111 年 國立中正大學機械工程學系碩士班丙組《流體力學》
第 1 題15 分
(15%) Two water tanks are connected to each other through a mercury manometer with inclined tubes, as shown in this figure. If the pressure difference between the two tanks is 20 kPa, calculate and .
Assume the density of water to be and the SG of Mercury is 13.6.
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The figure shows two water tanks (Water A on the left, Water B on the right) connected by a V-shaped inclined mercury manometer. The vertical dimension of the mercury column is labeled , the inclined tube segments on each side are labeled , the total inclined length at the bottom is 26.8 cm, and the angle of inclination is .
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核心觀念
利用靜水壓關係:同一靜止流體中,往下移動壓力增加 ,往上移動則減少 。汞面高度差為 ,而圖中兩側水柱的高度都為 ,因此水柱造成的壓力變化互相抵消。
解題方法
汞的密度由比重換算為
從左側水槽沿管路走到右側水槽:先在水中下降 ,再在汞中下降 ,最後在水中上升 。因此
兩水槽的壓力差為 ,解得
第 2 題15 分
(15%) An incompressible, inviscid fluid flows steadily past a sphere of radius as shown in the figure. According to a more advanced analysis of the flow, the fluid velocity along streamline A-B is given by
where is the upstream velocity far ahead of the sphere. Determine the acceleration experienced by fluid particles as they flow along the streamline in terms of and .
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核心觀念
本題考查穩定流的加速度。穩定流的局部加速度為零,但流體微粒沿流線移動時,速度若隨位置改變,仍有對流加速度:
沿 方向的一維流動可寫成:
解題方法
題目給定速度場
先對 微分:
代入對流加速度公式:
第 3 題20 分
(20%) A cylindrical container, as shown in this figure, filled with water () rotates at a constant angular speed of . If the pressures at points and are equal, find the required of the rotation.
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The figure shows a cylindrical container rotating about the -axis with angular velocity . Point is on the axis near the bottom and point is at the wall near the top. The container has an inner radius of 0.5 m (from the axis to point ) and the wall is at a total radius of 1.5 m. The height difference between and is 2 m.
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核心觀念
容器以固定角速度旋轉並達到剛體旋轉時,液體內的壓力同時隨半徑與高度改變。以 軸向上、 軸向外,微分平衡式為
積分後,任意兩點間的壓力差可寫成
解題方法
依圖判讀, 點距旋轉軸 , 點距旋轉軸 ,且 比 高 。
第 4 題25 分
(25%) Consider the air flow past a flat plate of length and width with a velocity of . Suppose that the boundary layer velocity profile is approximated as a sinusoidal function.
(Hint: Momentum integral equation: )
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(a) Find the velocity profile . (5%)
(b) Find the boundary layer displacement thickness . (5%)
(c) Find the boundary layer momentum thickness . (5%)
(d) Find the boundary layer momentum thickness . (5%)
(e) Find the friction drag coefficient . (5%)
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核心觀念
本題以平板邊界層的正弦速度分布為假設,先由邊界條件寫出 ,再依定義計算位移厚度 與動量厚度 。最後將動量積分方程用於零壓力梯度、外流速度 為常數的情況,求出邊界層厚度 ,並積分壁面剪應力得到摩擦阻力係數。
解題方法
令邊界層厚度為 。依圖示,壁面處速度為零,邊界層外緣 處速度為 。符合這兩個條件的正弦分布為
因此,
(a) 速度分布
(b) 位移厚度
位移厚度定義為
代入正弦速度分布:
所以
(c) 動量厚度
動量厚度定義為
代入速度分布,並令 :
因此
(d) 邊界層厚度
外流速度 沿平板方向不變,故 。題目給定的動量積分方程化為
由速度分布求壁面剪應力:
又因 ,可得
第 5 題25 分
(25%) An oil with a viscosity of and density flows in a pipe of diameter .
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(a) What pressure drop, , is needed to produce a flowrate of if the pipe is horizontal with and ? (10%)
(b) How steep a hill, , must the pipe be on if the oil is to flow through the pipe at the same rate as in part (a), but with ? (10%)
(c) For the conditions of part (b), if , what is the pressure at section , where is measured along the pipe? (5%)
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核心觀念
本題考查圓管層流的壓力損失,以及傾斜管中壓力、重力與黏滯阻力的平衡。先以雷諾數判斷流態,再用 Hagen–Poiseuille 定律求層流壓降;傾斜管則使用含高程差的能量方程。
解題方法
管截面積與平均流速為
雷諾數為
因 很小,管內流動為層流,適用 Hagen–Poiseuille 定律。
(a) 水平管所需壓降
圓管層流的壓降為
代入 :
因此所需壓降為 。
(b) 兩端等壓時的坡度
以 表示沿管線從 1 到 2 的高程變化。能量方程為
此題 ,因此