108 年 國立清華大學動力機械工程學系碩士班甲組《科技英文》
第 1 題
It is crucial to understand how one form of energy can ____ into another.
(A) convert
(B) converts
(C) be converted
(D) converting
(E) be converting
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本題考查動詞的時態與語態,以及不定詞片語的用法。
句子主詞是 "one form of energy",動詞是 "can",後面需要接原形動詞。
選項 (A) convert 是原形動詞,符合語法。
選項 (B) converts 是第三人稱單數現在式,不適用於 can 後面。
第 2 題
Curiosity keeps ____ us down new paths.
(A) to lead
(B) lead
(C) for leading
(D) leading
(E) led
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本題考查 keep + 受詞 + 分詞的結構。
"Keep" 後面接一個受詞 (us) 和一個現在分詞 (leading) 可以表示「讓某人持續做某事」或「使某人處於某種狀態」。
"Keep leading us down new paths" 意為「引導我們走上新的道路」。
選項 (A) to lead 是不定詞,不符合此結構。
第 3 題
Technology is advancing at a rapid speed and engineers need ____ to compete and advance.
(A) to do the same
(B) doing the same
(C) the same
(D) same
(E) to do same
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這是一題關於動詞結構與對等連接的文法選擇題。
句子前半部 "Technology is advancing at a rapid speed" (科技正快速進步) 與後半部 "engineers need ____ to compete and advance" (工程師需要____來競爭與進步) 之間由 and 連接,表示兩者是並列的關係。
前半部的主詞是 Technology,動詞是 is advancing。後半部的主詞是 engineers,動詞是 need。
第 4 題
Before ____ to the graduate school, I had to go through an examination.
(A) to admit
(B) being admitted
(C) having been admitted
(D) admitting
(E) admit
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這是一題關於動名詞與不定詞的文法選擇題。
句子的結構是 "Before + [子句或片語], [主要子句]"。主要子句是 "I had to go through an examination"。
前面的 "Before ____ to the graduate school" 是時間副詞子句,描述在進入研究所之前發生的動作。
主詞 "I" 是被「錄取」到研究所,所以這裡需要使用被動語態的動名詞。
"Before" 後面可以接動名詞 (V-ing)。因此,我們需要一個被動語態的動名詞。
第 5 題
I could have done my homework better, if I ____ to school yesterday.
(A) came
(B) have come
(C) come
(D) have came
(E) had come
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這是一題關於假設語氣的文法選擇題。
句子的前半部 "I could have done my homework better" 是用「過去完成式」的助動詞片語 (could have + Vpp),這表示對「過去事實」的假設,意為「我本來可以把功課做得更好」。
第 6 題
We believe this malfunction ____ due to poor mechanical design.
(A) are
(B) is
(C) to be
(D) be
(E) was
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這是一題關於動詞時態與主詞一致的文法選擇題。
句子主詞是 "this malfunction" (這個故障),是單數。
動詞需要與主詞 "malfunction" 一致,並且描述一個現有的狀態或原因。
第 7 題
Hsinchu Science Park ____ an important center for technology development in Taiwan since 1980s.
(A) was
(B) has been
(C) is
(D) had been
(E) had
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這是一題關於動詞時態的文法選擇題。
句中的時間標示 "since 1980s" (自 1980 年代以來) 表明動作或狀態從過去某個時間點持續到現在。
這種表示「從過去持續到現在」的狀態,通常使用現在完成式 (has/have + Vpp)。
第 8 題
An engineer must ____ domain knowledge to be successful.
(A) have
(B) has
(C) to have
(D) having
(E) do have
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本題考查助動詞 "must" 後面接動詞原形。
"Must" 作為情態助動詞,後面必須接動詞原形,表示義務、必要或強烈推測。
句子的主語是 "An engineer" (單數)。
"must" 後面直接接原形動詞 "have" 來表示「必須擁有」。
選項 (A) have 是動詞原形,符合語法。
第 9 題
Graphene is one of the earth's strongest ____ ever measured.
(A) material
(B) materials
(C) that
(D) Materials
(E) which was
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本題考查名詞的單複數用法。
句子結構是 "Graphene is one of the + 形容詞 + 名詞 (複數) + ever measured"。
"One of the..." 後面通常接複數名詞,因為表示「在眾多...中的一個」。
"material" 是可數名詞,表示「材料」。
第 10 題
The experiment will be finished in ____ five weeks.
(A) more
(B) the other
(C) other
(D) less
(E) another
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核心觀念
本題考查表示「再……、另外……」的限定詞用法,重點在於:
- another + 數字/數量 + 可數名詞複數:表示「另外、再……」,例如 another five weeks(再五週)。
- more + 數字/數量 + 可數名詞 通常不直接使用,正確形式是 five more weeks。
- the other 表示「兩者之中的另一個/其餘的」,通常指特定範圍。
- less than 表示「少於」,不能只用 less five weeks。
解題方法
句意為:
這項實驗將在再過五週內完成。
空格後為數字 five 加上複數可數名詞 weeks。要表達「再五週、另外五週」,最自然且符合文法的結構是:
因此:
The experiment will be finished in another five weeks.
其中 another five weeks 相當於 five more weeks,表示「再五週」。
選項分析
-
(A) more:錯誤
more 表示「更多的」,但通常應放在數字之後:
five more weeks
more five weeks 不符合一般標準英文的語序,因此不能填入本題。
-
(B) the other:錯誤
第 11 題
The subject ____ I am most interested is Mechanical Engineering.
(A) in which
(B) in that
(C) in what
(D) in where
(E) whichever
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本題考查關係代名詞的用法。
句子主詞是 "The subject",後面需要一個關係代名詞子句來修飾 "subject"。
子句是 "I am most interested ____"。
"be interested in something" 是固定搭配。
所以,關係代名詞子句應該是 "in which I am most interested" 或 "that I am most interested in"。
第 12 題
I want to become ____ of National Tsing Hua University.
(A) student
(B) the student
(C) a student
(D) students
(E) new student
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本題考查冠詞的用法。
"I want to become..." 後面需要接一個名詞來表示想成為的身份。
"student" 是可數名詞,表示「學生」。
"National Tsing Hua University" 是一個特定的大學名稱。
當表示成為某個特定機構的一份子時,通常使用不定冠詞 "a" 加上單數名詞。
第 13 題
The weight of our microrobot is ____ kilogram.
(A) smaller
(B) less
(C) lower than
(D) less than
(E) more little than
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核心觀念
此題測驗「量測名詞前的比較用法」:當描述「重量」這類可量化的名詞時,若要說「小於某個數值」必須使用比較片語 less than,而不能直接用形容詞 smaller、副詞 less 或其他不符合語意的片語。
(a) 為何選 less than
-
語法需求
- 「The weight of our microrobot is … kilogram」的空格需填入能與名詞 kilogram 組成正確的量詞片語。
- 英文中,less than + 數量 是比較「少於」的標準結構,例如 less than one kilogram。
-
選項分析
選項 文字 為何不合格
第 14 題
Industry 4.0 impacts how engineers design products for ____ manufacturing facilities.
(A) increasing smartly
(B) increasing smart
(C) increasingly and smartly
(D) increasingly and smart
(E) increasingly smart
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本題考查副詞修飾形容詞或動詞的用法。
句子結構是 "design products for ____ manufacturing facilities"。
"manufacturing facilities" 是名詞。
空格處需要修飾名詞 "manufacturing facilities"。
"smart" 是形容詞,可以修飾名詞。
"smartly" 是副詞,用來修飾動詞或形容詞。
"increasing" 是現在分詞,可以作形容詞使用。
"increasingly" 是副詞,表示「越來越」。
選項 (A) increasing smartly: "increasingly" (副詞) 修飾 "smartly" (副詞),然後 "smartly" (副詞) 修飾 "manufacturing facilities" (名詞),這是錯誤的。副詞不能直接修飾名詞。
選項 (B) increasing smart: "increasing" (現在分詞/形容詞) 修飾 "smart" (形容詞),然後 "smart" (形容詞) 修飾 "manufacturing facilities" (名詞)。這是一個形容詞組合,表示「越來越聰明的」。
選項 (C) increasingly and smartly: "increasingly" (副詞) 和 "smartly" (副詞) 並列,然後修飾 "manufacturing facilities" (名詞)。
第 15 題
The Porche 959 was ____ street car in the world when introduced in 1987.
(A) a fastest
(B) the most fast
(C) the maximum fast
(D) most fast
(E) the fastest
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本題考查最高級的用法。
句子中有 "when introduced in 1987",表示在那個時間點。
空格處需要填入最高級形容詞來描述 Porche 959。
"fast" 的最高級是 "fastest"。
當使用最高級形容詞時,通常前面需要加上定冠詞 "the"。
所以,應該是 "the fastest"。
選項 (A) a fastest 缺少 "the",且 "a" 不與最高級連用。
第 16 題
Physics ____ a very important subject for engineering students.
(A) are
(B) is
(C) was
(D) were
(E) must be
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這是一題關於主詞動詞一致的文法選擇題。
句子的主詞是 "Physics"。
"Physics" 這個字雖然以 "-s" 結尾,但它是一個單數名詞,表示一門學科。
因此,動詞需要使用單數形式。
第 17 題
This machine used centrifugal force to separate particles ____ air.
(A) from
(B) out of
(C) away
(D) to
(E) versus
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本題考查介系詞的用法。
句子是 "separate particles ____ air"。
"separate A from B" 是固定搭配,意為「將 A 與 B 分開」。
這裡的 A 是 "particles",B 是 "air"。
所以,應該使用介系詞 "from"。
第 18 題
Carbon dioxide sorbents absorb ____ when cool and release it when heated.
(A) gas
(B) gases
(C) the gas
(D) them
(E) that
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本題考查名詞的單複數用法。
句子是 "Carbon dioxide sorbents absorb ____ when cool and release it when heated."
"Carbon dioxide" (二氧化碳) 通常以氣體形式存在,在這裡作為吸收的對象。
"absorb" 後面需要接名詞。
選項 (A) gas 是單數名詞,指「氣體」。
選項 (B) gases 是複數名詞,指「氣體們」。
選項 (C) the gas 指特定的氣體。
第 19 題
In this article, which of the following was NOT considered as key technology of Industry 4.0?
(A) Modeling
(B) Augmented reality
(C) 3D printing
(D) Iterations
(E) Automation
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核心觀念
本題考查考生能否依據文章辨認工業 4.0 的關鍵技術,並分辨「技術本身」與「技術帶來的效果」。文章列出工程模擬、擴增實境、積層製造、機器人與自動化等技術,也提到工程模擬能減少設計反覆修改的次數。題目所指文章見清華大學考試試題。
解題方法
先在文章中定位關鍵技術的描述,再逐一核對選項。判斷時要看選項是否是文章明確列出的技術,而非只看它是否出現在文章中。文章提到的「減少反覆修改」是工程模擬帶來的效益,不代表「反覆修改」本身是關鍵技術。
選項分析
- (A) Modeling(建模):文章提到設計初期的建模/模擬情境(modeling/simulation scenarios),可協助找出適合製作原型的設計,因此屬於文中提及的技術內容。
- (B) Augmented reality(擴增實境):文章指出工程模擬運用虛擬實境與擴增實境來建立三維影像,也提到擴增實境逐漸成為視覺化與設計工具,因此是文中提及的技術。
第 20 題
Which of the following best describes the "Big data" for Industry 4.0?
(A) RFID data
(B) Data from big companies
(C) A lot of data
(D) Simulation data
(E) Data collected from IoT
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核心觀念
Industry 4.0(工業 4.0)以智慧製造、工業物聯網(Industrial Internet of Things, IIoT)、感測器、雲端運算與人工智慧為核心。生產設備會持續透過 IoT 蒐集溫度、壓力、振動、轉速、能耗、產品品質與設備狀態等資料。
此類資料具有下列 Big Data(大數據)特徵:
- Volume:資料量龐大。
- Velocity:資料產生與傳輸速度很快。
- Variety:資料形式多樣,包含感測數值、影像、聲音、設備紀錄等。
- Veracity:資料品質與可信度需要確認。
- Value:資料可用於預測維護、製程最佳化與品質控制。
因此,Industry 4.0 中的 Big Data,重點不是單純「資料很多」,而是由智慧設備與 IoT 持續產生,並可進一步分析與應用的多樣化資料集合。
解題方法
判斷關鍵在於辨認 Industry 4.0 的資料來源。
工業 4.0 的設備通常透過感測器與 IoT 連接至網路,形成「設備產生資料 → 網路傳輸 → 雲端或邊緣運算分析 → 改善製程」的流程。因此,最能描述其 Big Data 來源的選項,是 Data collected from IoT。
選項 C「A lot of data」只說明資料量大,沒有涵蓋資料來源、即時性、多樣性與可分析性,定義不完整。
選項分析
(A) RFID data
RFID(無線射頻辨識)資料可用於追蹤原料、零件、產品位置與物流流程,確實可能是工業大數據的一部分。
但 RFID 只是 IoT 與智慧製造中的一種資料來源,無法代表 Industry 4.0 的全部 Big Data。因此此選項範圍過窄,錯誤。
(B) Data from big companies
第 21 題
Which of the following is NOT a comment made by the author?
(A) Additive manufacturing can be used to make complex products.
(B) Companies embracing Industry 4.0 must hire data-management scientists.
(C) Modeling/simulation can accelerate product design.
(D) Big data can be useful in marketing
(E) Virtual reality is an important tool in designing medical devices.
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核心觀念
本題考查科技文章的細節理解,重點是辨認「作者在文章中明確提出的觀點」。題幹問:
Which of the following is NOT a comment made by the author?
意思是「下列何者不是作者提出的評論?」
解題時須逐項比對文章內容,判斷選項是否能由文中敘述直接支持。特別注意選項中的絕對語氣,例如 must(必須),常是將原文較寬鬆的敘述過度推論。
解題方法
文章應是以 Industry 4.0 相關技術及其應用為主題,提及多項技術如何協助產品設計、製造與商業活動。
逐一檢查各選項:
- 是否為文章提到的技術或應用?
- 選項是否忠實重述原文?
- 是否加入原文沒有的強制性或絕對性判斷?
其中,若文章僅表示企業需要處理、分析大量資料,不能直接推導出「企業必須雇用資料管理科學家」。
選項分析
(A) Additive manufacturing can be used to make complex products.
Additive manufacturing 指「積層製造」,即一般所稱的 3D 列印。其特色是逐層堆疊材料製造物件,因此能製作傳統加工方法較難完成的複雜幾何形狀。
此選項符合文章對積層製造應用的描述,屬於作者提出的評論。因此 (A) 正確,不是答案。
(B) Companies embracing Industry 4.0 must hire data-management scientists.
此選項表示:「採用 Industry 4.0 的公司必須雇用資料管理科學家。」
文章即使提到大數據、資料管理或資料分析的重要性,也不代表作者主張所有企業都「必須雇用」特定職稱的人員。企業可以透過既有員工培訓、外包服務或導入資料分析工具來管理資料,原文的科技需求不能直接推論成強制性的人事要求。
因此,此選項加入了原文未必具備的 must,屬於過度推論,並非作者的評論。故 (B) 為正確答案。
第 22 題
Which of the following is irrelevant to Industry 4.0?
(A) Data optimization (B) Data storage
(C) Data acquisition
(D) Data analysis
(E) None of the above
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本題要求判斷哪個選項與 Industry 4.0 無關。
文章中提到:「Big data and analytics - utilizes the Internet of Things to capture, analyze, and store data on every stage of production, from design through production」。
這裡的 "capture" 相當於 "Data acquisition" (數據獲取)。
"analyze" 相當於 "Data analysis" (數據分析)。
"store" 相當於 "Data storage" (數據儲存)。
第 23 題
Jackrabbot is designed to be a ____.
(A) Autonomous drone
(B) Electric car
(C) Pedestrian-like robot
(D) Campus navigator
(E) Highway autonomous car
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本題為閱讀理解題,需要根據 Article II 的內容判斷。
文章中提到 "Now a team of researchers led by Professor S. Salvarese has taken up the challenge of creating a self-navigating machine, Jackrabbot, for the sidewalk. The goal is to have a robot that moves like a pedestrian."
這段話清楚說明 Jackrabbot 的目標是像行人一樣移動的機器人。
第 24 題
Which of the following was NOT likely included in the data collected by the research team?
(A) Skateboarders
(B) Shoppers
(C) Dog walkers
(D) Buildings
(E) Sidewalk
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本題要求判斷哪個選項的數據「不太可能」被研究團隊收集。
文章提到,為了讓 Jackrabbot 模仿行人,團隊收集了「校園步道上的互動數據」。具體來說,他們「用無人機在校園上空飛行,記錄了所有出現在校園裡的行動者(pedestrians, bikes, skateboards, strollers. All these agents and trajectories are for learning inter-class relationships.)。數據還包括 non-agents such as sidewalk, grass, trees, fountains, and staircases.」
我們來逐一分析選項:
(A) Skateboarders (滑板者):文章明確提到 "skateboards",所以滑板者是可能包含在內的。
(B) Shoppers (購物者):文章提到 "pedestrians, bikes, skateboards, strollers",並沒有明確提到 "shoppers"。但是,校園步道上可能會有購物者,他們也是行人的一種。
第 25 題
Which of the following is the most important component to this research project?
(A) Machine learning
(B) Campus patrolling
(C) Flow of humanity
(D) Human body language
(E) Solving the "last mile problem"
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本題要求判斷哪個選項是該研究專案最重要的組成部分。
文章提到:「To understand this complexity, and get it into the Jackrabbot, the team collected a massive data set of interactions on collegiate walkways. 'What we did is fly a drone over the campus,' says Savarese, 'and we recorded hours and hours of footage of all possible actors that populate the campus: pedestrians, bikes, skateboards, strollers. All these agents and trajectories are for learning inter-class relationships.'」
第 26 題
Which subject was NOT mentioned at all by the author in this article?
(A) Automatic control
(B) Computer science
(C) Zoology
(D) Aerodynamics
(E) None of the above
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核心觀念
本題考查閱讀理解中的「細節辨識」與「否定問句」:
Which subject was NOT mentioned at all by the author in this article?
關鍵字 NOT mentioned at all 意為「作者完全沒有提到的主題」。解題時須逐一比對文章內容,找出未曾出現的科目。
題目未附原文,因此無法直接逐字核對文章;依本題選項設計及文章內容所對應的主題,合理判定文章提及 automatic control、computer science 與 aerodynamics,未提及 zoology。
解題方法
將四個實際科目選項逐一與文章主題比對:
- 文章若曾討論自動控制,即排除選項 (A)。
- 文章若曾提及電腦科學,即排除選項 (B)。
- 文章若曾涉及空氣動力學,即排除選項 (D)。
- 剩下完全沒有出現的科目即為答案。
因此,未被作者提及的是 zoology(動物學)。
選項分析
第 27 題
The windmill is a national symbol of the Netherlands, which has for centuries harnessed the fresh breezes coming off the North Sea to pump water and power small industries. It's fitting, then, that a Dutchman was tasked by GE Renewable Energy to manage the design and fabrication of the world's largest wind turbine.
(A) The windmill pumps water from the North Sea by GE.
(B) A Dutchman was tasked by GE to make fittings for the world's largest wind turbine.
(C) Wind power from the North Sea has been used for centuries.
(D) Small industries in Netherlands provide power to GE Renewable Energy.
(E) The world's largest windmill is the national symbol of Netherland.
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核心觀念
本題考查科技文章的主旨理解與同義改寫,重點在於辨識原文敘述的核心資訊,以及判斷選項是否扭曲了主詞、受詞、時間或因果關係。
原文關鍵句為:
the Netherlands ... has for centuries harnessed the fresh breezes coming off the North Sea to pump water and power small industries.
句中:
- for centuries:數世紀以來
- fresh breezes coming off the North Sea:來自北海的清新海風
- harness:利用、駕馭能源
- pump water and power small industries:抽水並為小型工業提供動力
因此,原文主要表達:荷蘭數世紀以來便利用來自北海的風力抽水,並為小型工業提供動力。
解題方法
先抓出原文的三個核心元素:
- 能源來源:來自北海的海風。
- 使用時間:數世紀以來。
- 使用方式:抽水並供應小型工業所需的動力。
再逐一比對選項是否完整保留這三項資訊。符合原意的選項即為正確答案。
選項分析
(A) The windmill pumps water from the North Sea by GE.
錯誤。
原文是利用來自北海的風,也就是:
breezes coming off the North Sea
這表示「風來自北海」,不是「從北海抽水」。此外,GE Renewable Energy 只是負責世界最大風力發電機的設計與製造管理,並非數世紀以來荷蘭風車抽水的執行者。
(B) A Dutchman was tasked by GE to make fittings for the world's largest wind turbine.
錯誤。
原文中的:
It's fitting, then, that a Dutchman was tasked ...
此處 fitting 是形容「很恰當、很合適」,並非名詞「配件」或動詞「製作配件」。荷蘭人受 GE Renewable Energy 委託的是管理世界最大風力發電機的設計與製造,而不是製作 fittings。
第 28 題
Engineers typically build a fuel bed of shredded wood on the floor of the tunnel to replicate sloped terrain. Roof fans pull outside air through heating and cooling coils to adjust its temperature. A large fan blows the conditioned air into an 80-foot-tall burn chamber, where is mixed with the air in the room and is drawn into the wind tunnel at up to 8 miles per hour.
(A) Large roof fans pull the air to outside.
(B) An 80-foot-tall chamber is air-conditioned.
(C) Heating and cooling coils are mixed by air flows at 8 miles per hour.
(D) The wind tunnel is 80-foot-tall.
(E) The fan is used to cool the wind tunnel.
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本題要求根據提供的段落,判斷哪一句陳述是正確的。
段落內容描述了一個風洞的結構和工作原理。
「Engineers typically build a fuel bed of shredded wood on the floor of the tunnel to replicate sloped terrain. Roof fans pull outside air through heating and cooling coils to adjust its temperature. A large fan blows the conditioned air into an 80-foot-tall burn chamber, where is mixed with the air in the room and is drawn into the wind tunnel at up to 8 miles per hour.」
選項分析:
(A) Large roof fans pull the air to outside. (大的屋頂風扇將空氣抽到外面。) - 文章說 "Roof fans pull outside air...",表示將「外面」的空氣「往內」拉,而不是將空氣抽到外面。
(B) An 80-foot-tall chamber is air-conditioned. (一個 80 英尺高的燃燒室是經過空調處理的。
第 29 題
The microrobot weighs 1.2 g, and the researchers achieved a speed of 2.2 cm per second, with peak velocity across water reaching 8 cm per second. That is much slower than its ground speed of 40 cm per second.
(A) The microrobot moves slower than the ground.
(B) The microrobot was moved by the researcher slowly.
(C) In the test, water flows at a peak velocity of 8 cm per second.
(D) The microrobot could move across a 10 cm water trench within 2 seconds.
(E) It takes 40 seconds for the microrobot to move one cm on the ground.
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核心觀念
本題考查科技英文中的資訊理解、比較級與速度—時間—距離關係。
題幹指出:
- 動力機器人在水面上的最高速度為 。
- 動力機器人在陸地上的速度為 。
- 速度公式為:
其中 為時間、 為距離、 為速度。
解題方法
逐一比對選項與題幹資訊。涉及距離與時間的選項,利用速度公式計算。
若機器人以水面最高速度 通過長 的水溝:
因為 ,所以機器人在理想情況下能於 2 秒內通過 10 公分寬的水溝。
選項分析
(A) 錯誤。
題幹比較的是機器人在水面與陸地上的速度,並不是將機器人與「地面」本身比較。正確意思應是「機器人在水面上的移動速度比在陸地上慢」,不能解讀為機器人移動得比地面慢。
第 30 題
The eyes of mantis shrimp detect ____ types of polarization: horizontal, vertical, and two types each of diagonal and spiral. They have 16 color receptors stacked atop on another. Shorter wavelength receptors go on top and sensors for longer wavelengths, which penetrate tissue on the bottom.
(A) four / more
(B) four / better
(C) six / deep
(D) six / better
(E) six / faster
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這是一題關於閱讀理解和填空的文法選擇題。
句子結構是 "The eyes of mantis shrimp detect ____ types of polarization: horizontal, vertical, and two types each of diagonal and spiral."
前面的空格需要填入總共有多少種類型的極化。
極化的種類有:horizontal (水平), vertical (垂直), diagonal (對角), spiral (螺旋)。
其中,diagonal 和 spiral 各有兩種。
所以總共有 1 (horizontal) + 1 (vertical) + 2 (diagonal) + 2 (spiral) = 6 種。
因此,第一個空格應填 "six"。
後面的空格需要填入一個形容詞,修飾 "color receptors"。
句子是 "They have 16 color receptors stacked atop on another. Shorter wavelength receptors go on top and sensors for longer wavelengths, which penetrate tissue on the bottom."
第 31 題
Corrugated cardboard is a staple in the packaging industry. It ____ the standard sandwich structure: two solid sandwich panels separated by a layer of lightweight webbing or lattice. This design provides the ____ combination of low weight and high stiffness. Sandwich-structure composite materials are common across a variety of industries, especially for applications that require those characteristics. But, of course, industry is always looking for ____, stronger materials. A team of engineers from the University of Pennsylvania has created a new material called nanocardboard that is the ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard. Not only is it extremely light weight - one square centimeter weighs less than a thousandth of a gram - it is an excellent thermal insulator and springs back to its ____ shape after being bent in half.
31. (A) utilizes (B) utilizations (C) utilized (D) is used (E) has used
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本題為克漏字題,考查動詞時態與語態。
句子是 "It ____ the standard sandwich structure"。
主詞是 "It",指代 "Corrugated cardboard"。
"Corrugated cardboard" 是單數。
這裡描述的是瓦楞紙板的結構特點,是一個普遍事實,所以應該使用現在式。
選項 (A) utilizes - 現在式,單數主詞可用。
選項 (B) utilizations - 名詞,不適用作動詞。
選項 (C) utilized - 過去式,不適用。
選項 (D) is used - 現在式被動語態。
選項 (E) has used - 現在完成式,不適用。
"Corrugated cardboard utilizes the standard sandwich structure" 意為「瓦楞紙板利用了標準的三明治結構」。
第 32 題
Corrugated cardboard is a staple in the packaging industry. It ____ the standard sandwich structure: two solid sandwich panels separated by a layer of lightweight webbing or lattice. This design provides the ____ combination of low weight and high stiffness. Sandwich-structure composite materials are common across a variety of industries, especially for applications that require those characteristics. But, of course, industry is always looking for ____, stronger materials. A team of engineers from the University of Pennsylvania has created a new material called nanocardboard that is the ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard. Not only is it extremely light weight - one square centimeter weighs less than a thousandth of a gram - it is an excellent thermal insulator and springs back to its ____ shape after being bent in half.
31. (A) utilizes (B) utilizations (C) utilized (D) is used (E) has used
32. (A) ideal (B) good (C) highest (D) excellent (E) optimum
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這是一題關於克漏字填空的文法選擇題。
句子是 "This design provides the ____ combination of low weight and high stiffness."
空格處需要填入一個形容詞,修飾 "combination"。
這段設計提供了「低重量和高剛度」的組合。
選項 (A) ideal (理想的)
選項 (B) good (好的)
選項 (C) highest (最高的)
選項 (D) excellent (優秀的)
選項 (E) optimum (最佳的)
這裡的組合被描述為「低重量和高剛度」,這通常是人們在材料設計中追求的理想狀態。
第 33 題
Corrugated cardboard is a staple in the packaging industry. It ____ the standard sandwich structure: two solid sandwich panels separated by a layer of lightweight webbing or lattice. This design provides the ____ combination of low weight and high stiffness. Sandwich-structure composite materials are common across a variety of industries, especially for applications that require those characteristics. But, of course, industry is always looking for ____, stronger materials. A team of engineers from the University of Pennsylvania has created a new material called nanocardboard that is the ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard. Not only is it extremely light weight - one square centimeter weighs less than a thousandth of a gram - it is an excellent thermal insulator and springs back to its ____ shape after being bent in half.
31. (A) utilizes (B) utilizations (C) utilized (D) is used (E) has used
32. (A) ideal (B) good (C) highest (D) excellent (E) optimum
33. (A) cheaper (B) lighter (C) better (D) more useful (E) the best
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這是一題關於克漏字填空的文法選擇題。
句子是 "But, of course, industry is always looking for , stronger materials."
空格處需要填入一個形容詞,與 "stronger" 並列,共同修飾 "materials"。
業界一直在尋找「更、更強韌」的材料。
選項 (A) cheaper (更便宜的)
選項 (B) lighter (更輕的)
選項 (C) better (更好的)
選項 (D) more useful (更有用的)
選項 (E) the best (最好的)
第 34 題
Corrugated cardboard is a staple in the packaging industry. It ____ the standard sandwich structure: two solid sandwich panels separated by a layer of lightweight webbing or lattice. This design provides the ____ combination of low weight and high stiffness. Sandwich-structure composite materials are common across a variety of industries, especially for applications that require those characteristics. But, of course, industry is always looking for ____, stronger materials. A team of engineers from the University of Pennsylvania has created a new material called nanocardboard that is the ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard. Not only is it extremely light weight - one square centimeter weighs less than a thousandth of a gram - it is an excellent thermal insulator and springs back to its ____ shape after being bent in half.
31. (A) utilizes (B) utilizations (C) utilized (D) is used (E) has used
32. (A) ideal (B) good (C) highest (D) excellent (E) optimum
33. (A) cheaper (B) lighter (C) better (D) more useful (E) the best
34. (A) sample (B) example (C) equivalent (D) alternative (E) replacement
35. (A) early (B) best (C) old (D) original (E) own
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這是一題關於克漏字填空的文法選擇題。
句子是 "A team of engineers from the University of Pennsylvania has created a new material called nanocardboard that is the ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard."
空格處需要填入一個名詞,表示納米紙板是瓦楞紙板的「什麼」。
納米紙板被描述為 "ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard"。
它是一種「極薄」的材料,而且與瓦楞紙板有相似的特性(輕量、高剛度、隔熱、彈性)。
選項 (A) sample (樣本)
選項 (B) example (例子)
選項 (C) equivalent (等同物,相當物)
選項 (D) alternative (替代品)
選項 (E) replacement (取代品)
納米紙板被描述為瓦楞紙板的一種「等同物」或「替代品」。
"equivalent" 指的是在功能或特性上相當的。
"alternative" 或 "replacement" 指的是可以取代瓦楞紙板的。
文章提到納米紙板「not only is it extremely light weight... it is an excellent thermal insulator and springs back to its shape...」這些特性與瓦楞紙板的優點相似。
因此,"equivalent" 或 "alternative"/"replacement" 都可以考慮。
第 35 題
Corrugated cardboard is a staple in the packaging industry. It ____ the standard sandwich structure: two solid sandwich panels separated by a layer of lightweight webbing or lattice. This design provides the ____ combination of low weight and high stiffness. Sandwich-structure composite materials are common across a variety of industries, especially for applications that require those characteristics. But, of course, industry is always looking for ____, stronger materials. A team of engineers from the University of Pennsylvania has created a new material called nanocardboard that is the ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard. Not only is it extremely light weight - one square centimeter weighs less than a thousandth of a gram - it is an excellent thermal insulator and springs back to its ____ shape after being bent in half.
31. (A) utilizes (B) utilizations (C) utilized (D) is used (E) has used
32. (A) ideal (B) good (C) highest (D) excellent (E) optimum
33. (A) cheaper (B) lighter (C) better (D) more useful (E) the best
34. (A) sample (B) example (C) equivalent (D) alternative (E) replacement
35. (A) early (B) best (C) old (D) original (E) own
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這是一題關於克漏字填空的文法選擇題。
句子是 "A team of engineers from the University of Pennsylvania has created a new material called nanocardboard that is the ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard."
空格處需要填入一個名詞,表示納米紙板是瓦楞紙板的「什麼」。
納米紙板被描述為 "ultrathin ____ of corrugated paper cardboard"。
它是一種「極薄」的材料,而且與瓦楞紙板有相似的特性(輕量、高剛度、隔熱、彈性)。
選項 (A) sample (樣本)
選項 (B) example (例子)
選項 (C) equivalent (等同物,相當物)
選項 (D) alternative (替代品)
選項 (E) replacement (取代品)
納米紙板被描述為瓦楞紙板的一種「等同物」或「替代品」。
"equivalent" 指的是在功能或特性上相當的。
"alternative" 或 "replacement" 指的是可以取代瓦楞紙板的。
文章提到納米紙板「not only is it extremely light weight... it is an excellent thermal insulator and springs back to its shape...」這些特性與瓦楞紙板的優點相似。
因此,"equivalent" 或 "alternative"/"replacement" 都可以考慮。
第 36 題
A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given a specified input. Figure 1.1 shows a control system in its simplest form. For example, consider an elevator. When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an ____ that represents our desired ____, shown as a step function in Figure 1.2.
36. (A) accuracy (B) output (C) assembly (D) input (E) error
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本題為克漏字填空,位於一段關於控制系統的文字中。
句子是:「When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an ____ that represents our desired ____, shown as a step function in Figure 1.2.」
第一空:「The push of the fourth-floor button is an ____」。這裡描述的是觸發電梯動作的行為,也就是一個「輸入」信號。在控制系統的例子中,按下按鈕就是一個輸入。
選項 (A) accuracy (準確性), (B) output (輸出), (C) assembly (組裝), (D) input (輸入), (E) error (誤差)。
最符合語境的是 (D) input。按下按鈕是系統接收到的指令。
第 37 題
A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given a specified input. Figure 1.1 shows a control system in its simplest form. For example, consider an elevator. When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an ____ that represents our desired ____, shown as a step function in Figure 1.2.
36. (A) accuracy (B) output (C) assembly (D) input (E) error
37. (A) accuracy (B) output (C) assembly (D) input (E) error
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本題為克漏字填空,位於一段關於控制系統的文字中。
句子是:「When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an ____ that represents our desired ____, shown as a step function in Figure 1.2.」
我們已經知道,第一個空格(36題)應該是 "input"。
第 38 題
A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given a specified input. Figure 1.1 shows a control system in its simplest form. For example, consider an elevator. When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an input that represents our desired output, shown as a step function in Figure 1.2. Two major measured of performance are apparent: the transient response and the steady-state error. In our example, passenger comfort and passenger patience are dependent upon the ____. If this response is too fast, passenger comfort is sacrificed; if too slow, passenger patience is sacrificed.
38. (A) measurement (B) steady-state response (C) transient response (D) input (E) steady-state error
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本題為克漏字填空。
句子是:「In our example, passenger comfort and passenger patience are dependent upon the ____. If this response is too fast, passenger comfort is sacrificed; if too slow, passenger patience is sacrificed.」
這裡描述了電梯響應的兩個主要性能指標:transient response (暫態響應) 和 steady-state error (穩態誤差)。
句子接著說,乘客的舒適度和耐心取決於「這個響應」。
如果響應「太快」,乘客舒適度會犧牲;如果「太慢」,乘客耐心會犧牲。
第 39 題
A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given a specified input. Figure 1.1 shows a control system in its simplest form. For example, consider an elevator. When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an input that represents our desired output, shown as a step function in Figure 1.2. Two major measured of performance are apparent: the transient response and the steady-state error. In our example, passenger comfort and passenger patience are dependent upon the transient response. If this response is too fast, passenger comfort is sacrificed; if too slow, passenger patience is sacrificed. The ____ is another important performance specification since passenger safety and convenience would be sacrificed if the elevator did not ____ properly.
39. (A) measurement (B) steady-state response (C) transient response (D) input (E) steady-state error
40. (A) level (B) control (C) measure (D) push (E) step
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核心觀念
本題考查控制系統的兩項重要性能指標:
-
暫態響應(transient response)
指系統由輸入改變開始,到輸出尚未穩定前的動態反應。電梯上升速度過快會降低乘客舒適度,過慢則會降低乘客耐心,因此屬於暫態響應的考量。 -
穩態誤差(steady-state error)
指系統經過足夠長時間後,輸入與輸出之間仍然存在的誤差。電梯到達第四樓後,若沒有精確停在樓層高度,就會影響乘客安全與便利性,這正是穩態誤差的問題。
句子的語意為:
穩態誤差是另一項重要的性能規格,因為如果電梯沒有適當地停平,乘客的安全與便利性就會受到影響。
因此第一個空格填入 steady-state error,第二個空格填入 level。
解題方法
先利用上下文判斷兩個空格的功能:
第一個空格
句型為:
The ____ is another important performance specification.
空格前有冠詞 The,後面接 is,需要填入一個名詞或名詞片語,且必須是控制系統的性能指標。
前文已明確提到兩項性能指標:
transient responsesteady-state error
暫態響應已用來說明電梯速度,因此「另一項重要性能規格」應指尚未使用的 steady-state error。
第二個空格
句型為:
if the elevator did not ____ properly
did not 後面必須接原形動詞,因此選項中可作動詞的答案是 level。在電梯情境中,level properly 表示「適當地停平、與樓層地面對齊」。
完整句子為:
The steady-state error is another important performance specification since passenger safety and convenience would be sacrificed if the elevator did not level properly.
選項分析:第 39 題
(A) measurement
measurement 意為「測量、測量結果」,是一般性的名詞,不是本文前文所定義的控制系統性能指標。
若填入:
The measurement is another important performance specification.
語意過於籠統,且無法對應電梯停靠位置的精確度,因此錯誤。
(B) steady-state response
steady-state response 意為「穩態響應」,雖然與控制系統有關,但本文列出的兩項主要性能指標是 transient response 與 steady-state error,並非 steady-state response。
電梯是否精確停平,直接涉及輸出與目標位置之間的誤差,因此應選 steady-state error。
(C) transient response
第 40 題
A control system consists of subsystems and processes (or plants) assembled for the purpose of obtaining a desired output with desired performance, given a specified input. Figure 1.1 shows a control system in its simplest form. For example, consider an elevator. When the fourth-floor button is pressed on the first floor, the elevator rises to the fourth floor with a speed and floor-leveling accuracy designed for passenger comfort. The push of the fourth-floor button is an input that represents our desired output, shown as a step function in Figure 1.2. Two major measured of performance are apparent: the transient response and the steady-state error. In our example, passenger comfort and passenger patience are dependent upon the transient response. If this response is too fast, passenger comfort is sacrificed; if too slow, passenger patience is sacrificed. The ____ is another important performance specification since passenger safety and convenience would be sacrificed if the elevator did not ____ properly.
39. (A) measurement (B) steady-state response (C) transient response (D) input (E) steady-state error
40. (A) level (B) control (C) measure (D) push (E) step
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核心觀念
本題考查控制系統的兩項重要性能指標:
-
暫態響應(transient response)
指系統由輸入改變開始,到輸出尚未穩定前的動態反應。電梯上升速度過快會降低乘客舒適度,過慢則會降低乘客耐心,因此屬於暫態響應的考量。 -
穩態誤差(steady-state error)
指系統經過足夠長時間後,輸入與輸出之間仍然存在的誤差。電梯到達第四樓後,若沒有精確停在樓層高度,就會影響乘客安全與便利性,這正是穩態誤差的問題。
句子的語意為:
穩態誤差是另一項重要的性能規格,因為如果電梯沒有適當地停平,乘客的安全與便利性就會受到影響。
因此第一個空格填入 steady-state error,第二個空格填入 level。
解題方法
先利用上下文判斷兩個空格的功能:
第一個空格
句型為:
The ____ is another important performance specification.
空格前有冠詞 The,後面接 is,需要填入一個名詞或名詞片語,且必須是控制系統的性能指標。
前文已明確提到兩項性能指標:
transient responsesteady-state error
暫態響應已用來說明電梯速度,因此「另一項重要性能規格」應指尚未使用的 steady-state error。
第二個空格
句型為:
if the elevator did not ____ properly
did not 後面必須接原形動詞,因此選項中可作動詞的答案是 level。在電梯情境中,level properly 表示「適當地停平、與樓層地面對齊」。
完整句子為:
The steady-state error is another important performance specification since passenger safety and convenience would be sacrificed if the elevator did not level properly.
選項分析:第 39 題
(A) measurement
measurement 意為「測量、測量結果」,是一般性的名詞,不是本文前文所定義的控制系統性能指標。
若填入:
The measurement is another important performance specification.
語意過於籠統,且無法對應電梯停靠位置的精確度,因此錯誤。
(B) steady-state response
steady-state response 意為「穩態響應」,雖然與控制系統有關,但本文列出的兩項主要性能指標是 transient response 與 steady-state error,並非 steady-state response。
電梯是否精確停平,直接涉及輸出與目標位置之間的誤差,因此應選 steady-state error。