111 年 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士班甲組《單元操作與輸送現象》

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第 1 題

A pump is used to extract water (density = 1000 kg/m³) from a reservoir in which the pressure is 101300 Pa. The required flow rate of water is 300 m³/h. The vapor pressure of water is 3200 Pa, and the viscosity of water is 1.30 mN-s/m². A concrete pipe (inner diameter = 6 inches) was placed vertically all the way down from the reservoir to the pump along with two 90° elbows at both ends. The Fanning friction factor of the pipe was estimated as 0.012, and the head loss of each elbow is 0.1 m. If the required NPSH (NPSHR) of the pump is 15 m, what should be the minimum pipe length, namely, the height of the reservoir above the pump, in order to reach the sufficient available NPSH (20%)?

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查泵浦吸入側的可用淨正吸入揚程(Net Positive Suction Head Available, NPSHA),並要求其至少比泵浦所需淨正吸入揚程(NPSHR)高 20%20\%。

安全條件為

NPSHA≥1.2 NPSHR\mathrm{NPSH_A}\geq 1.2\,\mathrm{NPSH_R}

泵浦吸入口的可用 NPSH 為

NPSHA=P0−Pvρg+H−hL\mathrm{NPSH_A} = \frac{P_0-P_v}{\rho g} +H -h_L

其中:

  • P0P_0:水庫液面壓力
  • PvP_v:水的蒸氣壓
  • HH:水庫液面高於泵浦的高度
  • hLh_L:由水庫液面至泵浦吸入口的總損失水頭

本題給的是 Fanning friction factor,管內摩擦損失公式必須使用

hf=4fFLDv22gh_{f} = 4f_F\frac{L}{D}\frac{v^2}{2g}

不可直接將 Fanning friction factor 當作 Darcy friction factor 使用。


解題方法

1. 計算所需 NPSH

泵浦要求

NPSHR=15 m\mathrm{NPSH_R}=15\ \mathrm{m}

需高出 20%20\%,因此

NPSHA,min=1.2(15)=18 m\mathrm{NPSH_A,min} = 1.2(15) = 18\ \mathrm{m}

2. 計算管內流速

流量為

Q=300 m3/h=3003600=0.08333 m3/sQ=300\ \mathrm{m^3/h} =\frac{300}{3600} =0.08333\ \mathrm{m^3/s}

管徑為

D=6 in=6(0.0254)=0.1524 mD=6\ \mathrm{in} =6(0.0254) =0.1524\ \mathrm{m}

管截面積:

A=πD24=π(0.1524)24=0.01824 m2A=\frac{\pi D^2}{4} =\frac{\pi(0.1524)^2}{4} =0.01824\ \mathrm{m^2}

平均流速:

v=QA=0.083330.01824=4.57 m/sv=\frac{Q}{A} = \frac{0.08333}{0.01824} = 4.57\ \mathrm{m/s}

速度水頭為

v22g=(4.57)22(9.81)=1.065 m\frac{v^2}{2g} = \frac{(4.57)^2}{2(9.81)} = 1.065\ \mathrm{m}

3. 計算壓力與蒸氣壓所提供的水頭

水庫液面壓力與蒸氣壓之差為

P0−Pv=101300−3200=98100 PaP_0-P_v = 101300-3200 = 98100\ \mathrm{Pa}

因此壓力水頭為

P0−Pvρg=98100(1000)(9.81)=10.00 m\frac{P_0-P_v}{\rho g} = \frac{98100}{(1000)(9.81)} = 10.00\ \mathrm{m}
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第 2 題10 分

Derive the relationship between the average velocity and maximum velocity within a smooth circular pipe
flowing with a turbulent flow, which follows Prandtl's 1/7 power law. (10%)

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查圓管紊流速度分布與截面平均速度的關係。採用 Prandtl 的 1/71/7 次方律:

uumax⁡=(yR)1/7\frac{u}{u_{\max}}=\left(\frac{y}{R}\right)^{1/7}

其中:

  • uu:距離管壁 yy 處的局部流速
  • umax⁡u_{\max}:管中心線上的最大流速
  • RR:管半徑
  • y=R−ry=R-r:由管壁量向管中心的距離
  • rr:由管中心量向外的徑向座標

截面平均速度定義為

uˉ=1A∫Au dA\bar{u}=\frac{1}{A}\int_A u\,dA

對圓管而言,A=πR2A=\pi R^2,且環形面積元素為

dA=2πr drdA=2\pi r\,dr

解題方法與推導

由 y=R−ry=R-r,1/71/7 次方律可改寫為

u(r)=umax⁡(R−rR)1/7u(r)=u_{\max}\left(\frac{R-r}{R}\right)^{1/7}

截面平均速度為

uˉ=1πR2∫0Ru(r) 2πr dr\bar{u} =\frac{1}{\pi R^2}\int_0^R u(r)\,2\pi r\,dr

代入速度分布:

uˉ=2umax⁡R2∫0R(R−rR)1/7r dr\bar{u} =\frac{2u_{\max}}{R^2} \int_0^R \left(\frac{R-r}{R}\right)^{1/7}r\,dr

令

x=rR,r=Rx,dr=R dxx=\frac{r}{R},\qquad r=Rx,\qquad dr=R\,dx

則積分範圍由 r=0r=0 至 RR 轉為 x=0x=0 至 11,因此

uˉ=2umax⁡∫01x(1−x)1/7 dx\bar{u} =2u_{\max}\int_0^1 x(1-x)^{1/7}\,dx

計算積分:

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第 3 題

Chloroform is used to remove a polystyrene (PS) film from a nonporous flat surface of length 30 cm and width 8 cm. Initially, the thickness of the PS film is 0.02 cm. The PS film is placed in an open flat pan of length 40 cm and width of 10 cm. Subsequently, chloroform at a volumetric flow rate of 20 cm³/s is added to the pan, and the depth of chloroform in the pan is maintained at 2.0 cm. It is assumed that the concentration of dissolved PS in bulk chloroform is essentially zero. It is also assumed that the change in film thickness during the dissolution process does not affect the convection mass-transfer process.
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】 (圖示為一個開放式淺盤,其中填充了氯仿,其左側有一個 PS 薄膜,右側有流出物。薄膜的長度為 30 cm,寬度為 8 cm。氯仿的深度為 2 cm。PS 薄膜的起始位置是 x=0,薄膜的終點是 x=L=30 cm。)
(a) What are the Schmidt number and the average Sherwood number for the mass-transfer process? (6%)
(b) What is the average flux of dissolved PS from the surface? (4%)
(c) Develop a relationship between the local convective mass-transfer coefficient (kex) and film position (x). (4%)
(d) Eventually, the PS film will completely dissolve away from the flat surface. However, before this time the thickness of the PS film remaining on the flat surface will not be uniform. Find the change in PS film thickness (d) with regard to the film position and time (t). (3%)
(e) What are the hydrodynamic (8) and concentration boundary-layer (δc) thicknesses at x = 15 cm? (3%)
Additional information:
Diffusion coefficient of dissolved PS in chloroform: Dps = 2.0 × 10-6 cm²/s;
Mass density of PS: ρps = 1.0 g/cm³; mass density of chloroform: ρch = 1.5 g/cm³;
Kinematic viscosity of chloroform: νch = 6.0 × 10-3 cm²/s;
Maximum solubility of dissolved PS in chloroform: Csat = 0.05 g/cm³.

🖼️ 本題含圖表,以下為原卷對應頁面:
原卷第 2 頁原卷第 3 頁

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查平板外部流動的質傳邊界層,使用下列定義:

  • 平均流速:u=Q/Acu=Q/A_c
  • 雷諾數:ReL=uL/νRe_L=uL/\nu
  • Schmidt 數:Sc=ν/DSc=\nu/D
  • 層流平板平均 Sherwood 數:
Sh‾L=0.664ReL1/2Sc1/3\overline{Sh}_L=0.664Re_L^{1/2}Sc^{1/3}
  • 層流平板局部 Sherwood 數:
Shx=0.332Rex1/2Sc1/3Sh_x=0.332Re_x^{1/2}Sc^{1/3}

氯仿中的 PS 濃度由表面飽和濃度 Cs=CsatC_s=C_{\mathrm{sat}} 傳入主流,而主流濃度近似為 C∞=0C_\infty=0。


解題方法

先求氯仿流速

淺盤截面積為

Ac=(10 cm)(2 cm)=20 cm2A_c=(10\ \mathrm{cm})(2\ \mathrm{cm})=20\ \mathrm{cm^2}

因此氯仿平均流速為

u=QAc=20 cm3/s20 cm2=1.00 cm/su=\frac{Q}{A_c} =\frac{20\ \mathrm{cm^3/s}}{20\ \mathrm{cm^2}} =1.00\ \mathrm{cm/s}

薄膜長度為 L=30 cmL=30\ \mathrm{cm}。


(a) Schmidt 數與平均 Sherwood 數

Schmidt 數

Sc=νchDPS=6.0×10−32.0×10−6=3.00×103Sc=\frac{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}}{D_{\mathrm{PS}}} =\frac{6.0\times10^{-3}}{2.0\times10^{-6}} =3.00\times10^3

平板末端雷諾數

ReL=uLνch=(1.00)(30)6.0×10−3=5.00×103Re_L=\frac{uL}{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}} =\frac{(1.00)(30)}{6.0\times10^{-3}} =5.00\times10^3

此值遠小於平板外部流動轉為湍流的典型範圍,因此採用層流平板關係式。

Sh‾L=0.664(5.00×103)1/2(3.00×103)1/3\overline{Sh}_L =0.664(5.00\times10^3)^{1/2}(3.00\times10^3)^{1/3} Sh‾L≈6.77×102\boxed{\overline{Sh}_L\approx 6.77\times10^2}

(b) 平均溶解 PS 通量

平均質傳係數為

k‾c=Sh‾LDPSL\overline{k}_c=\frac{\overline{Sh}_L D_{\mathrm{PS}}}{L} k‾c=(676.9)(2.0×10−6)30=4.51×10−5 cm/s\overline{k}_c =\frac{(676.9)(2.0\times10^{-6})}{30} =4.51\times10^{-5}\ \mathrm{cm/s}

平均通量為

N‾PS=k‾c(Cs−C∞)\overline{N}_{\mathrm{PS}} =\overline{k}_c(C_s-C_\infty)

因為 Cs=0.05 g/cm3C_s=0.05\ \mathrm{g/cm^3}、C∞=0C_\infty=0:

N‾PS=(4.51×10−5)(0.05)\overline{N}_{\mathrm{PS}} =(4.51\times10^{-5})(0.05) N‾PS=2.26×10−6 g/(cm2⋅s)\boxed{\overline{N}_{\mathrm{PS}} =2.26\times10^{-6}\ \mathrm{g/(cm^2\cdot s)}}

(c) 局部質傳係數 kexk_{ex} 與位置 xx 的關係

局部雷諾數為

Rex=uxνchRe_x=\frac{ux}{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}}

由局部 Sherwood 數:

Shx=kexxDPS=0.332Rex1/2Sc1/3Sh_x=\frac{k_{ex}x}{D_{\mathrm{PS}}} =0.332Re_x^{1/2}Sc^{1/3}

因此

kex=0.332DPSx(uxνch)1/2Sc1/3k_{ex} =0.332\frac{D_{\mathrm{PS}}}{x} \left(\frac{ux}{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}}\right)^{1/2} Sc^{1/3}

整理得

kex=0.332DPS(uνch)1/2Sc1/3x−1/2k_{ex} =0.332D_{\mathrm{PS}} \left(\frac{u}{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}}\right)^{1/2} Sc^{1/3}x^{-1/2}

代入數值:

kex=1.24×10−4x−1/2 cm/sk_{ex} =1.24\times10^{-4}x^{-1/2}\ \mathrm{cm/s}

其中 xx 以 cm 為單位。因此

kex(x)=1.24×10−4x cm/s\boxed{k_{ex}(x)=\frac{1.24\times10^{-4}}{\sqrt{x}}\ \mathrm{cm/s}}

這表示越靠近薄膜前緣,局部質傳係數越大;原因是前緣的質傳邊界層最薄。


(d) PS 薄膜厚度隨位置與時間的變化

令薄膜厚度為 d(x,t)d(x,t)。局部溶解造成的質量損失率為

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第 3 題

Chloroform is used to remove a polystyrene (PS) film from a nonporous flat surface of length 30 cm and width 8 cm. Initially, the thickness of the PS film is 0.02 cm. The PS film is placed in an open flat pan of length 40 cm and width of 10 cm. Subsequently, chloroform at a volumetric flow rate of 20 cm³/s is added to the pan, and the depth of chloroform in the pan is maintained at 2.0 cm. It is assumed that the concentration of dissolved PS in bulk chloroform is essentially zero. It is also assumed that the change in film thickness during the dissolution process does not affect the convection mass-transfer process.
🖼️【此處有附圖,請對照原卷】 (圖示為一個開放式淺盤,其中填充了氯仿,其左側有一個 PS 薄膜,右側有流出物。薄膜的長度為 30 cm,寬度為 8 cm。氯仿的深度為 2 cm。PS 薄膜的起始位置是 x=0,薄膜的終點是 x=L=30 cm。)
(a) What are the Schmidt number and the average Sherwood number for the mass-transfer process? (6%)
(b) What is the average flux of dissolved PS from the surface? (4%)
(c) Develop a relationship between the local convective mass-transfer coefficient (kex) and film position (x). (4%)
(d) Eventually, the PS film will completely dissolve away from the flat surface. However, before this time the thickness of the PS film remaining on the flat surface will not be uniform. Find the change in PS film thickness (d) with regard to the film position and time (t). (3%)
(e) What are the hydrodynamic (8) and concentration boundary-layer (δc) thicknesses at x = 15 cm? (3%)
Additional information:
Diffusion coefficient of dissolved PS in chloroform: Dps = 2.0 × 10-6 cm²/s;
Mass density of PS: ρps = 1.0 g/cm³; mass density of chloroform: ρch = 1.5 g/cm³;
Kinematic viscosity of chloroform: νch = 6.0 × 10-3 cm²/s;
Maximum solubility of dissolved PS in chloroform: Csat = 0.05 g/cm³.

🖼️ 本題含圖表,以下為原卷對應頁面:
原卷第 2 頁原卷第 3 頁

登入後即可作答並保存紀錄。

這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題考查平板外部流動的質傳邊界層,使用下列定義:

  • 平均流速:u=Q/Acu=Q/A_c
  • 雷諾數:ReL=uL/νRe_L=uL/\nu
  • Schmidt 數:Sc=ν/DSc=\nu/D
  • 層流平板平均 Sherwood 數:
Sh‾L=0.664ReL1/2Sc1/3\overline{Sh}_L=0.664Re_L^{1/2}Sc^{1/3}
  • 層流平板局部 Sherwood 數:
Shx=0.332Rex1/2Sc1/3Sh_x=0.332Re_x^{1/2}Sc^{1/3}

氯仿中的 PS 濃度由表面飽和濃度 Cs=CsatC_s=C_{\mathrm{sat}} 傳入主流,而主流濃度近似為 C∞=0C_\infty=0。


解題方法

先求氯仿流速

淺盤截面積為

Ac=(10 cm)(2 cm)=20 cm2A_c=(10\ \mathrm{cm})(2\ \mathrm{cm})=20\ \mathrm{cm^2}

因此氯仿平均流速為

u=QAc=20 cm3/s20 cm2=1.00 cm/su=\frac{Q}{A_c} =\frac{20\ \mathrm{cm^3/s}}{20\ \mathrm{cm^2}} =1.00\ \mathrm{cm/s}

薄膜長度為 L=30 cmL=30\ \mathrm{cm}。


(a) Schmidt 數與平均 Sherwood 數

Schmidt 數

Sc=νchDPS=6.0×10−32.0×10−6=3.00×103Sc=\frac{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}}{D_{\mathrm{PS}}} =\frac{6.0\times10^{-3}}{2.0\times10^{-6}} =3.00\times10^3

平板末端雷諾數

ReL=uLνch=(1.00)(30)6.0×10−3=5.00×103Re_L=\frac{uL}{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}} =\frac{(1.00)(30)}{6.0\times10^{-3}} =5.00\times10^3

此值遠小於平板外部流動轉為湍流的典型範圍,因此採用層流平板關係式。

Sh‾L=0.664(5.00×103)1/2(3.00×103)1/3\overline{Sh}_L =0.664(5.00\times10^3)^{1/2}(3.00\times10^3)^{1/3} Sh‾L≈6.77×102\boxed{\overline{Sh}_L\approx 6.77\times10^2}

(b) 平均溶解 PS 通量

平均質傳係數為

k‾c=Sh‾LDPSL\overline{k}_c=\frac{\overline{Sh}_L D_{\mathrm{PS}}}{L} k‾c=(676.9)(2.0×10−6)30=4.51×10−5 cm/s\overline{k}_c =\frac{(676.9)(2.0\times10^{-6})}{30} =4.51\times10^{-5}\ \mathrm{cm/s}

平均通量為

N‾PS=k‾c(Cs−C∞)\overline{N}_{\mathrm{PS}} =\overline{k}_c(C_s-C_\infty)

因為 Cs=0.05 g/cm3C_s=0.05\ \mathrm{g/cm^3}、C∞=0C_\infty=0:

N‾PS=(4.51×10−5)(0.05)\overline{N}_{\mathrm{PS}} =(4.51\times10^{-5})(0.05) N‾PS=2.26×10−6 g/(cm2⋅s)\boxed{\overline{N}_{\mathrm{PS}} =2.26\times10^{-6}\ \mathrm{g/(cm^2\cdot s)}}

(c) 局部質傳係數 kexk_{ex} 與位置 xx 的關係

局部雷諾數為

Rex=uxνchRe_x=\frac{ux}{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}}

由局部 Sherwood 數:

Shx=kexxDPS=0.332Rex1/2Sc1/3Sh_x=\frac{k_{ex}x}{D_{\mathrm{PS}}} =0.332Re_x^{1/2}Sc^{1/3}

因此

kex=0.332DPSx(uxνch)1/2Sc1/3k_{ex} =0.332\frac{D_{\mathrm{PS}}}{x} \left(\frac{ux}{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}}\right)^{1/2} Sc^{1/3}

整理得

kex=0.332DPS(uνch)1/2Sc1/3x−1/2k_{ex} =0.332D_{\mathrm{PS}} \left(\frac{u}{\nu_{\mathrm{ch}}}\right)^{1/2} Sc^{1/3}x^{-1/2}

代入數值:

kex=1.24×10−4x−1/2 cm/sk_{ex} =1.24\times10^{-4}x^{-1/2}\ \mathrm{cm/s}

其中 xx 以 cm 為單位。因此

kex(x)=1.24×10−4x cm/s\boxed{k_{ex}(x)=\frac{1.24\times10^{-4}}{\sqrt{x}}\ \mathrm{cm/s}}

這表示越靠近薄膜前緣,局部質傳係數越大;原因是前緣的質傳邊界層最薄。


(d) PS 薄膜厚度隨位置與時間的變化

令薄膜厚度為 d(x,t)d(x,t)。局部溶解造成的質量損失率為

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第 4 題

A continuous fractionating column was designed to separate 1,000 kg-mole/h of a mixture of 30% benzene and 70% toluene into an overhead product containing 98% benzene and a bottom product containing 90% toluene. The feed has a boiling point of 97 °C. The molar latent heats of benzene and toluene are 7,500 and 8050 cal/g-mol, respectively. The feed is liquid with a temperature of 40 °C (specific heat 38.6 cal/g-mole.°C; latent heat:7885 cal/mol); and the vapor flow rate in the rectifying section (V) is 753 kg-mole/h, Please answer the following question.
(a). What are the flow rates of overhead product and bottom product per hour. (3%)
(b). What is the reflux ratio RD? (3%)
(c). Please calculate the vapor and liquid flow rates in the striping section. (VL) (4%)
(d). What is the heat required in the re-boiler; (3%)
(e). If the feed is a saturated liquid, what is the heat must be removed in the condenser. (2%)
(f). If the feed is a saturated vapor, what is the reflux ratio. (2%)
(g). For the conditions of problem (c), the toluene concentration in the bottom product should be increased to 98%, how many ideal stage are required for this concentration increase. The equilibrium concentration between benzene (x) and toluene (y) is (y=2x). (8%)
N = In[(ya-ya)/(y-ya)] / In[(y-ya)/(y-ya)]

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為連續式精餾塔(Continuous Fractionation Column)的經典綜合計算題,涵蓋單元操作中「質能均衡」、「McCabe-Thiele 圖解法原理」以及「Kremser 方程式」之解析應用。核心觀念包括:

  1. 整體物料均衡(Overall Material Balance):利用總質量(莫耳)與易揮發成分(苯,Benzene)之成分平衡,求取塔頂餾出液(Distillate, DD)與塔底產物(Bottom product, BB)的流量。
  2. 精餾段物料平衡與回流比(Reflux Ratio, RDR_D):全冷凝器(Total Condenser)操作下,V=L+DV = L + D,回流比定義為 RD=L/DR_D = L / D。
  3. 進料熱狀態參數(Feed Condition, qq 值):
    進料為冷液體(Subcooled liquid,TF<TbT_F < T_b),qq 定義為將 1 mol1\text{ mol} 進料轉變為飽和蒸氣所需之熱量與其莫耳汽化潛熱之比:
    q=λ+CpL(Tb−TF)λ=1+CpL(Tb−TF)λ>1q = \frac{\lambda + C_{pL}(T_b - T_F)}{\lambda} = 1 + \frac{C_{pL}(T_b - T_F)}{\lambda} > 1
    在進料板上,冷進料會冷凝部分上升蒸氣以預熱至沸點,造成提餾段(Stripping section)氣液流量與精餾段(Rectifying section)產生差額:
    L‾=L+qF,V‾=V−(1−q)F=V+(q−1)F\overline{L} = L + qF, \quad \overline{V} = V - (1 - q)F = V + (q - 1)F
  4. 熱量平衡(Energy Balance)與換熱器負荷:
    • 再沸器負荷(Reboiler Duty):QR=V‾λBQ_R = \overline{V} \lambda_B
    • 冷凝器負荷(Condenser Duty):QC=VλDQ_C = V \lambda_D
  5. Kremser 公式求解理想級數:
    當氣液平衡線呈線性(y=mxy = mx)且操作線為直線時,逆流接觸的理論級數可由推動力比值的 Kremser 方程式解析求得:
    N=ln⁡(ya∗−yayb∗−yb)ln⁡(ya∗−yb∗ya−yb)=ln⁡(ΔyaΔyb)ln⁡(S)N = \frac{\ln\left(\frac{y_a^* - y_a}{y_b^* - y_b}\right)}{\ln\left(\frac{y_a^* - y_b^*}{y_a - y_b}\right)} = \frac{\ln\left(\frac{\Delta y_a}{\Delta y_b}\right)}{\ln(S)}
    其中 S=mVL‾S = \frac{mV}{\overline{L}} 為提餾因子(Stripping factor)。

解題方法與詳細步驟

(a) 求解塔頂與塔底產物之莫耳流量(DD 與 BB)

以每小時 F=1000 kg-mol/hF = 1000\text{ kg-mol/h} 之進料為基準。
令苯(Benzene,較易揮發成分)之莫耳分率為基準變數:

  • 進料組成:zF=0.30z_F = 0.30(30% 苯,70% 甲苯)
  • 塔頂產物組成:xD=0.98x_D = 0.98(98% 苯)
  • 塔底產物組成:xB=1−0.90=0.10x_B = 1 - 0.90 = 0.10(90% 甲苯,即 10% 苯)

列出總莫耳平衡與苯之成分莫耳平衡:
F=D+B  ⟹  1000=D+BF = D + B \implies 1000 = D + B
FzF=DxD+BxB  ⟹  1000(0.30)=0.98D+0.10BF z_F = D x_D + B x_B \implies 1000(0.30) = 0.98 D + 0.10 B

將 B=1000−DB = 1000 - D 代入成分平衡式:
300=0.98D+0.10(1000−D)=0.88D+100300 = 0.98 D + 0.10(1000 - D) = 0.88 D + 100
0.88D=200  ⟹  D=2000.88≈227.27 kg-mol/h0.88 D = 200 \implies D = \frac{200}{0.88} \approx 227.27\text{ kg-mol/h}
B=1000−227.27=772.73 kg-mol/hB = 1000 - 227.27 = 772.73\text{ kg-mol/h}


(b) 求解回流比 RDR_D

在精餾段(Rectifying section),蒸氣進入全冷凝器冷凝後,分成回流液 LL 與塔頂產品 DD:
V=L+DV = L + D
已知精餾段蒸氣流量 V=753 kg-mol/hV = 753\text{ kg-mol/h},則回流液量為:
L=V−D=753−227.27=525.73 kg-mol/hL = V - D = 753 - 227.27 = 525.73\text{ kg-mol/h}

回流比定義為:
RD=LD=525.73227.27≈2.313R_D = \frac{L}{D} = \frac{525.73}{227.27} \approx 2.313


(c) 計算提餾段之蒸氣與液體流量(V‾\overline{V} 與 L‾\overline{L})

進料為 TF=40 ∘CT_F = 40\ ^\circ\text{C} 之過冷液體,其沸點(泡點)為 Tb=97 ∘CT_b = 97\ ^\circ\text{C}。
由題目給定數據:

  • 液體平均熱容量:CpL=38.6 cal/(g-mol⋅∘C)=38.6 kcal/(kg-mol⋅∘C)C_{pL} = 38.6\text{ cal/(g-mol}\cdot^\circ\text{C)} = 38.6\text{ kcal/(kg-mol}\cdot^\circ\text{C)}
  • 進料汽化潛熱:λ=7885 cal/mol=7885 kcal/kg-mol\lambda = 7885\text{ cal/mol} = 7885\text{ kcal/kg-mol}

計算進料熱狀態參數 qq:
q=1+CpL(Tb−TF)λ=1+38.6×(97−40)7885=1+2200.27885=1+0.2790=1.279q = 1 + \frac{C_{pL}(T_b - T_F)}{\lambda} = 1 + \frac{38.6 \times (97 - 40)}{7885} = 1 + \frac{2200.2}{7885} = 1 + 0.2790 = 1.279

在進料板進行物料與能量平衡:

  • 提餾段液體流量 L‾\overline{L}:
    L‾=L+qF=525.73+1.279×1000=1804.73 kg-mol/h≈1805 kg-mol/h\overline{L} = L + qF = 525.73 + 1.279 \times 1000 = 1804.73\text{ kg-mol/h} \approx 1805\text{ kg-mol/h}
  • 提餾段蒸氣流量 V‾\overline{V}:
    因為進料為過冷液體,進料板會冷凝上升蒸氣提供顯熱預熱進料,使提餾段之蒸氣量大於精餾段:
    V‾=V+(q−1)F=753+(1.279−1)×1000=753+279=1032 kg-mol/h\overline{V} = V + (q - 1)F = 753 + (1.279 - 1) \times 1000 = 753 + 279 = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h}

檢驗物料平衡:L‾−V‾=1804.73−1032=772.73=B\overline{L} - \overline{V} = 1804.73 - 1032 = 772.73 = B,計算完全相符。


(d) 求解再沸器所需熱負荷 QRQ_R

再沸器之功能係將塔底液體部分汽化為提餾段蒸氣 V‾=1032 kg-mol/h\overline{V} = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h}。
塔底產物組成主要為甲苯(90% 甲苯、xB=0.10x_B = 0.10 苯),其混合物莫耳汽化潛熱 λB\lambda_B 為:
λB=xBλbenzene+(1−xB)λtoluene=0.10(7500)+0.90(8050)=750+7245=7995 kcal/kg-mol\lambda_B = x_B \lambda_{\text{benzene}} + (1 - x_B) \lambda_{\text{toluene}} = 0.10(7500) + 0.90(8050) = 750 + 7245 = 7995\text{ kcal/kg-mol}

再沸器所需加熱量 QRQ_R 為:
QR=V‾λB=1032 kg-mol/h×7995 kcal/kg-mol≈8.251×106 kcal/h(3.454×107 kJ/h)Q_R = \overline{V} \lambda_B = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h} \times 7995\text{ kcal/kg-mol} \approx 8.251 \times 10^6\text{ kcal/h} \quad (3.454 \times 10^7\text{ kJ/h})

(若採用進料平均潛熱 λ=7885 kcal/kg-mol\lambda = 7885\text{ kcal/kg-mol} 計算,則 QR=1032×7885≈8.137×106 kcal/hQ_R = 1032 \times 7885 \approx 8.137 \times 10^6\text{ kcal/h}。)


(e) 若進料為飽和液體,冷凝器必須移除之熱量 QCQ_C

在操作型精餾塔中,再沸器的傳熱容量與汽化量 V‾=1032 kg-mol/h\overline{V} = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h} 維持由題目 (c)、(d) 設定之工況。
當進料改為飽和液體(Saturated liquid)時:
q=1q = 1
精餾段上升蒸氣量為:
V=V‾−(q−1)F=V‾=1032 kg-mol/hV = \overline{V} - (q - 1)F = \overline{V} = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h}

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第 4 題

A continuous fractionating column was designed to separate 1,000 kg-mole/h of a mixture of 30% benzene and 70% toluene into an overhead product containing 98% benzene and a bottom product containing 90% toluene. The feed has a boiling point of 97 °C. The molar latent heats of benzene and toluene are 7,500 and 8050 cal/g-mol, respectively. The feed is liquid with a temperature of 40 °C (specific heat 38.6 cal/g-mole.°C; latent heat:7885 cal/mol); and the vapor flow rate in the rectifying section (V) is 753 kg-mole/h, Please answer the following question.
(a). What are the flow rates of overhead product and bottom product per hour. (3%)
(b). What is the reflux ratio RD? (3%)
(c). Please calculate the vapor and liquid flow rates in the striping section. (VL) (4%)
(d). What is the heat required in the re-boiler; (3%)
(e). If the feed is a saturated liquid, what is the heat must be removed in the condenser. (2%)
(f). If the feed is a saturated vapor, what is the reflux ratio. (2%)
(g). For the conditions of problem (c), the toluene concentration in the bottom product should be increased to 98%, how many ideal stage are required for this concentration increase. The equilibrium concentration between benzene (x) and toluene (y) is (y=2x). (8%)
N = In[(ya-ya)/(y-ya)] / In[(y-ya)/(y-ya)]

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這一題的完整詳解

核心觀念

本題為連續式精餾塔(Continuous Fractionation Column)的經典綜合計算題,涵蓋單元操作中「質能均衡」、「McCabe-Thiele 圖解法原理」以及「Kremser 方程式」之解析應用。核心觀念包括:

  1. 整體物料均衡(Overall Material Balance):利用總質量(莫耳)與易揮發成分(苯,Benzene)之成分平衡,求取塔頂餾出液(Distillate, DD)與塔底產物(Bottom product, BB)的流量。
  2. 精餾段物料平衡與回流比(Reflux Ratio, RDR_D):全冷凝器(Total Condenser)操作下,V=L+DV = L + D,回流比定義為 RD=L/DR_D = L / D。
  3. 進料熱狀態參數(Feed Condition, qq 值):
    進料為冷液體(Subcooled liquid,TF<TbT_F < T_b),qq 定義為將 1 mol1\text{ mol} 進料轉變為飽和蒸氣所需之熱量與其莫耳汽化潛熱之比:
    q=λ+CpL(Tb−TF)λ=1+CpL(Tb−TF)λ>1q = \frac{\lambda + C_{pL}(T_b - T_F)}{\lambda} = 1 + \frac{C_{pL}(T_b - T_F)}{\lambda} > 1
    在進料板上,冷進料會冷凝部分上升蒸氣以預熱至沸點,造成提餾段(Stripping section)氣液流量與精餾段(Rectifying section)產生差額:
    L‾=L+qF,V‾=V−(1−q)F=V+(q−1)F\overline{L} = L + qF, \quad \overline{V} = V - (1 - q)F = V + (q - 1)F
  4. 熱量平衡(Energy Balance)與換熱器負荷:
    • 再沸器負荷(Reboiler Duty):QR=V‾λBQ_R = \overline{V} \lambda_B
    • 冷凝器負荷(Condenser Duty):QC=VλDQ_C = V \lambda_D
  5. Kremser 公式求解理想級數:
    當氣液平衡線呈線性(y=mxy = mx)且操作線為直線時,逆流接觸的理論級數可由推動力比值的 Kremser 方程式解析求得:
    N=ln⁡(ya∗−yayb∗−yb)ln⁡(ya∗−yb∗ya−yb)=ln⁡(ΔyaΔyb)ln⁡(S)N = \frac{\ln\left(\frac{y_a^* - y_a}{y_b^* - y_b}\right)}{\ln\left(\frac{y_a^* - y_b^*}{y_a - y_b}\right)} = \frac{\ln\left(\frac{\Delta y_a}{\Delta y_b}\right)}{\ln(S)}
    其中 S=mVL‾S = \frac{mV}{\overline{L}} 為提餾因子(Stripping factor)。

解題方法與詳細步驟

(a) 求解塔頂與塔底產物之莫耳流量(DD 與 BB)

以每小時 F=1000 kg-mol/hF = 1000\text{ kg-mol/h} 之進料為基準。
令苯(Benzene,較易揮發成分)之莫耳分率為基準變數:

  • 進料組成:zF=0.30z_F = 0.30(30% 苯,70% 甲苯)
  • 塔頂產物組成:xD=0.98x_D = 0.98(98% 苯)
  • 塔底產物組成:xB=1−0.90=0.10x_B = 1 - 0.90 = 0.10(90% 甲苯,即 10% 苯)

列出總莫耳平衡與苯之成分莫耳平衡:
F=D+B  ⟹  1000=D+BF = D + B \implies 1000 = D + B
FzF=DxD+BxB  ⟹  1000(0.30)=0.98D+0.10BF z_F = D x_D + B x_B \implies 1000(0.30) = 0.98 D + 0.10 B

將 B=1000−DB = 1000 - D 代入成分平衡式:
300=0.98D+0.10(1000−D)=0.88D+100300 = 0.98 D + 0.10(1000 - D) = 0.88 D + 100
0.88D=200  ⟹  D=2000.88≈227.27 kg-mol/h0.88 D = 200 \implies D = \frac{200}{0.88} \approx 227.27\text{ kg-mol/h}
B=1000−227.27=772.73 kg-mol/hB = 1000 - 227.27 = 772.73\text{ kg-mol/h}


(b) 求解回流比 RDR_D

在精餾段(Rectifying section),蒸氣進入全冷凝器冷凝後,分成回流液 LL 與塔頂產品 DD:
V=L+DV = L + D
已知精餾段蒸氣流量 V=753 kg-mol/hV = 753\text{ kg-mol/h},則回流液量為:
L=V−D=753−227.27=525.73 kg-mol/hL = V - D = 753 - 227.27 = 525.73\text{ kg-mol/h}

回流比定義為:
RD=LD=525.73227.27≈2.313R_D = \frac{L}{D} = \frac{525.73}{227.27} \approx 2.313


(c) 計算提餾段之蒸氣與液體流量(V‾\overline{V} 與 L‾\overline{L})

進料為 TF=40 ∘CT_F = 40\ ^\circ\text{C} 之過冷液體,其沸點(泡點)為 Tb=97 ∘CT_b = 97\ ^\circ\text{C}。
由題目給定數據:

  • 液體平均熱容量:CpL=38.6 cal/(g-mol⋅∘C)=38.6 kcal/(kg-mol⋅∘C)C_{pL} = 38.6\text{ cal/(g-mol}\cdot^\circ\text{C)} = 38.6\text{ kcal/(kg-mol}\cdot^\circ\text{C)}
  • 進料汽化潛熱:λ=7885 cal/mol=7885 kcal/kg-mol\lambda = 7885\text{ cal/mol} = 7885\text{ kcal/kg-mol}

計算進料熱狀態參數 qq:
q=1+CpL(Tb−TF)λ=1+38.6×(97−40)7885=1+2200.27885=1+0.2790=1.279q = 1 + \frac{C_{pL}(T_b - T_F)}{\lambda} = 1 + \frac{38.6 \times (97 - 40)}{7885} = 1 + \frac{2200.2}{7885} = 1 + 0.2790 = 1.279

在進料板進行物料與能量平衡:

  • 提餾段液體流量 L‾\overline{L}:
    L‾=L+qF=525.73+1.279×1000=1804.73 kg-mol/h≈1805 kg-mol/h\overline{L} = L + qF = 525.73 + 1.279 \times 1000 = 1804.73\text{ kg-mol/h} \approx 1805\text{ kg-mol/h}
  • 提餾段蒸氣流量 V‾\overline{V}:
    因為進料為過冷液體,進料板會冷凝上升蒸氣提供顯熱預熱進料,使提餾段之蒸氣量大於精餾段:
    V‾=V+(q−1)F=753+(1.279−1)×1000=753+279=1032 kg-mol/h\overline{V} = V + (q - 1)F = 753 + (1.279 - 1) \times 1000 = 753 + 279 = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h}

檢驗物料平衡:L‾−V‾=1804.73−1032=772.73=B\overline{L} - \overline{V} = 1804.73 - 1032 = 772.73 = B,計算完全相符。


(d) 求解再沸器所需熱負荷 QRQ_R

再沸器之功能係將塔底液體部分汽化為提餾段蒸氣 V‾=1032 kg-mol/h\overline{V} = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h}。
塔底產物組成主要為甲苯(90% 甲苯、xB=0.10x_B = 0.10 苯),其混合物莫耳汽化潛熱 λB\lambda_B 為:
λB=xBλbenzene+(1−xB)λtoluene=0.10(7500)+0.90(8050)=750+7245=7995 kcal/kg-mol\lambda_B = x_B \lambda_{\text{benzene}} + (1 - x_B) \lambda_{\text{toluene}} = 0.10(7500) + 0.90(8050) = 750 + 7245 = 7995\text{ kcal/kg-mol}

再沸器所需加熱量 QRQ_R 為:
QR=V‾λB=1032 kg-mol/h×7995 kcal/kg-mol≈8.251×106 kcal/h(3.454×107 kJ/h)Q_R = \overline{V} \lambda_B = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h} \times 7995\text{ kcal/kg-mol} \approx 8.251 \times 10^6\text{ kcal/h} \quad (3.454 \times 10^7\text{ kJ/h})

(若採用進料平均潛熱 λ=7885 kcal/kg-mol\lambda = 7885\text{ kcal/kg-mol} 計算,則 QR=1032×7885≈8.137×106 kcal/hQ_R = 1032 \times 7885 \approx 8.137 \times 10^6\text{ kcal/h}。)


(e) 若進料為飽和液體,冷凝器必須移除之熱量 QCQ_C

在操作型精餾塔中,再沸器的傳熱容量與汽化量 V‾=1032 kg-mol/h\overline{V} = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h} 維持由題目 (c)、(d) 設定之工況。
當進料改為飽和液體(Saturated liquid)時:
q=1q = 1
精餾段上升蒸氣量為:
V=V‾−(q−1)F=V‾=1032 kg-mol/hV = \overline{V} - (q - 1)F = \overline{V} = 1032\text{ kg-mol/h}

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