使承諾有效,它必須滿足一定的條件。
- 理解「鏡像法則」(Mirror Image Rule): 這是契約法中的一項基本原則,特別是在普通法 (common law) 下。該法則規定,承諾必須與要約的內容完全一致,如同鏡子映照出要約一樣。如果承諾對要約進行了修改、附加條件或提出異議,則該承諾被視為反要約 (counter-offer),而不是有效的承諾。
- 分析選項:
第 14 題2 分
Which of the following descriptions regarding punitive damages is incorrect?
A. It is awarded in addition to actual damages.
B. It is awarded in the case where defendant acts intentionally or willfully or engaged in wanton misconduct.
C. Courts determine the amount comparing to the compensatory damages.
D. Awarding it in reckless conduct is very likely.
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本題考查「懲罰性損害賠償」(punitive damages) 的相關敘述,要求找出錯誤的選項。
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核心觀念: 懲罰性損害賠償的性質、目的及適用條件。
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解題步驟:
- 理解「懲罰性損害賠償」(Punitive Damages): 懲罰性損害賠償,又稱「懲戒性損害賠償」,旨在懲罰被告的惡劣行為,並嚇阻未來類似行為的發生。它與「實際損害賠償」(actual damages) 或「補償性損害賠償」(compensatory damages) 不同,後者旨在補償原告的損失。
- 分析各選項:
- A. It is awarded in addition to actual damages. (它與實際損害賠償同時判給): 這是正確的。懲罰性損害賠償通常是在判給了實際損害賠償之後,才額外判給的。其目的是懲罰,而不是補償。
- B. It is awarded in the case where defendant acts intentionally or willfully or engaged in wanton misconduct. (在被告故意、蓄意或有惡意不端行為時判給): 這是正確的。
第 15 題2 分
Which of the following description regarding the principal-agent relationship is incorrect?
A. Persons, corporations, partnerships, not-for-profit organizations, and government agencies may all be principals and appoint agents.
B. Any individual is qualified to serve as an agent.
C. The law allows the principal to authorize somebody to carry out her duties for a specific purpose.
D. The agent owe a duty of loyalty to the principal.
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本題考查「代理關係」(principal-agent relationship) 的基本原則,要求找出錯誤的敘述。
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核心觀念: 代理關係的各方、授權方式及代理人的義務。
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解題步驟:
- 理解「代理關係」(Principal-Agent Relationship): 這是指一人(代理人,agent)同意並授權,代表另一人(本人/授權人,principal)在其與第三人(third party)的交易中採取行動。
- 分析各選項:
- A. Persons, corporations, partnerships, not-for-profit organizations, and government agencies may all be principals and appoint agents. (個人、公司、合夥、非營利組織和政府機構都可以是本人並委任代理人): 這是正確的。幾乎任何法律實體(個人或組織)都可以成為本人,並委任代理人來代表其處理事務。
第 16 題2 分
The police have tried to bring him to ( ), but his slick lawyers always get the case thrown out of court.
(A) law
(B) rule
(C) order
(D) justice
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本題是一個填空題,考查對英文慣用語和法律情境的理解。
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核心觀念: 法律相關的慣用語和詞彙選擇。
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解題步驟:
- 理解句子結構和語境: 句子描述警察試圖將某人繩之以法,但其律師總能讓案件被駁回。前半句是警察的行動,後半句是律師的結果。
- 分析選項的含義:
- A. law (法律):警察試圖將某人「帶到法律面前」,這在語法和語意上不太通順。
- B. rule (規則):警察試圖將某人「帶到規則面前」,這不符合法律情境。
第 17 題2 分
Officials said that diplomats do not enjoy [ ) from criminal prosecution on charges of visa fraud.
(A) immobility
(B) impediment
(C) imminence
(D) immunity
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本題是一個填空題,考查對英文詞彙的精確理解,特別是在外交和法律領域的應用。
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核心觀念: 外交豁免權 (diplomatic immunity) 的概念。
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解題步驟:
- 理解句子和語境: 官員表示,外交官因簽證欺詐罪名,不享有某種權利,從而免於刑事起訴。
- 分析選項的含義:
- A. immobility (不動性;無法移動):指無法移動的狀態,與豁免起訴無關。
- B. impediment (妨礙;
第 18 題2 分
A car driver who causes a car accident may face civil and criminal ( ), depending on the circumstances.
(A) assaults
(B) licenses
(C) penalties
(D) opposites
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本題是一個填空題,考查對英文詞彙的理解,特別是在法律情境下的應用。
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核心觀念: 刑事和民事責任的後果。
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解題步驟:
- 理解句子和語境: 句子描述一位司機因造成車禍,可能面臨民事和刑事上的某種後果,具體取決於情況。
- 分析選項的含義:
- A. assaults (攻擊;襲擊):雖然某些嚴重的車禍可能涉及攻擊的成分(例如,故意危險駕駛),但「assaults」本身不是民事或刑事責任的總稱。
第 19 題2 分
The exception derives from the interests in officer safety and evidence ( ) that are typically implicated in arrest situation.
(A) preservation
(B) prevention
(C) distraction
(D) distribution
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本題是一個填空題,考查對英文詞彙的理解,特別是在法律和執法情境下的應用。
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核心觀念: 執法中的安全與證據保護。
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解題步驟:
- 理解句子和語境: 句子討論一個例外情況,這個例外情況源於對「警官安全」和「證據」的某種考量,這些考量在逮捕過程中通常被涉及。
- 分析選項的含義:
- A. preservation (保護;保存):指保護某物免受損壞、破壞或丟失。保護警官安全和保存證據是執法行動中的重要目標。
- B. prevention (預防):指阻止某事發生。
第 20 題2 分
( ) is a formal written accusation of a crime, which is presented to a court for prosecution against the accused person.
(A) Indictment
(B) Conviction
(C) Subpoena
(D) Summon
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本題是一個填空題,考查對刑事訴訟中重要法律術語的理解。
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核心觀念: 刑事訴訟中的正式指控文件。
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解題步驟:
- 理解句子描述: 句子描述的是一份「正式的書面指控」,用於向法院提起訴訟,控告被指控者。
- 分析選項的含義:
- A. Indictment (起訴書):在某些司法體系(特別是美國的大陪審團制度下),由大陪審團通過的正式書面指控文件,用於啟動刑事訴訟。這完全符合題目的描述。
- B. Conviction (定罪):這是指法院或陪審團在審判後,認定被告有罪的判決。
第 21 題
Read the following paragraph and answer questions 21 to 25:
Many people confuse education and training, but they are not the same thing. Education is knowledge-based and is defined as a body of academic knowledge that is most often learned in a classroom setting. Training is coaching to become proficient in particular behaviors or actions. Sometimes the two are confused because many training experiences, like a police academy, often involve many hours of classroom instruction. Such institutions combine elements of education and training, but the differences between the two remain. Knowledge is theoretical. Using a law enforcement example, you can study the laws of arrest without ever having to arrest anyone, but you need to be trained in handcuffing techniques if you will be expected to actually take someone into custody. Similarly, you can study laws and court cases pertaining to deadly physical force without ever having to fire a weapon. Training, on the other hand, is skills-based. It covers what you need to do, as much as what you need to know, in order to perform a task or group of tasks. Learning when or why is not the same as learning how.
The best title for this passage would be
(A) When or Why Is Not the Same As How. (B) Education versus Training.
(C) The Benefits of Studying Case Law. (D) The Importance of Handcuffing Techniques.
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本題為閱讀測驗,要求根據提供的段落內容,選出最適合的標題。
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核心觀念: 區分「教育」(education) 和「訓練」(training)。
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解題步驟:
- 閱讀並理解段落內容: 段落開宗明義指出「教育」和「訓練」常被混淆,但它們是不同的。接著分別定義了兩者:「教育」是基於知識 (knowledge-based),是學術知識,常在教室學習;「訓練」是指導以精通特定行為或行動 (skills-based),是關於「如何做」。段落舉了法律執法的例子,說明學習法律知識(教育)與學習逮捕、使用武力等實際技能(訓練)的區別。最後總結「學習何時或為何」與「學習如何」是不同的。
- 分析段落的主旨: 整個段落都在比較和對比「教育」與「訓練」,強調它們的區別,並解釋為何人們常混淆它們。
- 評估各選項作為標題的適合度:
第 22 題2 分
The main idea of the passage is that
(A) education and training are different. (B) education and training are the same.
(C) people often confuse education and training. (D) raining is ineffective without the foundation of
education.
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本題為閱讀測驗,要求選出最能代表文章主旨的敘述。
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核心觀念: 區分「教育」與「訓練」。
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解題步驟:
- 重溫段落主旨: 段落的核心在於強調「教育」與「訓練」是不同的事物,並解釋了它們各自的定義、特點以及人們為何常將兩者混淆。
- 分析選項:
- (A) education and training are different. (教育與訓練是不同的):這是段落最直接、最核心的論點。段落的開頭、定義、例子和結尾都圍繞著這個差異展開。
- (B) education and training are the same. (教育與訓練是相同的):這與段落的論點完全相反。
第 23 題2 分
Based on the passage, the activity most likely to be defined as training is
(A) studying for a graduate school entrance exam.
(B) learning the firearms laws. (C) learning how to fire a shotgun. (D) earning a foreign language.
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本題為閱讀測驗,要求根據段落定義,判斷哪個活動最可能被定義為「訓練」(training)。
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核心觀念: 段落對「訓練」的定義。
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解題步驟:
- 回顧段落中對「訓練」的定義: 段落指出,「Training is coaching to become proficient in particular behaviors or actions. ... Training, on the other hand, is skills-based. It covers what you need to do, as much as what you need to know, in order to perform a task or group of tasks. Learning when or why is not the same as learning how.」 簡而言之,訓練是關於「如何做」(learning how),是技能導向的。
- 分析各選項的性質:
第 24 題2 分
Based on the passage, the activity most likely to be defined as education is
(A) learning how to drive
(B) learning the firearms laws.
(C) learning handcuffing techniques
(D) studying for the police entrance exam.
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本題為閱讀測驗,要求根據段落定義,判斷哪個活動最可能被定義為「教育」(education)。
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核心觀念: 段落對「教育」的定義。
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解題步驟:
- 回顧段落中對「教育」的定義: 段落指出,「Education is knowledge-based and is defined as a body of academic knowledge that is most often learned in a classroom setting.」 教育是基於知識的,是學術知識,通常在教室學習。
- 分析各選項的性質:
- (A) learning how to drive (學習如何開車):這是一個典型的技能學習,屬於「如何做」(learning how),因此更偏向「訓練」(training)。
第 25 題2 分
The word coaching in line 3 of the passage is closest in meaning to
(A) escorting
(B) accompanying
(C) acting
(D) guiding and drilling
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本題為閱讀測驗,要求判斷單字 "coaching" 在文中的近義詞。
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核心觀念: 詞彙理解,特別是 "coaching" 在上下文中的意思。
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解題步驟:
- 定位單字 "coaching": 在原文中,「Training is coaching to become proficient in particular behaviors or actions.」。這裡的 "coaching" 是用來定義「訓練」(training)。
- 理解 "coaching" 的常見含義: "Coaching" 通常指指導、訓練、輔導,幫助某人提高技能或表現。
- 分析上下文: 在「訓練」的定義中,"coaching" 是指指導人們變得精通特定的行為或行動。這暗示了指導、練習、改進的過程。
第 26 題
Read the following paragraph and answer questions 26 to 30:
Juvenile delinquents are often defined as children between the ages of 10 and 17 who have committed a criminal act. There are two main types of offenders: repeat offenders and age-specific offenders. Repeat offenders are also known as "life-course (26) offenders." These juvenile delinquents begin offending or showing other signs of antisocial behavior during adolescence. Repeat offenders continue to engage in criminal activities or aggressive behaviors (27) after they enter adulthood. The other type of juvenile delinquent behavior, age-specific offenders, begins during adolescence. [28] the repeat offenders, however, the behaviors of the age-specific offender ends before the minor becomes an adult. The behaviors that a juvenile shows during adolescence are often a good (29) of the type of offender he will become. While age-specific offenders leave their delinquent behavior behind (30) they enter adulthood, they often have more mental health problems, engage in substance abuse, and have greater financial problems than adults who were never delinquent as juveniles.
26 (A) imminent (B) persistent (C) civilian (D) humble
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本題為閱讀測驗的填空題,考查對詞彙和語境的理解。
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核心觀念: 辨識「累犯」(repeat offenders) 的另一種稱呼,以及描述其行為特徵的詞彙。
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解題步驟:
- 閱讀並理解上下文: 這段話在定義青少年犯罪者 (juvenile delinquents) 的兩種類型:累犯 (repeat offenders) 和特定年齡層的犯罪者 (age-specific offenders)。接著描述了「累犯」的特徵。
- 聚焦於空格 26: 空格 26 緊跟在 "life-course" 之後,形成一個詞組,用來稱呼「累犯」。原文是 "Repeat offenders are also known as 'life-course (26) offenders.'"。
第 27 題
Read the following paragraph and answer questions 26 to 30:
Juvenile delinquents are often defined as children between the ages of 10 and 17 who have committed a criminal act. There are two main types of offenders: repeat offenders and age-specific offenders. Repeat offenders are also known as "life-course (26) offenders." These juvenile delinquents begin offending or showing other signs of antisocial behavior during adolescence. Repeat offenders continue to engage in criminal activities or aggressive behaviors (27) after they enter adulthood. The other type of juvenile delinquent behavior, age-specific offenders, begins during adolescence. [28] the repeat offenders, however, the behaviors of the age-specific offender ends before the minor becomes an adult. The behaviors that a juvenile shows during adolescence are often a good (29) of the type of offender he will become. While age-specific offenders leave their delinquent behavior behind (30) they enter adulthood, they often have more mental health problems, engage in substance abuse, and have greater financial problems than adults who were never delinquent as juveniles.
27 (A) quite (B) never (C) even (D) over
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本題為閱讀測驗的填空題,考查對詞彙和語境的理解。
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核心觀念: 描述「累犯」(repeat offenders) 行為的持續性。
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解題步驟:
- 閱讀並理解上下文: 空格 27 緊跟在「Repeat offenders continue to engage in criminal activities or aggressive behaviors」之後。句子在描述累犯的行為模式。
- 分析空格 27 的作用: 此處需要一個副詞來修飾「continue to engage in criminal activities or aggressive behaviors」,說明這種行為持續到何時。
- 評估選項:
- (A) quite (相當地):用來加強語氣,例如 "quite aggressive",但在此處修飾「繼續犯罪行為」的持續時間,語意不符。
第 28 題
Read the following paragraph and answer questions 26 to 30:
Juvenile delinquents are often defined as children between the ages of 10 and 17 who have committed a criminal act. There are two main types of offenders: repeat offenders and age-specific offenders. Repeat offenders are also known as "life-course (26) offenders." These juvenile delinquents begin offending or showing other signs of antisocial behavior during adolescence. Repeat offenders continue to engage in criminal activities or aggressive behaviors (27) after they enter adulthood. The other type of juvenile delinquent behavior, age-specific offenders, begins during adolescence. [28] the repeat offenders, however, the behaviors of the age-specific offender ends before the minor becomes an adult. The behaviors that a juvenile shows during adolescence are often a good (29) of the type of offender he will become. While age-specific offenders leave their delinquent behavior behind (30) they enter adulthood, they often have more mental health problems, engage in substance abuse, and have greater financial problems than adults who were never delinquent as juveniles.
28 (A) To (B) For (C) Beside (D) Unlike
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本題為閱讀測驗的填空題,考查對連接詞和語境的理解。
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核心觀念: 比較和對比不同類型的犯罪者。
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解題步驟:
- 閱讀並理解上下文: 空格 28 位於描述「特定年齡層犯罪者」(age-specific offenders) 的句子開頭,緊接著的內容是「however, the behaviors of the age-specific offender ends before the minor becomes an adult.」。這句話是在對比「特定年齡層犯罪者」與前文提到的「累犯」(repeat offenders) 的行為模式。
- 分析空格 28 的作用: 此處需要一個詞來引出對比的對象,即「累犯」。
第 29 題
Read the following paragraph and answer questions 26 to 30:
Juvenile delinquents are often defined as children between the ages of 10 and 17 who have committed a criminal act. There are two main types of offenders: repeat offenders and age-specific offenders. Repeat offenders are also known as "life-course (26) offenders." These juvenile delinquents begin offending or showing other signs of antisocial behavior during adolescence. Repeat offenders continue to engage in criminal activities or aggressive behaviors (27) after they enter adulthood. The other type of juvenile delinquent behavior, age-specific offenders, begins during adolescence. [28] the repeat offenders, however, the behaviors of the age-specific offender ends before the minor becomes an adult. The behaviors that a juvenile shows during adolescence are often a good (29) of the type of offender he will become. While age-specific offenders leave their delinquent behavior behind (30) they enter adulthood, they often have more mental health problems, engage in substance abuse, and have greater financial problems than adults who were never delinquent as juveniles.
29.(A) indicator (B) example (C) decision (D) principle
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本題為閱讀測驗的填空題,考查對詞彙和語境的理解。
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核心觀念: 描述青少年行為與未來犯罪類型之間的關係。
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解題步驟:
- 閱讀並理解上下文: 空格 29 位於「青少年時期表現出的行為,常常是...他將成為何種罪犯的一個好...」這個句子中。這是在描述青少年時期的行為如何預示或代表其未來的犯罪模式。
- 分析空格 29 的作用: 此處需要一個名詞,表示青少年時期的行為能夠「顯示」或「預示」其未來的犯罪類型。
- 評估選項:
- (A) indicator (指標;
第 30 題
Read the following paragraph and answer questions 26 to 30:
Juvenile delinquents are often defined as children between the ages of 10 and 17 who have committed a criminal act. There are two main types of offenders: repeat offenders and age-specific offenders. Repeat offenders are also known as "life-course (26) offenders." These juvenile delinquents begin offending or showing other signs of antisocial behavior during adolescence. Repeat offenders continue to engage in criminal activities or aggressive behaviors (27) after they enter adulthood. The other type of juvenile delinquent behavior, age-specific offenders, begins during adolescence. [28] the repeat offenders, however, the behaviors of the age-specific offender ends before the minor becomes an adult. The behaviors that a juvenile shows during adolescence are often a good (29) of the type of offender he will become. While age-specific offenders leave their delinquent behavior behind (30) they enter adulthood, they often have more mental health problems, engage in substance abuse, and have greater financial problems than adults who were never delinquent as juveniles.
30、(A) because (B) unless (C) when (D) or
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本題為閱讀測驗的填空題,考查對連接詞和語境的理解。
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核心觀念: 描述特定年齡層犯罪者行為結束的時間點。
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解題步驟:
- 閱讀並理解上下文: 空格 30 位於「儘管特定年齡層犯罪者在他們進入成年後,就將其犯罪行為拋諸腦後...」這個句子中。這是在描述特定年齡層犯罪者行為的轉變。
- 分析空格 30 的作用: 此處需要一個連接詞,連接「特定年齡層犯罪者將犯罪行為拋諸腦後」和「他們進入成年後」這兩個時間點或事件。句子是在闡述一個事實,即他們在成年後停止犯罪行為。
- 評估選項:
第 三、 題20 分
Read the following paragraphs from an article titled "Legal Feminism and the Emotions: Three Moments in an Evolving Relationship" (Abrams 2005: 336-337) and translate into Chinese. (20%)
A. Scholarship on the Emotions in the Constructivist Moment
Recent work on the emotions and law has continued to proliferate in the legal academy, as well as in the fields of philosophy and political theory. It has pressed in new directions, some of which, interestingly, reflect feminist and related critiques of enlightenment epistemology. Recent work, for example, is less focused on challenging the dichotomous hierarchical understanding of reason and the emotions, or the inappropriateness of emotion to the law.43 Reason and emotion are more often described as interpenetrating in effective thought or sound legal argumentation.44 More notably, emotion itself is sometimes characterized as having a cognitive element or cognitive structure. Martha Nussbaum has argued, for example, that disgust is an expression of revulsion toward those attributes that reveal our animality.45 William Miller, comparing disgust and contempt, notes the different ways that the lips curl in the physical expression of each; but he also distinguishes contempt and disgust on the ground that contempt connotes a superior hierarchical relation to its objects, while disgust demands their exile or abjection. 46
Second, recent scholarship reflects the view that emotions (be they visceral or cognitive) are not the expression of purely interior states. They are shaped and conditioned-in their form and in the objects to which they respond-by social understandings and practices. Cheshire Calhoun has argued, for example, that romantic love-an emotion our culture has often regarded as the last outpost of the natural-is powerfully structured, or even produced, by elaborate social scripts.47
Similarly, recent scholarship does not characterize emotion simply as being expressed, or repressed, by law. Although contemporary scholarship on the emotions still reflects accounts in which law plays an expressive role with respect to particular emotions-Dan Kahan's work on the expressive functions of the criminal law is a good example of that tendency48-more recent accounts describe emotion as acted on, modified, and brought into being by law in many different ways. Recent work by Martha Minow, for example, on legal responses to genocide and related atrocities, stresses the way in which fact-finding can channel emotions away from uncontrolled hunger for vengeance toward a more moderated desire for accountability.49 Robert Solomon describes the way that criminal law can temper, even as it gives effect to, the desire for retribution.50 Danielle Allen, writing about ancient Athens, describes the way in which law need not simply express, but can also satisfy, anger at individual offenses against the community.51
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本題為英翻中翻譯題,考驗考生將學術性、理論性較強的英文段落,準確且流暢地翻譯成中文的能力。翻譯時需注意法律、哲學、社會學等相關領域的專業術語,以及段落間的邏輯連貫性。
第一段翻譯:
原文:「A. Scholarship on the Emotions in the Constructivist Moment」
- 翻譯: A. 構成主義時刻下的情緒學術研究
原文:「Recent work on the emotions and law has continued to proliferate in the legal academy, as well as in the fields of philosophy and political theory.」
- 關鍵詞: proliferate (激增,快速發展), legal academy (法學院界), philosophy (哲學), political theory (政治理論)。
- 翻譯: 近期關於情緒與法律的研究,在法學院界以及哲學和政治理論領域持續蓬勃發展。
原文:「It has pressed in new directions, some of which, interestingly, reflect feminist and related critiques of enlightenment epistemology.」
- 關鍵詞: pressed in new directions (開拓了新方向), reflect (反映), feminist and related critiques (女性主義及相關批判), enlightenment epistemology (啟蒙認識論)。
- 翻譯: 這些研究開拓了新方向,其中一些有趣之處,反映了女性主義及相關學派對啟蒙認識論的批判。
原文:「Recent work, for example, is less focused on challenging the dichotomous hierarchical understanding of reason and the emotions, or the inappropriateness of emotion to the law.43」
- 關鍵詞: less focused on (較少關注), challenging (挑戰), dichotomous hierarchical understanding (二分法的層級理解), reason and the emotions (理性與情緒), inappropriateness of emotion to the law (情緒在法律中的不當性)。
- 翻譯: 例如,近期研究較少著重於挑戰理性與情緒之間二分且層級化的理解,或是情緒在法律上的不適宜性。
原文:「Reason and emotion are more often described as interpenetrating in effective thought or sound legal argumentation.44」
- 關鍵詞: interpenetrating (相互滲透), effective thought (有效思考), sound legal argumentation (健全的法律論證)。
- 翻譯: 理性與情緒更常被描述為在有效思考或健全的法律論證中相互滲透。
原文:「More notably, emotion itself is sometimes characterized as having a cognitive element or cognitive structure.」
- 關鍵詞: notably (顯著地), characterized as (被歸類為,被描述為), cognitive element (認知要素), cognitive structure (認知結構)。
- 翻譯: 更值得注意的是,情緒本身有時被描述為具有認知要素或認知結構。
原文:「Martha Nussbaum has argued, for example, that disgust is an expression of revulsion toward those attributes that reveal our animality.45」
- 關鍵詞: disgust (厭惡), expression of revulsion (厭惡的表達), attributes (特質), reveal our animality (揭示我們的獸性)。
- 翻譯: 例如,瑪莎·努斯鮑姆 (Martha Nussbaum) 認為,厭惡是對揭示我們獸性特質的一種厭惡反應。
原文:「William Miller, comparing disgust and contempt, notes the different ways that the lips curl in the physical expression of each; but he also distinguishes contempt and disgust on the ground that contempt connotes a superior hierarchical relation to its objects, while disgust demands their exile or abjection.46」
- 關鍵詞: contempt (鄙視), compares (比較), physical expression (外在表現), lips curl (嘴角上揚), distinguishes (區分), connotes (暗示), superior hierarchical relation (優越的層級關係), exile (放逐), abjection (卑賤,被唾棄)。
- 翻譯: 威廉·米勒 (William Miller) 在比較厭惡與鄙視時,指出兩者在外在表達上的不同,例如嘴角上揚的差異;但他同時也區分了鄙視與厭惡,其理由是鄙視暗示著與其對象之間一種優越的層級關係,而厭惡則要求將其對象放逐或使其卑賤。
第二段翻譯:
原文:「Second, recent scholarship reflects the view that emotions (be they visceral or cognitive) are not the expression of purely interior states.」
- 關鍵詞: reflects the view (反映了觀點), visceral (內臟的,本能的), cognitive (認知的), purely interior states (純粹內在的狀態)。
- 翻譯: 其次,近期學術研究反映了一種觀點,即情緒(無論是本能的還是認知的)並非純粹內在狀態的表達。
原文:「They are shaped and conditioned-in their form and in the objects to which they respond-by social understandings and practices.」
- 關鍵詞: shaped and conditioned (被塑造和制約), in their form (在形式上), in the objects to which they respond (在它們所回應的對象上), social understandings and practices (社會理解與實踐)。
- 翻譯: 它們的形式以及它們所回應的對象,都受到社會理解與實踐的塑造和制約。
原文:「Cheshire Calhoun has argued, for example, that romantic love-an emotion our culture has often regarded as the last outpost of the natural-is powerfully structured, or even produced, by elaborate social scripts.47」