112 年 國立中正大學機械工程學系碩士班甲組《材料力學》
第 1 題25 分
- (25%) (a) In Fig.1(a), the plastic block is subjected to an axial compressive force of 600 N. Assuming that the caps at the top and bottom distribute the load uniformly throughout the block, determine the normal force, shear force, average normal stress and average shear stress acting along section a-а. (15%)
(b) In Fig.1(b), Nylon strips are fused to glass plates. When moderately heated the nylon will become soft while the glass stays approximately rigid. Determine the average shear strain in the nylon due to the load P when the assembly deforms as indicated. (10%)
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Fig. 1(a) shows a plastic block with dimensions: height 150 mm, base 50 mm x 50 mm. An axial compressive force of 600 N is applied at the top. Section a-a is shown inclined at 30 degrees to the vertical, cutting through the block.
Fig. 1(b) shows a layered structure of glass plates and nylon strips. The nylon strips are between glass plates. The dimensions are indicated as: 2 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, 3 mm for the layers from top to bottom. The structure is subjected to a load P and deforms such that the top surface is displaced relative to the bottom surface. The coordinate system x-y is shown.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 斜截面上的內力分解與平均應力:
- 剪應變定義:
(a)斜截面上的內力與平均應力
依原圖角度標示,截面 與水平線夾角為 。外力為軸向壓縮力:
1. 斜截面面積
斜截面在正面上的投影寬度為 ,方塊深度為 ,因此截面斜邊長為
故斜截面面積為
2. 正向力與剪力
將 分解為垂直於截面的正向力 ,以及沿截面的剪力 :
其中 為壓縮正向力。
3. 平均正應力
因此
為壓縮應力。
4. 平均剪應力
第 2 題25 分
- (25%) The three suspender bars are made of A992 steel and have equal cross-sectional areas of 450 mm². Determine the average normal stress in each bar if the rigid beam is subjected to the loading shown. (E = 200 GPa)
(a) Write down the necessary equations of equilibrium. (15%)
(b) Determine the average normal stress in each bar if the rigid beam is subjected to the loading shown. (10%)
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Fig. 2 shows a rigid beam supported by three suspender bars (A, B, C) connected to the beam at points A, B, C. The rigid beam is subjected to two downward forces: 50 kN at the center point between A and B, and 80 kN at the center point between B and C. The suspender bars are connected to a fixed support at points D, E, F. The distance between D and E is 1 m, and the distance between E and F is 1 m. The distance between A and B is not explicitly given, but points D, E, F are aligned horizontally. Points A, B, C are above D, E, F respectively. The length of each suspender bar is 2 m.
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核心觀念
本題考查:
- 剛性梁的靜力平衡。
- 吊桿的軸向變形與平均正應力。
- 剛性梁保持直線,因此三支等長、等截面吊桿的伸長量具有幾何相容條件。
三支吊桿皆為 A992 鋼,截面積
且長度、材料與截面均相同,因此吊桿軸力與伸長量成正比。
由圖得座標位置:
兩個集中力分別作用於:
解題方法
令三支吊桿的拉力分別為 ,方向均向上。
(a)平衡方程式
對剛性梁取鉛直力平衡:
因此
對 點取力矩:
所以
相容條件
由於梁為剛性梁,變形後仍保持直線,因此中點 的位移為 、 兩點位移的平均值:
吊桿伸長量為
三支吊桿的 、、 均相同,因此
即
(b)各吊桿平均正應力
由相容條件:
再配合總力平衡:
可得
由力矩平衡式:
第 3 題25 分
- (25%) As shown in Fig. 3, draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam, and determine the shear and moment throughout the beam as functions of x for , .
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Fig. 3 shows a simply supported beam. The beam has a length of 10 ft.
From x=0 to x=6 ft, there is a uniformly distributed load of 2 kip/ft.
At x=6 ft, there is a concentrated downward force of 10 kip.
From x=6 ft to x=10 ft, there is no distributed load.
At x=10 ft, there is a concentrated moment of 40 kip-ft applied in the counter-clockwise direction.
The beam is supported at x=0 (pin support) and x=10 ft (roller support).
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核心觀念
本題考查懸臂梁的剪力圖與彎矩圖,使用:
- 集中力使剪力圖產生垂直跳躍。
- 均佈載重使剪力圖呈線性變化、彎矩圖呈二次曲線。
- 集中力矩使彎矩圖產生跳躍。
- 剪力與彎矩關係為
依原卷圖形判讀,梁左端 為固定端,右端 為自由端; 施加 均佈載重, 有向下 集中力, 有向下 集中力及順時針 集中力矩。
題幹文字所述「簡支梁」及「逆時針力矩」與原圖不符,以下依原卷圖形作答。
支承反力
取向上為正,固定端垂直反力為 :
因此
取固定端 為力矩中心,逆時針為正:
剪力函數
採用「左截面向上為正剪力」的慣例。
區間一:
截面左側包含固定端反力及長度為 的均佈載重:
所以
重要數值為
在 受到向下 集中力,剪力向下跳 :
區間二:
此區間沒有均佈載重,因此剪力保持常數:
在自由端的 集中力使剪力由 跳至 。
彎矩函數
區間一:
取截面右側求彎矩。右側包含:
- 至 的 力;
- 的 力;
- 至 之間的均佈載重;
- 自由端順時針 力矩。
均佈載重在截面右側的合力為 ,作用位置距截面 ,故
整理得
第 4 題25 分
- (25%) The state of stress at a point is shown on the element (see Fig. 4-1). Determine (a) the principal stresses and (b) the maximum in-plane shear stress and average normal stress at the point. Specify the orientation of the element in each case. Indicate the calculated results (including stress and orientation angle) in the schematic diagram (refer to Fig. 4-2).
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Fig. 4-1 shows a 2D stress element.
The stresses are:
(tensile)
(compressive, so -30 MPa)
(shear stress, acting on the top face, pushing the top face to the right, thus positive according to standard convention where positive shear acts on the positive x face in the positive y direction, or on the positive y face in the positive x direction).
Let's assume the standard convention for . In Fig. 4-1, the shear stress on the top face is directed to the right, and on the right face is directed upwards. This corresponds to positive .
Fig. 4-2 shows a generic stress element with principal stresses and shear stresses , and orientation angles.
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核心觀念
本題考平面應力轉換。主應力面上的剪應力為零;最大面內剪應力由 Mohr 圓半徑決定,而該剪應力面上的平均正應力等於兩主應力的平均值。
依原圖判讀:左右兩側向外的正向應力為 ;上下兩側互相指向元素內部的正向應力為 ;上側剪力向右、右側剪力向上,故 。以下角度以元素的 面外法線由 軸逆時針旋轉為正。
解題方法
先求平均正應力及 Mohr 圓半徑:
主應力為:
主應力面方向由下式求得:
取對應最大主應力 的方向:
因此,最大主應力面外法線由 軸逆時針轉約 ;另一主應力面與其垂直: