112 年 國立清華大學歷史學系碩士班乙組《國文與英文》
第 1 題
文章經國之大業不朽之盛事年壽有時而盡榮樂止乎其身二者必至之
常期未若文章之無窮是以古之作者寄身於翰墨見意於篇籍不假良史
之辭不託飛馳之勢而聲名自傳於後故西伯幽而演易周旦顯而制禮不
以隱約而不務不以康樂而加思夫然則古人賤尺璧而重寸陰懼乎時之
過已而人多不彊力貧賤則懾於饑寒富貴流於逸樂遂營目前之務而遺
千載之功日月逝於上體貌衰於下忽然與萬物遷化斯亦志士大痛也融
等已逝唯幹著論成一家言
- 這是《典論論文》中的一段文字。請說明本段文字的基本論點。
(15分) - 請抄錄、斷句、白話翻譯這一段文字。(20分)
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題出自曹丕《典論.論文》,旨在考察學生對古典散文的理解能力,包含核心論點的辨析、文字的斷句與白話翻譯。
題型分析:
此題為國文科的閱讀理解與表達能力測驗,共分為兩小題,第一小題要求闡述文章的中心思想,第二小題則要求進行精確的斷句與口語化的翻譯。
解題思路:
-
基本論點分析:
- 首先,仔細閱讀文本,理解其開頭的「文章經國之大業,不朽之盛事」與「年壽有時而盡,榮樂止乎其身」形成對比,點出文章的價值在於其不朽性,遠勝於個人的生命與榮華富貴。
- 接著,理解「是以古之作者寄身於翰墨,見意於篇籍,不假良史之辭,不託飛馳之勢,而聲名自傳於後」這部分,說明古代文人透過寫作來傳達思想、成就聲名,其成就超越了歷史記載的讚美或一時的聲勢。
- 再者,文本舉例「故西伯幽而演易,周旦顯而制禮」,說明這些偉大人物(周文王、周公)的成就,即使在當時未必有顯赫的地位或物質享受,但其思想(演易、制禮)卻能流傳後世。
- 「不以隱約而不務,不以康樂而加思」,這句是說,即使處於艱困或安逸的環境,都不影響他們對學問的追求和思考。
- 「然則古人賤尺璧而重寸陰,懼乎時之過已」,此處點出古人珍惜時間,害怕時光流逝。
- 「而人多不強力,貧賤則懾於飢寒;富貴則流於逸樂,遂營目前之務而遺千載之功」,這是對當時(或普遍現象)的批判,指出人們往往因為貧賤而畏懼困苦,或因為富貴而沉溺於享樂,因而忽略了長遠的功業。
- 「日月逝於上,體貌衰於下,忽然與萬物遷化,斯亦志士大痛也」,說明生命短暫,容貌衰老,最終將與萬物一同消逝,這對於有志之士來說是極大的遺憾。
- 「融等已逝,唯幹著論,成一家言」,最後總結,即使像融(指漢代劉向、劉歆父子)這樣的人物也已逝去,但唯有透過深入研究、建立一家之言(即寫作、學術建樹),才能真正地流傳不朽。
- 綜合以上分析,本段文字的基本論點是:文章(學術、思想)具有不朽的價值,遠勝於個人的生命與物質享受。古代賢人透過寫作來傳達思想,成就聲名,並珍惜光陰,追求長遠的功業。而當代之人卻往往因為貧富、環境等因素,沉溺於眼前,忽略了應追求的長遠價值,這對於有志之士而言是極大的遺憾。因此,強調深入研究、建立一家之言的重要性。
-
抄錄、斷句、白話翻譯:
- 抄錄: 仔細將原文逐字抄寫一遍,確保無誤。
- 斷句:
- 「文章經國之大業,不朽之盛事。」
- 「年壽有時而盡,榮樂止乎其身。」
- 「二者必至之常期,未若文章之無窮。」
- 「是以古之作者,寄身於翰墨,見意於篇籍。」
- 「不假良史之辭,不託飛馳之勢,而聲名自傳於後。」
- 「故西伯幽而演易,周旦顯而制禮。」
- 「不以隱約而不務,不以康樂而加思。」
- 「夫然則古人賤尺璧而重寸陰,懼乎時之過已。」
- 「而人多不強力,貧賤則懾於飢寒;富貴則流於逸樂,遂營目前之務而遺千載之功。」
- 「日月逝於上,體貌衰於下,忽然與萬物遷化。」
- 「斯亦志士大痛也。」
- 「融等已逝,唯幹著論,成一家言。」
- 白話翻譯:
- 「文章是關乎國家大業、成就偉大功績而不朽的事業。」
- 「(然而)人的生命有盡頭,榮華富貴僅止於自身。」
- 「這兩者(生命與榮華)都有必然的終結,不像文章那樣無窮無盡。」
- 「所以古代的作者,將自身寄託在筆墨之間,將思想寄寓在篇章書籍裡。」
- 「不依賴史官的讚美,也不藉助一時的聲勢,他們的聲名就能夠流傳後世。」
第 2 題
A. Translation (50 points, 20 points for the first passage and 30 for the
second)
Please translate the following two passages into Chinese, the first of
which was adopted from E. N. Dawley's Becoming Taiwanese:
Ethnogenesis in a Colonial City, pp.34-35, and the second from Chu
Pingyi's "Scientific texts in contest, 1600-1800", in F. Bretelle-
Establet's edited book Looking at It from Asia: The Processes that
Shaped the Sources of History of Science, pp.157-158.
(1)During the 17th century, Europeans and Chinese set in motion
Taiwan's prolonged history of colonization. The first colonies on the
island were European, as rivalry between the Dutch East India
Company and the Spanish crown brought the former to the area near
present-day Tainan and the latter to Keelung during the 1620s. The
Spanish presence was a chronological blip of less than twenty years,
owing to the limited enthusiasm of Spanish colonial officials in
Manila and an attack on the Spanish outpost by Dutch forces in 1642.
For a brief period, however, the Spanish had a fort name San
Salvador on the islet at the mouth of the harbor and a small
settlement on the main island, and they engaged in extensive
Catholic proselytizing among the indigenous peoples in the area.
(2)The struggle in the field of calendrical studies, crucial to the
legitimacy of any dynasty, was largely a competition of defining
classical texts in 17th- and 18th-century China. This struggle revolved
around the imperial power, which was the final arbitrator of what
classics were. To attract the attention of the throne, the Jesuits and
their Chinese associates translated Western science with the attempt
to replace the indigenous tradition. They claimed that the superiority
of their knowledge was informed by a higher truth while
downplaying the significance of the Chinese astronomical tradition.
They suggested to the emperors that the appearance of the calendar
can remain Chinese, while Western techniques should be used to
craft it. After the Qing conquest, Adam Schall (湯若望) successfully
had Jesuit astronomy canonized by having the emperor archive his
collectanea in the Imperial Historical Archive(史館). Western
astronomy became orthodox. As a result, China experienced an
unprecedented growth of scientific literature during the 17th and 18th
centuries. Nevertheless, Qing emperors were quite cautious about the
implications of adopting a Western calendar and endeavored to locate
the reform within the bureaucratic machinery. Confucian literati
interested in astronomy soon kept in tandem with the up-to-date
knowledge and employed it in their own works. They were aware of the
religious implications of the Western calendar. They also noticed that to
compete with the newly canonized Western science, they had to root
their knowledge claims on a set of indigenous classics with equal
authority. Searching for the lost tradition thus became a main concern
of these literati. However, their project of reviving indigenous traditions
of astronomy did not materialize until the Complete Library of the Four
Treasuries (四庫全書) project took shape and a large amount of ancient
texts housed in the court became available to them.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題為英文翻譯題,要求將兩段英文學術文本翻譯成中文。第一段關於台灣早期歷史,第二段關於十七、十八世紀中國的科學發展,特別是曆法與天文學的引進。此題目的在評量考生對學術性英文的理解能力,以及將複雜概念準確轉換為中文的能力。
解題策略:
- 仔細閱讀原文: 逐字逐句理解原文,特別注意專有名詞、學術術語、歷史事件、時間點等。
- 掌握上下文: 理解每個段落的整體意思,以及句子之間的邏輯關係。
- 注意翻譯細節:
- 專有名詞: 如「Dutch East India Company」、「Spanish crown」、「San Salvador」、「Adam Schall」、「Complete Library of the Four Treasuries」等,需翻譯正確或保留原文並加註。
- 歷史背景: 了解 17 世紀歐洲國家在亞洲的殖民競爭,以及清初科學引進的脈絡。
- 學術術語: 如「ethnogenesis」、「colonization」、「proselytizing」、「calendrical studies」、「legitimacy」、「arbitrator」、「canonized」、「collectanea」等,需翻譯貼切。
- 時態與語氣: 準確傳達原文的時態(過去式、現在完成式等)和語氣(客觀敘述、論述等)。
- 句型結構: 英文的長句、複雜結構,翻譯成中文時需進行適當的調整,使其自然流暢。
- 分段翻譯: 按照原文的段落或句子結構,逐段進行翻譯,完成後再整體潤飾。
詳解(翻譯):
第一段(20分):
原文:
(1)During the 17th century, Europeans and Chinese set in motion
Taiwan's prolonged history of colonization. The first colonies on the
island were European, as rivalry between the Dutch East India
Company and the Spanish crown brought the former to the area near
present-day Tainan and the latter to Keelung during the 1620s. The
Spanish presence was a chronological blip of less than twenty years,
owing to the limited enthusiasm of Spanish colonial officials in
Manila and an attack on the Spanish outpost by Dutch forces in 1642.
For a brief period, however, the Spanish had a fort name San
Salvador on the islet at the mouth of the harbor and a small
settlement on the main island, and they engaged in extensive
Catholic proselytizing among the indigenous peoples in the area.
中文翻譯:
(1) 在十七世紀,歐洲人與中國人開始了台灣漫長的殖民歷史。島上最早的殖民者是歐洲人,當時荷蘭東印度公司與西班牙王室之間的競爭,促使前者於 1620 年代來到今日台南附近地區,而後者則抵達基隆。由於西班牙官員在馬尼拉的熱情有限,以及荷蘭軍隊於 1642 年對西班牙前哨站的攻擊,西班牙人在島上的存在僅是歷史上短暫的不到二十年的時期。然而,在短暫的時期內,西班牙人在港口入口處的島嶼上建立了一座名為聖薩爾瓦多(San Salvador)的據點,並在主島上設有小型聚落,同時他們也在此地區積極地向原住民傳播天主教。
翻譯說明:
- "set in motion" 翻譯為「開始了」或「啟動了」,表達行動的開端。
- "prolonged history of colonization" 翻譯為「漫長的殖民歷史」。
- "The first colonies on the island were European" 翻譯為「島上最早的殖民者是歐洲人」,將「colonies」理解為「殖民者」或「殖民地」,在此語境下「殖民者」更為貼切。
- "as rivalry between... brought the former... and the latter..." 句型結構,表示競爭是原因,導致歐洲人(荷蘭與西班牙)來到台灣。
- "present-day Tainan" 翻譯為「今日台南」。
- "chronological blip" 翻譯為「歷史上短暫的時期」或「短暫的插曲」,強調其時間上的短暫。
- "owing to" 翻譯為「由於」、「因為」。
- "limited enthusiasm" 翻譯為「熱情有限」或「興趣不大」。
- "Spanish outpost" 翻譯為「西班牙前哨站」。
- "For a brief period, however," 翻譯為「然而,在短暫的時期內」。
- "islet" 翻譯為「小島」。
- "at the mouth of the harbor" 翻譯為「港口入口處」。
- "settlement" 翻譯為「聚落」、「定居點」。
- "engaged in extensive Catholic proselytizing among the indigenous peoples" 翻譯為「積極地向原住民傳播天主教」,"proselytizing" 指傳教、勸誘改變信仰。
第二段(30分):
原文:
(2)The struggle in the field of calendrical studies, crucial to the
legitimacy of any dynasty, was largely a competition of defining
classical texts in 17th- and 18th-century China. This struggle revolved
around the imperial power, which was the final arbitrator of what
classics were. To attract the attention of the throne, the Jesuits and
their Chinese associates translated Western science with the attempt
to replace the indigenous tradition. They claimed that the superiority
of their knowledge was informed by a higher truth while
downplaying the significance of the Chinese astronomical tradition.
They suggested to the emperors that the appearance of the calendar
can remain Chinese, while Western techniques should be used to
craft it. After the Qing conquest, Adam Schall (湯若望) successfully
had Jesuit astronomy canonized by having the emperor archive his
collectanea in the Imperial Historical Archive(史館). Western
astronomy became orthodox. As a result, China experienced an
第 3 題
貳、英文
A. Translation (50 points, 20 points for the first passage and 30 for the
second)
Please translate the following two passages into Chinese, the first of
which was adopted from E. N. Dawley's Becoming Taiwanese:
Ethnogenesis in a Colonial City, pp.34-35, and the second from Chu
Pingyi's "Scientific texts in contest, 1600-1800", in F. Bretelle-
Establet's edited book Looking at It from Asia: The Processes that
Shaped the Sources of History of Science, pp.157-158.
(1)During the 17th century, Europeans and Chinese set in motion
Taiwan's prolonged history of colonization. The first colonies on the
island were European, as rivalry between the Dutch East India
Company and the Spanish crown brought the former to the area near
present-day Tainan and the latter to Keelung during the 1620s. The
Spanish presence was a chronological blip of less than twenty years,
owing to the limited enthusiasm of Spanish colonial officials in
Manila and an attack on the Spanish outpost by Dutch forces in 1642.
For a brief period, however, the Spanish had a fort name San
Salvador on the islet at the mouth of the harbor and a small
settlement on the main island, and they engaged in extensive
Catholic proselytizing among the indigenous peoples in the area.
(2)The struggle in the field of calendrical studies, crucial to the
legitimacy of any dynasty, was largely a competition of defining
classical texts in 17th- and 18th-century China. This struggle revolved
around the imperial power, which was the final arbitrator of what
classics were. To attract the attention of the throne, the Jesuits and
their Chinese associates translated Western science with the attempt
to replace the indigenous tradition. They claimed that the superiority
of their knowledge was informed by a higher truth while
downplaying the significance of the Chinese astronomical tradition.
They suggested to the emperors that the appearance of the calendar
can remain Chinese, while Western techniques should be used to
craft it. After the Qing conquest, Adam Schall (湯若望) successfully
had Jesuit astronomy canonized by having the emperor archive his
collectanea in the Imperial Historical Archive(史館). Western
astronomy became orthodox. As a result, China experienced an
unprecedented growth of scientific literature during the 17th and 18th
centuries. Nevertheless, Qing emperors were quite cautious about the
implications of adopting a Western calendar and endeavored to locate
the reform within the bureaucratic machinery. Confucian literati
interested in astronomy soon kept in tandem with the up-to-date
knowledge and employed it in their own works. They were aware of the
religious implications of the Western calendar. They also noticed that to
compete with the newly canonized Western science, they had to root
their knowledge claims on a set of indigenous classics with equal
authority. Searching for the lost tradition thus became a main concern
of these literati. However, their project of reviving indigenous traditions
of astronomy did not materialize until the Complete Library of the Four
Treasuries (四庫全書) project took shape and a large amount of ancient
texts housed in the court became available to them.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
此題為英文翻譯題,要求將兩段英文學術文本翻譯成中文。第一段關於台灣早期歷史,第二段關於十七、十八世紀中國的科學發展,特別是曆法與天文學的引進。此題目的在評量考生對學術性英文的理解能力,以及將複雜概念準確轉換為中文的能力。
解題策略:
- 仔細閱讀原文: 逐字逐句理解原文,特別注意專有名詞、學術術語、歷史事件、時間點等。
- 掌握上下文: 理解每個段落的整體意思,以及句子之間的邏輯關係。
- 注意翻譯細節:
- 專有名詞: 如「Dutch East India Company」、「Spanish crown」、「San Salvador」、「Adam Schall」、「Complete Library of the Four Treasuries」等,需翻譯正確或保留原文並加註。
- 歷史背景: 了解 17 世紀歐洲國家在亞洲的殖民競爭,以及清初科學引進的脈絡。
- 學術術語: 如「ethnogenesis」、「colonization」、「proselytizing」、「calendrical studies」、「legitimacy」、「arbitrator」、「canonized」、「collectanea」等,需翻譯貼切。
- 時態與語氣: 準確傳達原文的時態(過去式、現在完成式等)和語氣(客觀敘述、論述等)。
- 句型結構: 英文的長句、複雜結構,翻譯成中文時需進行適當的調整,使其自然流暢。
- 分段翻譯: 按照原文的段落或句子結構,逐段進行翻譯,完成後再整體潤飾。
詳解(翻譯):
第一段(20分):
原文:
(1)During the 17th century, Europeans and Chinese set in motion
Taiwan's prolonged history of colonization. The first colonies on the
island were European, as rivalry between the Dutch East India
Company and the Spanish crown brought the former to the area near
present-day Tainan and the latter to Keelung during the 1620s. The
Spanish presence was a chronological blip of less than twenty years,
owing to the limited enthusiasm of Spanish colonial officials in
Manila and an attack on the Spanish outpost by Dutch forces in 1642.
For a brief period, however, the Spanish had a fort name San
Salvador on the islet at the mouth of the harbor and a small
settlement on the main island, and they engaged in extensive
Catholic proselytizing among the indigenous peoples in the area.
中文翻譯:
(1) 在十七世紀,歐洲人與中國人開始了台灣漫長的殖民歷史。島上最早的殖民者是歐洲人,當時荷蘭東印度公司與西班牙王室之間的競爭,促使前者於 1620 年代來到今日台南附近地區,而後者則抵達基隆。由於西班牙官員在馬尼拉的熱情有限,以及荷蘭軍隊於 1642 年對西班牙前哨站的攻擊,西班牙人在島上的存在僅是歷史上短暫的不到二十年的時期。然而,在短暫的時期內,西班牙人在港口入口處的島嶼上建立了一座名為聖薩爾瓦多(San Salvador)的據點,並在主島上設有小型聚落,同時他們也在此地區積極地向原住民傳播天主教。
翻譯說明:
- "set in motion" 翻譯為「開始了」或「啟動了」,表達行動的開端。
- "prolonged history of colonization" 翻譯為「漫長的殖民歷史」。
- "The first colonies on the island were European" 翻譯為「島上最早的殖民者是歐洲人」,將「colonies」理解為「殖民者」或「殖民地」,在此語境下「殖民者」更為貼切。
- "as rivalry between... brought the former... and the latter..." 句型結構,表示競爭是原因,導致歐洲人(荷蘭與西班牙)來到台灣。
- "present-day Tainan" 翻譯為「今日台南」。
- "chronological blip" 翻譯為「歷史上短暫的時期」或「短暫的插曲」,強調其時間上的短暫。
- "owing to" 翻譯為「由於」、「因為」。
- "limited enthusiasm" 翻譯為「熱情有限」或「興趣不大」。
- "Spanish outpost" 翻譯為「西班牙前哨站」。
- "For a brief period, however," 翻譯為「然而,在短暫的時期內」。
- "islet" 翻譯為「小島」。
- "at the mouth of the harbor" 翻譯為「港口入口處」。
- "settlement" 翻譯為「聚落」、「定居點」。
- "engaged in extensive Catholic proselytizing among the indigenous peoples" 翻譯為「積極地向原住民傳播天主教」,"proselytizing" 指傳教、勸誘改變信仰。
第二段(30分):
原文:
(2)The struggle in the field of calendrical studies, crucial to the
legitimacy of any dynasty, was largely a competition of defining
classical texts in 17th- and 18th-century China. This struggle revolved
around the imperial power, which was the final arbitrator of what
classics were. To attract the attention of the throne, the Jesuits and
their Chinese associates translated Western science with the attempt
to replace the indigenous tradition. They claimed that the superiority
of their knowledge was informed by a higher truth while
downplaying the significance of the Chinese astronomical tradition.
They suggested to the emperors that the appearance of the calendar
can remain Chinese, while Western techniques should be used to
craft it. After the Qing conquest, Adam Schall (湯若望) successfully
had Jesuit astronomy canonized by having the emperor archive his
collectanea in the Imperial Historical Archive(史館). Western
astronomy became orthodox. As a result, China experienced an
第 4 題
B. Composition (25 points)
Please write a short essay in English explaining the reason you want to
pursue a graduate degree in history, and the topic you are interested in
studying.
登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。
本題為英文寫作題,要求考生以英文撰寫一篇短文,說明申請歷史學研究所的原因,以及感興趣的研究主題。此題旨在評量考生的英文寫作能力、邏輯組織能力、對歷史學的理解與研究熱忱。
解題策略:
-
審題理解: 清楚題目要求,包含兩個主要部分:
- 原因 (Reason): 為什麼想攻讀歷史學碩士學位?這部分需要展現對歷史學的熱情、學術追求,以及對未來發展的規劃。
- 研究主題 (Topic): 對於哪個歷史領域或主題特別感興趣?這部分需要具體、有深度,能展現考生的學術潛力與研究方向。
-
構思架構 (Outline):
- 引言 (Introduction): 簡述為何對歷史學感興趣,並點出攻讀碩士學位的動機。
- 第一段 (Body Paragraph 1): 詳細闡述攻讀歷史學碩士學位的具體原因。可以從以下幾點思考:
- 對歷史學的啟蒙與熱愛(例如:某本書、某段歷史、某個歷史人物的啟發)。
- 歷史學的獨特價值(例如:理解過去、洞察現在、預見未來;培養批判性思維;認識人類社會的多樣性)。
- 學術上的追求(例如:深入研究、拓展知識邊界、掌握研究方法)。
- 未來發展的規劃(例如:學術研究、教育、文化傳播、政策分析等)。
- 第二段 (Body Paragraph 2): 具體說明感興趣的研究主題。
- 選擇一個或兩個具體的歷史時期、區域、議題(例如:台灣現代史、明清社會史、科技史、性別史、環境史等)。
- 解釋為何對此主題感興趣(例如:與當代議題的連結、個人的學術興趣、學術史上的未解之謎)。
- 可以簡述初步的研究方向或問題意識。
- 結論 (Conclusion): 再次強調攻讀此學位的決心與潛力,並表達對未來的期待。
-
寫作要點:
- 語言流暢與準確: 使用清晰、準確的英文,避免語法錯誤和拼寫錯誤。
- 邏輯清晰: 段落之間、句子之間要有邏輯聯繫,論點要層層遞進。
- 內容具體: 避免空泛的陳述,盡量用具體的例子或說明來支持論點。
- 展現熱忱: 讓讀者感受到你對歷史學的真誠熱愛和研究的積極性。
- 學術性: 雖然是短文,但應展現一定的學術視野和思考深度。
- 字數限制: 注意「short essay」的要求,篇幅不宜過長,通常在 300-500 字之間較為合適。
範文架構與內容建議(僅為範例,考生需根據自身情況填寫):
Introduction:
- Start with a hook about the enduring fascination with history.
- State your intention to pursue a graduate degree in History and briefly mention the motivation.
- Example: "History, as the collective memory of humanity, offers profound insights into the present and guidance for the future. My passion for understanding the intricate tapestry of human experience has led me to aspire to pursue a graduate degree in History at [University Name]."
Body Paragraph 1: Reasons for Graduate Study
- Elaborate on the value of historical study.
- Example: "My desire to pursue graduate studies in History stems from a deep-seated belief in the indispensable role of historical inquiry. It is through examining the past that we can better comprehend the complexities of our contemporary world, discern recurring patterns in human behavior, and cultivate critical thinking skills essential for informed citizenship. I am particularly drawn to the rigorous methodologies of historical research, which equip individuals with the tools to analyze evidence, construct nuanced arguments, and engage with diverse perspectives."
- Connect personal experiences or intellectual awakenings to this passion.